Abstract
Soldering is a method of joining metal components (or at least components with a metal skin) nearly always by means of a molten metal (alloy), the solder, with a melting point below that of the components to be joined and a composition different from that of the components. The components are wetted without melting.
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References
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Designing for Preforms. Lucas-Milhaupt Engineering Co., Cudahy, Wisconsin, USA.
F. E. Faller Neue Aluminium-Plattierlotwerkstoffe mit verbessertem Korrosionsverhalten, Zeitschr. f. Metallkunde, 58, Heft 10, p. 676, 1967.
E.-A. Cornelius, J. Marlinghaus Gestaltung von Hartlötkonstruktionen hoher Tragfähigkeit, Konstruktion, 19, Heft 8, p. 321, August 1967.
K. F. Zimmer-mann Hartlöten-Regeln für Konstruktion und Fertigung, Deutscher Verlag für Schweisstechnik G.m.b.H, Düsseldorf, 1968.
W. P. McQuillan Guide to soldering, Welding Engineer, April 1965, p. 112.
H. Schwarzbart Metal fibre reinforced soldering tape, British Welding Journal, November 1968, p. 538–542.
B. Cambels Metal cleaning methods, Materials and Methods, 38, No. 5, 1953.
A. P. Schulze, Electrostatic descaling, Production Engineering and Management, 22, No. 3, p. 67, 1948.
W. R. Lewis Einige Probleme beim WeichldtenMetall, Ii, Heft 5, P. 372 1957.
E.Lüder Handbuch der Löttechnik. Berlin 952.
E. Luder Automatic soldering machine, Sheet Metal Industries, 31, No. 325, 1954.
T. E. Protz How to dip-braze aluminium, American Machinist, 99, No. 2, 1955.
N.F. Lashko, S.V. Ashko- Avakyan Brazing and soldering of metals, London 1961.
A. J. Davis, A. J. Easton, J. Freezer The analysis of soldering alloys by density, Sheet Metal Industries, 32, No. 335, 1955.
W. E. Hoare Hot tinning, Tin Research Institute, 1948.
W. E. Hoare Proceedings of the second RETMA conference on reliability of electrical connections. Sept. 11–12, 1956, RETMA Engineering Office, New York.
E. S. Miller, A. A. Johns, Dip soldering printed circuits; Symposium on solder, ASTM-STP No. 189/1956, p. 30–39, 115–126.
C. J. Thwaites Some experiments on the hot-tinning of small parts Metallurgia, Sept. 1961, p. 117.
C. J. Thwaites Working instructions for hot-tinning cast iron, Tin Research Institute, 1957, p. 381–385.
V. Beatson,H.R.Brooker Industrial brazing, torch brazing, Welding and Metal H. R. Brooker Fabrication, 20, No. 6, 1952.
H. H. Grix, Efficient torch soldering, Schweissen und Schneiden, Aug. 1957, p. 381–385.
H. H. Grix, Equipment selection for soldering, Proceedings of the second RETMA conference on reliability of electrical connections, 11–12 Sept. 1956, RETMA Engineering Office, New York.
F. W. Curtis High-frequency induction heating McGraw-Hill, New York, 389 pp.
F. W. Curtis Brazing Manual, A.S.W., No. 1, New York 1955.
V. Beatson, H. R. Brooker Industrial brazing, 1953.
C. H. Yetman Induction heating successfully solders aluminum, Iron Age, 167, No. 11, p. 108, March 1951.
N. A. de Cecco, J. U. Perks The brazing of aluminium, Welding Journal, 32, No. 11, p. 1031, 1953.
Anon. The selection problem, Materials and Methods, 35, No. 3, p. 120, 1952.
W. Reed, L. Edelson Silver-brazing by carbon-arc process, Metal Industry, 52, No. 18, 1954.
I. C. McGuire This new method permits soldering difficult materials, Materials and Methods, 44, No. 1, 1956.
Anon. Method of soldering difficult materials, Machinery, vol. 89, July 6, 1956, p. 81.
A. Keiüber die Benetzungsfähigkeit von Löten, Zeitschrift fü r Metallkunde, Heft 7, 1956.
B. E. Noltingk, E. A. Neppiras Cavitation produced by ultrasonics, The Proceedings of the Physical Society (B), 63, No. 9, p. 665, 1951.
B. E. Noltingk, E. A. Neppiras Ultrasonic soldering irons, Nature (L), 166, p. 615, 1950.
A. E. Grawfords Ultrasonic soldering of light metals, Light Metals, 15, No. 3, 1952.
L. Walter Ultrasonics, the answer to aluminium soldering, Materials and Methods, 38, p. 59, 1953.
D. C. Burch, R. L. Simpkins New tin-depositing flux for soldering aluminium, Materials and Methods, 40, No. 3, 1954.
W. Hofmann, H. J. Husmann, R. Koppe Die Keilschweissung von Aluminium und Kupfer als, Selbstlotung, Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde, 43, Heft 10, 1952.
A. Keil Wie verbinden sich Metalle, Zeitschrift fur Schweisstechnik, No. 2, 1951.
E. V. Beatson, H. R. Brooker Furnace brazing, Welding and Metal Fabrication, 20, No. 9, 1952.
D. Brooks Brazing titanium to titanium and to steels, Metal Fabrication, 21, No. 1ll, 1954.
C.H. Wanamaker How to bronze-weld, Welding Journal, 29, No. 3, p. 235–257, 1960.
H. R. Schmuck Principles of bronze welding, Welding Journal, 31, No. 10, 954, 1952.
H. R. Schmuck Werkstoff und Schweissung, Band 2, Akademie Verlag, 1133, Berlin 1954.
S. Watkins Tube assemblies joined by vacuum induction brazing, Metal Progress, April 1966, p. 73.
B. J. Costello Infrared soldering of printed circuits, Design News, 27 Oct. 1965, p. 154.
B. J. Costello Philips high frequency induction heating, N.V. Philips’ Gloeilampenfabrieken, Eindhoven 1961.
B. J. Costello Cold tip puts solder where it counts, Iron Age, p. 80, 5 Nov. 1964.
H. H. Manko Solders and soldering, Mc-Graw-Hill Book Company.
Anon. Soldering for microcircuits, The Engineer, p. 168, 27 Jan. 1967.
Anon. Brazing and brazing alloys.
Anon. Solder sleeves, The Engineer, 20 Jan. 1967.
F. Z. Keister Beware of solder slivers, Electronic Packaging and Production, p. 162, Nov. 1966.
H. B. G. Casimir, The skin effect, Philips Techn. Review, 28, 1967, No. 9, J. Ubbink p. 271.
R. Cailler Le brasage au bain de sels de Valuminium et de ses alliages, lecture delivered for the Societe des Ingenieurs Soudeurs, 17 Nov. 1966.
L. Sanderson A new brazing technique, Tooling, July 1966, p. 39.
K. R. Perun Diffusion welding and brazing of Titanium 6A1–4V, Process Development Welding Journal Supplement, September 1967, p. 385-s.
W. Vanschen Das Elektrische Stiftloten Industrie-Anzeiger, 23 April 1968, p. 665 (73).
W. B. Archey Hot gas soldering for interconnection of integrated electronic packages, IEEE, Dec. 1964, p. 1657–1660.
D. E. Solomon Joining dissimilar metals by gas tungsten-arc braze-w elding, Welding Journal, March 1968, p. 181–191.
Anon. Inco Nickel, No. 20, Oct. 1967.
V. B. Boiko, Yu. A. Baigudanov Flash soldering by heating in glycerine, Svar. Proiz., No. 8, 1967, p. 42.
C. J. Thwaites Some effects of abrasive cleaning on the solderability of printed circuits, Metal Finishing Journal, Sept. 1968, p. 291.
B. M. Allen Soldering Handbook, Multicore Solders Ltd. 1969.
W. D. Wilkinson High frequency induction brazing and soldering, British Welding Journal, October 1965, p. 478–487.
C. E. Eadon-Clarke Modern production line methods for soldering and brazing British Welding Journal, October 1965, p. 500.
(a) Solder alloys
Hartlote für Schwermetalle, DIN 8513.
Silberlote zum Hartlöten von Edelmetallen, DIN 1735.
Soft solders, British Standards Specification, BS 219, 1959.
Hart- und Weichlote fürAluminium und Aluminiumlegierungen, DIN 8512.
Weichlote für Schwermetalle, DIN 1707, 4–1964.
Solder, lead alloy, tin-lead alloy and tin alloy, Federal Specification QQ-S-571d, 1963, USA.
Tentative specification for solder metal, ASTM B32–60aT, 1960.
Methods for chemical analysis of metals, ASTM, 1960.
Ingot tin, British Standards Specification BS 3252, 1960.
Soft solders for automobile use, British Standards Specification, AU 90, 1965.
Methods for the sampling and analysis of tin and tin alloys, Parts 1 to 13, 17 to 19 of British Standards Specification, BS 3338, 1961.
(b) Resin cored soldering wire
Resin-cored solder wire “activated” and “non-activated” (non-corrosive), British Standards Specification, BS 441, 1954.
Tentative specification for rosin flux cored solder, ASTM.B 284–60T.
Special Technical Publications, ASTM No. 189, 1956.
Report of the conference on reliability of electrical connections, RETMA, pp. 46–54, 1954, Illinois, USA.
Soldering fluxing and fluxed solders, UL 381-O-o (USA).
Resin flux cored solders, Japanese Industrial Standard, JIS C2512–1965, Japanese Standards Association.
Weichlote für Flussmittelseelen auf Harzbasis, DIN 8516.
Non-corrosive rosin-cored solder wire, containing rosin, mildly activated rosin or activated rosin. Activity of flux, corrosivity of residue, QQ-S-571d, 1963, USA.
(c) Fluxes
Non-corrosive flux for soft soldering, Aircraft Materials Specification DTD 599, 6–1953 (England).
Flux, soldering, liquid (rosin base), Military Specification Mil-F-14256c, 20.12.1963 (USA).
P. M. Fisk, Testing of solder fluxes, Sheet Metal Industries, Sept. 1954, pp. 743 – 747.
F. Hochberg, The suitability of soldering fluxes for use in the assembly of military equipment, Report of the conference on reliability of electrical connections, RETMA, 15 /16 April 1954, pp. 46 – 54.
Flussmittel zum Löten metallischer Werkstoffe, DIN 8511.
Composition of a salt flux solution, DTD 81 (England).
Rosin DEF 72, (England).
Rosins, classified by source, colour and presence of additives to reduce stickiness, LLL-R-626b, 1957 (USA).
(d) (Solderability of) component parts, techniques
Soldering of metallic materials—definitions, DIN 8505, 1965.
Draft Test T: Solderability, DIN 40046, 1967.
Draft Copper-clad laminate for printed circuit boards, DIN 40802, 1965.
Artificial climates for testing purposes, DIN 50015, 1959.
Draft Testing of electrical insulating materials, DIN 53482, 1965.
Environmental test, Part 2T: Soldering, British Standards Specification, BS 2011, 1966.
Copper-clad laminate for printed circuit boards, British Standards Specification, BS 3888, 1965.
Electronic parts of assessed quality, British Standards Specification, BS 9000, 1967.
Sampling procedures for electrical parts, British Standards, BS 9001, 1967—Sampling procedures, British Standards DEF-131-A, 1964—Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes, USA-MIL-STD-105.
Environmental testing, British Standard K 1007, 1963.
Draft Environmental test T: Solderability, British Standard DEF 5011, 1967.
Printed wiring boards with plated-through holes, British Standard DEF 5028, 1963.
General specification for soldering processes, USA-MIL-S-6872A, 1954.
Method 208 (solderability) and Method 210 (resistance to heat) USA-MIL-STD202C, 1962.
High-reliability hand soldering, USA-MIL-S-45743B, 1967.
Solderability of printed wiring boards, USA Standard RS-319, 1965.
Meniscus test for printed wiring boards, USA-MIL-P-55110.
Solderability of terminations, Electronic Industries Association Standard, RS-178-A USA.
Pessel test, IEEE, Transactions on product engineering and production, Jan. 1963, pp. 28–33.
C. J. Thwaites, A new solderability test apparatus, Tin Research Institute, Publication No. 344.
C. J. Thwaites, Testing for solderability, British Welding Journal, pp. 543 – 550, Nov. 1965.
H. H. Manko, Solders and soldering, McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Anon., Solderability of tin-coated copper, Plating, p. 315, April 1965.
J. A. Ten Duis, An apparatus for testing the solderability of wire, Philips Techn. Review, 20, 1958/59, No. 6, p. 158.
Kageyama NosuoOn the spreading properties of solder on metal surfaces Review of the Electrical Communication Laboratory. vol. 13, No. 1–2, Jan.Febr. 1965.
L. Z. G. Earle, A quantitative study of soft soldering by means of the Kollagraph, Journal Institute of Metals, pp. 45 – 73, 1945.
W. B. Harding, Solderability testing, Plating, p. 971 – 981, Oct. 1965.
W. H. Wade, G. W. Brown, A system for numerical evaluation of the solderability of lead wires, Plating, 53, p. 783, June 1966.
J. A. Ten Duis, E. Van Der Meulen, Measurement of the solderability of components, Philips Techn. Review, 28, 1967, No. 12, p. 362.
L. E. Helwig, P. R. Carter, Solder flow on galvanized surfaces, Appendix, Metal Finishing, Febr. 1969, p. 63 – 68.
R. S. Budrys, R. M. Brick, Variables affecting the wetting of tinplate by Sn-Pb solders, Metallurgical Transactions, vol. 2, January 1971, p. 103.
(e) Soldered products
Testing of printed circuits, British Standards Specification, BS 4025, 1966.
Guide on the reliability of electronic equipment, British Standards Specification, BS 4200, 1967.
Soldering and brazing inspection, British Standards AP4089 D.405.
Prüfung von Hartlötverbindungen, DIN 8525, 1965.
Prüfung von Weichlötverbindungen, DIN 8526, 1967.
Criteria for inspection for highly reliable soldered connections in electronic and electrical applications, USA Standard C 99.1–1966.
Lötspezifikationen entstanden im Projekt AZUR, I. Vorläufige Spezifikationen für die Herstellung zuverlässiger handgelöteter elektrischer Verbindungen, Satellitenprojekt 625A1, Bölkow G.m.b.H., Ottobrun bei München, 1967.
AWS and ASTM, Brazing manual, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, N.Y., 1955.
H. H. Manko, Solders and soldering, McGraw-Hill Book Company.
R. M. Macintosh, Technical aspects of soldering practices, Welding Journal, 31, No. 10, 1952, p. 881.
W. H. Rombach, Controlling quantity on soldered electrical connections, Symposium on solder, ASTM-STP No. 189, p. 175 – 283, 1956.
Dip brazing aluminum assemblies, Machine Design, 18 Aug. 1966, p. 158.
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© 1972 N. V. Philips’ Gloeilampenfabrieken, Eindhoven
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van der Hoek, F. (1972). Soldering and brazing. In: Davidson, A. (eds) Handbook of Precision Engineering. Philips Technical Library. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-01020-2_4
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