Abstract
Hearing, generally defined as the process of perceiving sound by means of sensory organs specialized for sound reception, is best known in terrestrial, i.e., air-exposed, vertebrates. But it is also well known in aquatic vertebrates (Schellart and Popper, Chapter 16), as well as in many arthropods (e.g., Römer and Tautz 1991; Michelsen, Chapter 5; Hoy, Chapter 8; Lewis, Chapter 7; Römer, Chapter 6). Whether hearing is present in nonar-thropod invertebrates, however, is still controversial and difficult to decide. Basically the problem lies with the definition of underwater sound and of underwater hearing (compare Markl 1973, 1978, 1983; Hawkins and Myrberg 1983; Kalmijn 1988; Webster, Chapter 37).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arnold JM, Williams-Arnold LD (1980) Development of the ciliature pattern on the embryo of the squid Loligo pealei: A scanning electron microscope study. Biol Bull 159:102–116.
Aronova M (1974) Electron microscopic observations on the aboral organ of ctenophora. Z Mikrosk Anat Forsch 88:401–412.
Autrum H (1963) Anatomy and physiology of sound receptors in invertebrates. In: Busnel RG (ed) Acoustic Behaviour of Animals. Amsterdam, London, New York: Elsevier, pp. 412–433.
Baglioni S (1909) Zur Physiologie des Geruchsinnes und des Tastsinnes der Seetiere. Versuche an Octopus und einigen Fischen. Zentralbl Physiol 22:719–723.
Baglioni S (1910) Zur Kenntnis der Leistungen einiger Sinnesorgane (Gesichtssinn, Tastsinn und Geruchssinn) und des Zentralnervensystems der Zephalopoden und Fische. Z Biol 53:255–286.
Barber VC, Dilly PN (1969) Some aspects of the fine structure of the statocysts of the molluscs Pecten and Pterotrachea. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 94:462–478.
Bleckmann H, Budelmann BU, Bullock TH (1991) Peripheral and central nervous responses evoked by small water movements in a cephalopod. J Comp Physiol A 168:247–257.
Blinn DW, Wagner VT, Grim JN (1986) Surface sensilla on the predaceous fresh-water leech Erpobdella montezuma: Possible importance in feeding. Trans Am Microsc Soc 105:21–30.
Bone Q (1961) The organization of the atrial nervous system of amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas). Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 243:241–269.
Bone Q, Best ACG (1978) Ciliated sensory cells in amphioxus (Branchiostoma). J Mar Biol Assoc U.K. 58:479–486.
Bone Q, Pulsford A (1978) The arrangement of the ciliated sensory cells in Spadella (Chaetognatha). J Mar Biol Assoc U.K. 58:565–570.
Bone Q, Ryan KP (1978) Cupular sense organs in Ciona (Tunicata: Ascidiacea). J Zool Lond 186:417–429.
Bone Q, Ryan KP (1979) The Langerhans receptor of Oikopleura (Tunicata, Larvacea). J Mar Biol Assoc U.K. 59:69–75.
Brüggemann J, Ehlers U (1981) Ultrastruktur der Statocyste von Ototyphlonemertes pallida (Keferstein 1862) (Nemertini). Zoomorphology 97:75–87.
Budelmann BU (1970) Die Arbeitsweise der Statolithenorgane von Octopus vulgaris. Z Vergl Physiol 70:278–312.
Budelmann BU (1975) Gravity receptor function in cephalopods with particular reference to Sepia officinalis. Fortschr Zool 23:84–96.
Budelmann BU (1976) Equilibrium receptor systems in molluscs. In: Mill PJ (ed) Structure and Function of Proprioceptors in the Invertebrates. London: Chapman and Hall, pp. 529–566.
Budelmann BU (1979) Hair cell polarization in the gravity receptor systems of the statocysts of the cephalopods Sepia officinalis and Loligo vulgaris. Brain Res 160:261–270.
Budelmann BU (1988) Morphological diversity of equilibrium receptor systems in aquatic invertebrates. In: Atema J, Fay RR, Popper AN, Tavolga WN (eds) Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 757–782.
Budelmann BU (1989) Hydrodynamic receptor systems in invertebrates. In: Coombs S, Gömer P, Münz H (eds) The Mechanosensory Lateral Line: Neurobiology and Evolution. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 607–631.
