The Fayum is a depression below sea level, formed by wind erosion 1.8 million years ago, covering ca 12,000 km2. It consists of two lacustrine complexes, Birket Qarun and the two artificial Wadi el-Rayan lakes. Lake Qarun is a saline remnant of the historical freshwater Lake Moeris. It used to be supplied by Nile water between its formation (about 1980 bc) and the Ptolemaic period (323–246 bc). The lake is no longer connected to the Nile and needs to be supplied with pumped water that evaporates in its basin. Consequently, the lake showed a strong increase in salinity, especially during the twentieth century. It evolved from a brackish to a hypersaline state, with incisive repercussions on all biota. In Wadi el-Rayan area, two successive lakes, separated by a waterfall, were created as a reservoir for drainage wastewater. These lakes currently exceed the capacity of Lake Qarun. The physical and chemical variables, phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrobenthos and fish of the two lake complexes are discussed. Among other things, it is argued that the rapid change in salinity of Lake Qarun excludes the presence of endemic species in its fauna.
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El-Shabrawy, G.M., Dumont, H.J. (2009). The Fayum Depression and Its Lakes. In: Dumont, H.J. (eds) The Nile. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 89. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_6
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