Abstract
The natural polymer lignin is a by-product of the pulp and paper industry and every year approximately 50 million tons are generated in chemical pulp mills worldwide. So far the majority of them has been directly supplied to a thermal use for the power supply of the chemical pulp mills. This polymer lignin is the main component of a new class of engineering structural materials and parts for equipment in industrial applications using only renewable resources. ARBOFORM®, a material of this class, consists of lignin, natural fibers for reinforcement and natural additives supporting processing and properties. Although it exhibits wood-like properties, it can be processed like a thermoplastic material and used for engineering products. The mixing and compounding of granules of this material are based on standard technologies of polymer engineering. They can be injection molded and pressed like a thermoplastic raw material. The production of component parts and pressed plates from this material takes place at lower temperatures and the resulting parts show a lower shrinkage than those made from synthetic plastics. The mechanical behavior, however, is wood-like and the measured properties lie in a range of those of polyamide. Some examples of possible applications for mass consumer goods and industrial equipment, which are currently under detailed investigation, are discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. Gandini and N. Belgacem, Recent advances in the elaboration of polymeric materials derived from biomass components, Polym. Int. 47(3), 267–277 (1998).
Katalyse: Institut für angewandte Umweltforschung, Leitfaden nachwachsende Rohstoff (C. F. Müller Verlag, Heidelberg, 1998).
D. L. Kaplan, Biopolymers from Renewable Resources (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1998).
D. R. Gilbert, Cellulosic Polymers - Blends and Composites (Hanser Verlag, Munich, 1994).
J. U. Otaigbe, H. Goel, T. Babcock, and J. Jane, Processability and properties of biodegradable plastics made from agricultural biopolymers, J. Elastomers Plast. 31(1), 56–72 (1999).
R. Wagenführ, Anatomie des Holzes - Strukturanalytik,Identifizierung, Nomenklatur, Mikrotechnologie (DRW-Verlag, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, 1999).
J. Simon, H. P. Müller, R. Koch, and V. Müller, Thermoplastic and biodegradable polymers of cellulose, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 59(1–3), 107–117 (1998).
E. Sjöström and R. Alen (Eds.), Chemistry, Pulping and Papermaking (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1999), pp. 8–9.
F. F. Nord and G. de Stevens, Lignins and lignification, Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology Vol. 10, edited by W. Ruhland (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1958), p. 389.
I. A. PearlThe Chemistry of Lignin (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1967).
C. J. Biermann, Pulping and Papermaking, 2nd ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1996).
F. E. Brauns, The Chemistry of Lignin (Academic Press, New York, 1952).
F. E. Brauns, The Chemistry of Lignin:Supplement Volume (Academic Press, New York, 1960).
Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Vol. A 15 (VCH-Verlag, 1992) p. 305.
Bild der Wissenschaft, Baumstark: Flüssiges Holz (Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt GmbH, Stuttgart, Feb. 2000), pp. 73–76.
Holz und Kunststoffverarbeitung HK, Flüssiges Holz (DRW-Verlag Weinbrenner GmbH & Co., Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Nov. 1999), pp. 44–47.
Brand eins, Die Holzverflüssiger (Brand 1 Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Hamburg, May 2000), pp. 58–63.
Das Magazin für Holz und Ausbau dds, Ist mit Holz alles machbar? (Der Deutsche Schreiner Verlag GmbH, Stuttgart, Jan. 2001), pp.40–43.
KunststofInformation KI Tecnaro: Lignin-Werkstoff für Industrie-Zwecke, 30(No. 1510), 7 (2000).
Design-Report, Geschmolzenes Holz (BLUE C. Verlag, Hamburg, Feb. 2001), p. 46.
Konstruktionspraxis, Aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen, (Vogel Verlag und Druck GmbH & Co. KG, Würzburg, Dec. 2000), p. 38.
EDM-Funkey, Flüssiges Holz - phantastisch plastisch, (KEP Verlag, Stuttgart, Sept. 2001), p. 9.
J. Träger and U. Heisel, Untersuchungen zur Zerspanbarkeit von ARBOFORM®, Holzverarbeitung HOB, 2001, in press.
N. Eisenreich, W. Eckl, E. R. Inone, H. Nägele, and J. Pfitzer, Arboform - a thermoplastic made of renewable resources, Proceedings Electronic Goes Green 2000, Vol. 1,Technical Lectures (Joint International Congress and Exhibition, Berlin, Germany, Sept. 2000).
H.-G. Elias, An Introduction to Polymer Science (VCH Verlagsgesselschaft mbH, Weinheim, 1997).
O. Schwarz, F.-W. Ebeling, and B. Furth, Kuststoffverarbeitung (Vogel Buchverlag Würzburg, 1999).
A. J. Bailey and O. W. Ward, Synthetic lignin resins and plastic, Ind. Eng. Chem. 37, 12 (1945).
J. Murphy, Reinforced Plastics Handbook (Elsevier Advanced Technology, Oxford, 1994).
S. Thomas, Short natural fiber reinforced polymer composites, Presentation at Unversität Stuttgart (Stuttgart, 1999).
P. Eyerer, N. Eisenreich, E. Inone, H. Nagele, and J. Pfitzer; “Flüssiges Holz”, HK Holz-und Kunststoffverarbeitung, Nov. 1999, p. 44.
H. Nagele and J. Pfitzer, Baumstark: Flüssiges Holz, Bild der Wissenschaft, Feb. 2000, p. 73.
O. Bobleter, Hydrothermal degradation of polymers derived from plants, Prog. Polym. Sci. 19, 797–841 (1994).
O. Jedicke, N. Eisenreich, E. Steurenthaler, and H. Dümpert, Aquasolv® - Verfahren - Ein Konzept zur ganzheitlichen Verwendung von Biomasse, in: Verbindung mit “grüner Chemie”, Proceedings 2 nd Scientific Meeting in Zero Emissions (Frohnleiten, Technische Universität Graz, Austria, 1999), p. 107.
O. Jedicke and N. Eisenreich, Aquasolv® - Hydrothermolyse, The development of a process for completely use of biomass, Proceedings 1 st Biomass World Conference (Sevilla, Spain, 2000).
O. Jedicke, N. Eisenreich, and H. Dümpert, Aqauasolv - Verfahren; Hydrothermales Aufschlußverfahren zur Gewinnung Nachwachsender Rohstoffe aus Biomasse, Achema 2000; 26. Ausstelludgstagung Frankfurt am Main, Proceedings Neue Chemische Prozeße und Reaktionstechnik (Frankfurt, Germany, May 2000), p. 42.
O. Jedicke, I. Alvarez Ortega, and H. Nägele, Characterisation of polymeric composite materials based on natural components, lignin with wood and hemp fibers reinforcement, Proceedings 4 th Euromech Solids Mechanics Conference (Metz, France, June 2000), p.34.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nägele, H. et al. (2002). Arboform® - A Thermoplastic, Processable Material from Lignin and Natural Fibers. In: Hu, T.Q. (eds) Chemical Modification, Properties, and Usage of Lignin. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0643-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0643-0_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5173-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0643-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive