Abstract
In 1887, Ferdinand Tönnies (1887/1957) published Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft. This work, one of the earliest and simplest typologies of social organization, set forth a dichotomy that, if not archetypal to Western postindustrial society, certainly has become an underlying dialectic for modern social science. Tönnies conceptualized Gemeinschaft (translated as “Community”) as a form of social organization that assumed unity; it exists when people act because they are members of a social entity, a group, a community. Gesellschaft (translated as “Society”), on the other hand, assumed separateness; it exists when people act because they see themselves as separate and individual actors in society. The theory of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft was, essentially, a description of how the assumptions of unity or individuality influence social thought, will, and action.
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Knowles, E.S. (1982). From Individuals to Group Members: A Dialectic for the Social Sciences. In: Ickes, W., Knowles, E.S. (eds) Personality, Roles, and Social Behavior. Springer Series in Social Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9469-3_1
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