In recent years higher education institutions in Finland, as in most western countries, have undergone profound changes. With the rise of a so-called knowledge-based economy, higher education policy and science policy have begun to stress universities' role as crucial players in the national innovation system and as instruments for economic competitiveness in global markets. This means that university education and academic research are increasingly viewed and evaluated from an economic perspective. In accordance with this policy change, universities' funding patterns and management styles have witnessed profound transformations. The general trend has been a decline of budget funding, for which reason universities and departments have been compelled to seek external income and to engage in entrepreneurial activities (e.g., Slaughter and Leslie 1997; Nieminen 2005). This trend has intertwined with the adoption of the doctrine of the new public management, which brings the values and practices of the private sector to public administration, including higher education institutions (e.g., Chandler et al. 2000; Deem 2003).
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Ylijoki, OH. (2008). A Clash of Academic Cultures: The Case of Dr. X. In: Välimaa, J., Ylijoki, OH. (eds) Cultural Perspectives on Higher Education. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6604-7_6
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