Budelmann BU (1990) The statocyst of squid. In: Gilbert DL, Adelman WJ, Arnold JM (eds) Squid as Experimental Animals. New York and London: Plenum Press, pp. 421–439.
Budelmann BU, Bleckmann H (1988) A lateral line analogue in cephalopods: Water waves generate micro-phonic potentials in the epidermal head lines of Sepia officinalis and Lolliguncula brevis. J Comp Physiol A 164:1–5.
Budelmann BU, Young JZ (1984) The statocystoculomotor system of Octopus vulgaris: extraocular eye muscles, eye muscle nerves, statocyst nerves and the oculomotor centre in the central nervous system. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 306:159–189.
Budelmann BU, Sachse M, Staudigl M (1987) The angular acceleration receptor system of the statocyst of Octopus vulgaris: morphometry, ultrastructure, and neuronal and synaptic organization. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 315:305–343.
Bullock TH, Budelmann BU (1991) Sensory evoked potentials in unanesthetized unrestrained cuttlefish: a new preparation for brain physiology in cephalopods. J Comp Physiol A 168:141–150.
Campbell RD (1972) Statocyst lacking cilia in the coelenterate Corymorpha palma. Nature 238:49–51.
Chia FS, Koss R, Bickell LR (1981) Fine structural study of the statocysts in the veliger larva of the nudibranch, Rostanga pulchra. Cell Tissue Res 214:67–80.
Colmers WF (1981) Afferent synaptic connections between hair cells and the somata of intramacular neurons in the gravity receptor system of the statocyst of Octopus vulgaris. J Comp Neurol 197: 385–394.
Creutzberg F (1975) Orientation in space Animals. Invertebrates. In: Kinne O (ed) Marine Ecology, Vol. 2. Physiological Mechanisms, Part 2. London: John Wiley, pp. 555–656.
Daly JM (1973) The ability to localize a source of vibrations as a prey-capture mechanism in Harmothoe imbricata (Annelida, Polychaeta). Mar Behav Physiol 1:305–322.
Derosa YS, Friesen WO (1981) Morphology of leech sensilla: Observations with the scanning electron microscope. Biol Bull 160:383–393.
Dijkgraaf S (1963) Versuche über Schallwahrnehmung bei Tintenfischen. Naturwissenschaften 50:50.
Dilly N (1961) Electron microscope observations of the receptors in the sensory vesicle of the ascidian tadpole. Nature 191:786–787.
Dilly N (1962) Studies on the receptors in the cerebral vesicle of the ascidian tadpole. I. The otolith. Q J Microsc Sei 103:393–398.
Eakin RM, Kuda A (1971) Ultrastructure of sensory receptors in ascidian tadpoles. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 112:287–312.
Ehlers U (1985) Organisation der Statocyste von Retronectes (Catenulida, Plathelminthes). Microfauna Marina 2:7–22.
Feigenbaum DL (1978) Hair-fan patterns in the Chaetognatha. Can J Zool 56:536–546.
Feigenbaum D, Reeve MR (1977) Prey detection in the Chaetognatha: Response to a vibrating probe and experimental determination of attack distance in large aquaria. Limnol Oceanogr 22:1052–1058.
Ferrero E (1973) A fine structural analysis of the statocyst in turbellaria acoeola. Zool Scr 2:5–16. Fish MP (1964) Biological sources of sustained ambient sea noise. In: Tavolga WN (ed) Marine Bio-Acoustics. Oxford, U.K.: Pergamon Press, pp. 175–194.
Friesen WO (1981) Physiology of water movement detection in the medicinal leech. J Exp Biol 92:255–275.
Frings H (1964) Problems and prospects in research on marine invertebrate sound production and reception. In: Tavolga WN (ed) Marine Bio-Acoustics. Oxford, U.K.: Pergamon Press, pp. 155–173.
Frings H, Frings M (1967) Underwater sound fields and behavior of marine invertebrates. In: Tavolga WN (ed) Marine Bio-Acoustics. Oxford, U.K.: Pergamon Press, pp. 261–282.
Guthrie DM (1975) The physiology and structure of the nervous system of amphioxus (the lancelet) Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas). Symp Zool Soc Lond 36:43–80.
Hanlon RT, Budelmann BU (1987) Why cephalopods are probably not “deaf”. Am Nat 129:312–317.
Hawkins AD, Myrberg AA (1983) Hearing and sound communication under water. In: Lewis B (ed) Bio-acoustics, A Comparative Approach. London: Academic Press, pp. 347–405.
Hecht S (1918) The physiology of Ascidia atra Lesuer. II. Sensory Physiology. J Exp Zool 25:261–299.
Hernadez-Nicaise ML (1974) Ultrastructural evidence for a sensory-motor neuron in Ctenophora. Tissue & Cell 6:43–47.
Hertwig O, Hertwig R (1878) Das Nervensystem und die Sinnesorgane der Medusen. Leipzig: Vogel.
Horridge GA (1965) Non-motile sensory cilia and neuromuscular junctions in a ctenophore independent effector organ. Proc R Soc Lond B 162:333–350.
Horridge GA (1966) Some recently discovered underwater vibration receptors in invertebrates. In: Barnes H (ed) Some Contemporary Studies in Marine Science. London: Allen and Unwin, pp. 395–405.
Horridge BA (1969) Statocyst of medusae and evolution of stereocilia. Tissue & Cell 1:341–353.
Horridge GA, Boulton PS (1967) Prey detection by Chaetognatha via a vibration sense. Proc R Soc Lond B 168:413–419.
Hubbard SJ (1960) Hearing and the octopus statocyst. J Exp Biol 37:845–853.
Hulet WH (1982) Commentary on the international symposium on functional morphology of cephalopods. Malacologia 23:203–208.
Iversen RTB, Perkins PJ, Dionne RD (1963) An indication of underwater sound production by squid. Nature 199:250–251.
Josephson RK (1961) The response of a hydroid to weak water-borne disturbances. J Exp Biol 38:17–27.
Kalmijn AJ (1988) Hydrodynamic and acoustic field detection. In: Atema J, Fay RR, Popper AN, Tavolga WN (eds) Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 83–130.
Karlsen HE, Packard A, Sand O (1989) Cephalopods are definitely not deaf. J Physiol 415:75P.
Knapp MF, Mill PJ (1971) The fine structure of ciliated sensory cells in the epidermis of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. Tissue & Cell 3:623–636.
Kolle-Kralik U, Ruff PW (1967) Vibrotaxis von Amoeba proteus (Pallas) im Vergleich mit der Zilienschlagfrequenz der Beutetiere. Protistologica 3:319–323.
Krisch B (1973) Über das Apikaiorgan (Statocyste) der Ctenophore Pleurobrachia pileus. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 142:241–262.
Laverack ML (1968) On the receptors of marine invertebrates. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 6:249–324.
Lyons KM (1973) Collar cells in planula and adult tentacle ectoderm of the solitary coral Balanophyllia regia (Anthozoa, Eupsammiidae). Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 145:57–74.
Maniwa Y (1976) Attraction of bony fish, squid and crab by sound. In: Schuijf A, Hawkins AD (eds) Sound Reception in Fish. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 271–283.
Markl H (1972) Neue Entwicklungen in der Bioakustik der wirbellosen Tiere. J Ornithol 113:91–104.
Markl H (1973) Leistungen des Vibrationssinnes bei wirbellosen Tieren. Fortschr Zool 21:100–120.
Markl H (1974) The perception of gravity and of angular acceleration in invertebrates. In: Kornhuber HH (ed) Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. 6. Vestibular System, Part 1. Basic Mechanisms. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 17–74.
Markl H (1978) Adaptive radiation of mechanoreceptors. In: Ali MA (ed) Sensory Ecology. Review and Perspectives. New York and Amsterdam: Plenum Press, pp. 319–341.
Markl H (1983) Vibrational communication. In: Huber F, Markl H (eds) Neuroethology and Behavioral Physiology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 332–353.
Maturana HM, Sperling S (1963) Unidirectional response to angular acceleration recorded from the middle cristal nerve in the statocyst of Octopus vulgaris. Nature 197:815–816.
McClarey A (1968) Statoliths of the gastropod Pomacea paludosa. Trans Am Microsc Soc 87:322–328.
Moynihan M (1985) Why are caphalopods deaf? Am Nat 125:465–469.
Myrbert AA (1978) Ocean noise and the behavior of marine animals: Relationships and implications. In: Diemer FP, Vernberg FJ, Mirkes DZ (eds) Advanced Concepts in Ocean Measurements for Marine Biology. University of South Carolina Press, pp. 461–491.
Newbury TK (1972) Vibration perception by Chaetognaths. Nature 236:459–460.
Nishimura M (1961) Frequency characteristics of sea noise and fish sound. Tech Rep Fish Boat Lab Min Agr For Japan 15:111–118.
Packard A, Karlsen HE, Sand O (1990) Low frequency hearing in cephalopods. J Comp Physiol A 166: 501–505.
Pariselle A, Matricon-Gondran M (1985) A new type of ciliated receptor in the cercariae of Nicolla gallica (Trematoda). Z Parasitenkd 71:353–364.
Peteya DJ (1975) The ciliary-cone sensory cell of anemones and cerianthids. Tissue & Cell 7:243–252.
Phillips CE, Friesen WO (1982) Ultrastructure of the water-movement sensilla in the medicinal leech. J Neurobiol 13:473–486.
Pumphrey RJ (1950) Hearing. Symp Soc Exp Biol 4:3–18.
Reid ML, Eckers CG, Muma KE (1986) Booming odontocetes and deaf cephalopods: Putting the cart before the horse. Am Nat 128:438–439.
Römer H, Tautz J (1991) Invertebrate auditory receptors. In: Ito F (ed) Comparative Aspects of Mechano-receptor Systems. New York: Springer-Verlag (in press).
Schaeffer A A (1916) On the feeding habits of amoeba. J Exp Zool 20:529–584.
Schmidt W (1912) Untersuchungen über die Statocysten unserer einheimischen Schnecken. Z Med Naturwiss 48:515–562.
Schwartzkopff J (1977) Auditory communication in lower animals: Role of auditory physiology. Ann Rev Psychol 28:61–84.
Singla CL (1975) Statocysts of hydromedusae. Cell Tissue Res 158:391–407.
Stahlschmidt V, Wolff HG (1972) The fine structure of the statocyst of the prosobranch mollusc Pomacea paludosa. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 133:529–537.
Stephens PR, Young JZ (1982) The statocyst of the squid Loligo. J Zool Lond 197:241–266.
Sundermann G (1983) The fine structure of epidermal lines on arms and head of postembryonic Sepia officinalis and Loligo vulgaris (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Cell Tissue Res 232:669–677.
Sundermann-Meister G (1978) Ein neuer Typ von Cilienzellen in der Haut von spätembryonalen und juvenilen Loligo vulgaris (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Zool Jahrb Abt Anat Ontog Tiere 99:493–499.
Tardent P, Schmid V (1972) Ultrastructure of mechano-receptors of the polyp Coryne pintneri (Hydrozoa, Athecata). Exp Cell Res 72:265–275.
Taylor MA (1986) Stunning whales and deaf squids. Nature 323:298–299.
Tschachotin S (1908) Die Statocysten der Heteropoden. Z Wiss Zool 90:343–422.
Tsirulis TP (1981) The ultrastructural organization of statocysts of some bivalve molluscs (Ostrea edulis, Mytilus edulis, Anodonta cygnea). Tsitologiya 23: 631–637.
van Bergeijk WA (1964) Directional and nondirectional hearing in fish. In: Tavolga WN (ed) Marine Bio-Acoustics. Oxford, U.K.: Pergamon Press, pp. 281–299.
van Bergeijk WA (1967) The evolution of vertebrate hearing. In: Neff WD (ed) Contributions to Sensory Physiology. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 1–49.
Wells MJ, Wells J (1956) Tactile discrimination and the behaviour of blind Octopus. Pubbl Stn Zool Napoli 28:94–126.
Wever EG (1974) The evolution of vertebrate hearing. In: Keidel WD, Neff WD (eds) Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol 5/1. Auditory System. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 423–454.
Williamson R (1988) Vibration sensitivity in the statocyst of the northern octopus, Eledone cirrosa. J Exp Biol 134:451–454.
Young JZ (1960) The statocysts of Octopus vulgaris. Proc R Soc Lond B 152:3–29.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Budelmann, B.U. (1992). Hearing in Nonarthropod Invertebrates. In: Webster, D.B., Popper, A.N., Fay, R.R. (eds) The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2784-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2784-7_10
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7668-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-2784-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive