Abstract
The study of necroptosis is a rapidly growing field in current research of cell death mechanisms and cancer treatment strategies. While apoptotic cells can be reliably identified via annexin V assay, necroptosis is not associated with exposure of easily detectable markers. The most reliable way to identify necroptotic events is immunochemical detection of active phosphorylated RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL proteins facilitating necroptosis execution. This chapter describes a detailed protocol on necroptosis induction in human colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells, preparation of various positive and negative controls, detection of necroptosis mediator proteins via Western Blot analysis, and interpretation of results. This protocol allows reliable and specific detection of necroptosis in cell culture or tissue samples, and it provides a well-established model suitable for detailed studies of necroptosis molecular mechanisms in vitro.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hirsch T, Marchetti P, Susin SA, Dallaporta B, Zamzami N, Marzo I, Geuskens M, Kroemer G (1997) The apoptosis-necrosis paradox. Apoptogenic proteases activated after mitochondrial permeability transition determine the mode of cell death. Oncogene 15(13):1573–1581. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1201324
Vercammen D, Beyaert R, Denecker G, Goossens V, Van Loo G, Declercq W, Grooten J, Fiers W, Vandenabeele P (1998) Inhibition of caspases increases the sensitivity of L929 cells to necrosis mediated by tumor necrosis factor. J Exp Med 187(9):1477–1485. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.187.9.1477
Dunai ZA, Imre G, Barna G, Korcsmaros T, Petak I, Bauer PI, Mihalik R (2012) Staurosporine induces necroptotic cell death under caspase-compromised conditions in U937 cells. PLoS One 7(7):e41945. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041945
Tenev T, Bianchi K, Darding M, Broemer M, Langlais C, Wallberg F, Zachariou A, Lopez J, MacFarlane M, Cain K, Meier P (2011) The Ripoptosome, a signaling platform that assembles in response to genotoxic stress and loss of IAPs. Mol Cell 43(3):432–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2011.06.006
Degterev A, Huang Z, Boyce M, Li Y, Jagtap P, Mizushima N, Cuny GD, Mitchison TJ, Moskowitz MA, Yuan J (2005) Chemical inhibitor of nonapoptotic cell death with therapeutic potential for ischemic brain injury. Nat Chem Biol 1(2):112–119. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio711
Degterev A, Hitomi J, Germscheid M, Ch'en IL, Korkina O, Teng X, Abbott D, Cuny GD, Yuan C, Wagner G, Hedrick SM, Gerber SA, Lugovskoy A, Yuan J (2008) Identification of RIP1 kinase as a specific cellular target of necrostatins. Nat Chem Biol 4(5):313–321. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.83
Galluzzi L, Vitale I, Aaronson SA, Abrams JM, Adam D, Agostinis P, Alnemri ES, Altucci L, Amelio I, Andrews DW, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Antonov AV, Arama E, Baehrecke EH, Barlev NA, Bazan NG, Bernassola F, Bertrand MJM, Bianchi K, Blagosklonny MV, Blomgren K, Borner C, Boya P, Brenner C, Campanella M, Candi E, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Cecconi F, Chan FK, Chandel NS, Cheng EH, Chipuk JE, Cidlowski JA, Ciechanover A, Cohen GM, Conrad M, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Czabotar PE, D'Angiolella V, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, De Laurenzi V, De Maria R, Debatin KM, DeBerardinis RJ, Deshmukh M, Di Daniele N, Di Virgilio F, Dixit VM, Dixon SJ, Duckett CS, Dynlacht BD, El-Deiry WS, Elrod JW, Fimia GM, Fulda S, Garcia-Saez AJ, Garg AD, Garrido C, Gavathiotis E, Golstein P, Gottlieb E, Green DR, Greene LA, Gronemeyer H, Gross A, Hajnoczky G, Hardwick JM, Harris IS, Hengartner MO, Hetz C, Ichijo H, Jaattela M, Joseph B, Jost PJ, Juin PP, Kaiser WJ, Karin M, Kaufmann T, Kepp O, Kimchi A, Kitsis RN, Klionsky DJ, Knight RA, Kumar S, Lee SW, Lemasters JJ, Levine B, Linkermann A, Lipton SA, Lockshin RA, Lopez-Otin C, Lowe SW, Luedde T, Lugli E, MacFarlane M, Madeo F, Malewicz M, Malorni W, Manic G, Marine JC, Martin SJ, Martinou JC, Medema JP, Mehlen P, Meier P, Melino S, Miao EA, Molkentin JD, Moll UM, Munoz-Pinedo C, Nagata S, Nunez G, Oberst A, Oren M, Overholtzer M, Pagano M, Panaretakis T, Pasparakis M, Penninger JM, Pereira DM, Pervaiz S, Peter ME, Piacentini M, Pinton P, Prehn JHM, Puthalakath H, Rabinovich GA, Rehm M, Rizzuto R, Rodrigues CMP, Rubinsztein DC, Rudel T, Ryan KM, Sayan E, Scorrano L, Shao F, Shi Y, Silke J, Simon HU, Sistigu A, Stockwell BR, Strasser A, Szabadkai G, Tait SWG, Tang D, Tavernarakis N, Thorburn A, Tsujimoto Y, Turk B, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P, Vander Heiden MG, Villunger A, Virgin HW, Vousden KH, Vucic D, Wagner EF, Walczak H, Wallach D, Wang Y, Wells JA, Wood W, Yuan J, Zakeri Z, Zhivotovsky B, Zitvogel L, Melino G, Kroemer G (2018) Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018. Cell Death Differ 25(3):486–541. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-017-0012-4
van Engeland M, Nieland LJ, Ramaekers FC, Schutte B, Reutelingsperger CP (1998) Annexin V-affinity assay: a review on an apoptosis detection system based on phosphatidylserine exposure. Cytometry 31(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(19980101)31:1<1::aid-cyto1>3.0.co;2-r
Grootjans S, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P (2017) Initiation and execution mechanisms of necroptosis: an overview. Cell Death Differ 24(7):1184–1195. https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2017.65
Holler N, Zaru R, Micheau O, Thome M, Attinger A, Valitutti S, Bodmer JL, Schneider P, Seed B, Tschopp J (2000) Fas triggers an alternative, caspase-8-independent cell death pathway using the kinase RIP as effector molecule. Nat Immunol 1(6):489–495. https://doi.org/10.1038/82732
Zhang J, Zhang H, Li J, Rosenberg S, Zhang EC, Zhou X, Qin F, Farabaugh M (2011) RIP1-mediated regulation of lymphocyte survival and death responses. Immunol Res 51(2–3):227–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-011-8249-3
Sun L, Wang H, Wang Z, He S, Chen S, Liao D, Wang L, Yan J, Liu W, Lei X, Wang X (2012) Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein mediates necrosis signaling downstream of RIP3 kinase. Cell 148(1–2):213–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.11.031
Dondelinger Y, Declercq W, Montessuit S, Roelandt R, Goncalves A, Bruggeman I, Hulpiau P, Weber K, Sehon CA, Marquis RW, Bertin J, Gough PJ, Savvides S, Martinou JC, Bertrand MJ, Vandenabeele P (2014) MLKL compromises plasma membrane integrity by binding to phosphatidylinositol phosphates. Cell Rep 7(4):971–981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2014.04.026
Zhang Y, Su SS, Zhao S, Yang Z, Zhong C-Q, Chen X, Cai Q, Yang Z-H, Huang D, Wu R, Han J (2017) RIP1 autophosphorylation is promoted by mitochondrial ROS and is essential for RIP3 recruitment into necrosome. Nat Commun 8:14329–14329. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14329
Cho Y, Challa S, Moquin D, Genga R, Ray TD, Guildford M, Chan FK-M (2009) Phosphorylation-driven assembly of the RIP1-RIP3 complex regulates programmed necrosis and virus-induced inflammation. Cell 137(6):1112–1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.037
Murphy JM, Czabotar PE, Hildebrand JM, Lucet IS, Zhang JG, Alvarez-Diaz S, Lewis R, Lalaoui N, Metcalf D, Webb AI, Young SN, Varghese LN, Tannahill GM, Hatchell EC, Majewski IJ, Okamoto T, Dobson RC, Hilton DJ, Babon JJ, Nicola NA, Strasser A, Silke J, Alexander WS (2013) The pseudokinase MLKL mediates necroptosis via a molecular switch mechanism. Immunity 39(3):443–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2013.06.018
Liu S, Liu H, Johnston A, Hanna-Addams S, Reynoso E, Xiang Y, Wang Z (2017) MLKL forms disulfide bond-dependent amyloid-like polymers to induce necroptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114(36):E7450–E7459. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707531114
Wang H, Sun L, Su L, Rizo J, Liu L, Wang LF, Wang FS, Wang X (2014) Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein MLKL causes necrotic membrane disruption upon phosphorylation by RIP3. Mol Cell 54(1):133–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.003
Orozco S, Yatim N, Werner MR, Tran H, Gunja SY, Tait SW, Albert ML, Green DR, Oberst A (2014) RIPK1 both positively and negatively regulates RIPK3 oligomerization and necroptosis. Cell Death Differ 21(10):1511–1521. https://doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2014.76
Kaiser WJ, Sridharan H, Huang C, Mandal P, Upton JW, Gough PJ, Sehon CA, Marquis RW, Bertin J, Mocarski ES (2013) Toll-like receptor 3-mediated necrosis via TRIF, RIP3, and MLKL. J Biol Chem 288(43):31268–31279. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.462341
Newton K, Wickliffe KE, Maltzman A, Dugger DL, Strasser A, Pham VC, Lill JR, Roose-Girma M, Warming S, Solon M, Ngu H, Webster JD, Dixit VM (2016) RIPK1 inhibits ZBP1-driven necroptosis during development. Nature 540(7631):129–133. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20559
Feoktistova M, Geserick P, Kellert B, Dimitrova DP, Langlais C, Hupe M, Cain K, MacFarlane M, Hacker G, Leverkus M (2011) cIAPs block Ripoptosome formation, a RIP1/caspase-8 containing intracellular cell death complex differentially regulated by cFLIP isoforms. Mol Cell 43(3):449–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2011.06.011
Dondelinger Y, Jouan-Lanhouet S, Divert T, Theatre E, Bertin J, Gough PJ, Giansanti P, Heck AJ, Dejardin E, Vandenabeele P, Bertrand MJ (2015) NF-kappaB-independent role of IKKalpha/IKKbeta in preventing RIPK1 kinase-dependent apoptotic and necroptotic cell death during TNF signaling. Mol Cell 60(1):63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2015.07.032
Chen S, Lv X, Hu B, Shao Z, Wang B, Ma K, Lin H, Cui M (2017) RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-mediated necroptosis contributes to compression-induced rat nucleus pulposus cells death. Apoptosis 22(5):626–638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-017-1358-2
Chen T, Pan H, Li J, Xu H, Jin H, Qian C, Yan F, Chen J, Wang C, Chen J, Wang L, Chen G (2018) Inhibiting of RIPK3 attenuates early brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage: possibly through alleviating necroptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 107:563–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.056
Arora D, Siddiqui MH, Sharma PK, Shukla Y (2016) Deltamethrin induced RIPK3-mediated caspase-independent non-apoptotic cell death in rat primary hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 479(2):217–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.042
Jing L, Song F, Liu Z, Li J, Wu B, Fu Z, Jiang J, Chen Z (2018) MLKL-PITPalpha signaling-mediated necroptosis contributes to cisplatin-triggered cell death in lung cancer A549 cells. Cancer Lett 414:136–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2017.10.047
Mandal P, Berger SB, Pillay S, Moriwaki K, Huang C, Guo H, Lich JD, Finger J, Kasparcova V, Votta B, Ouellette M, King BW, Wisnoski D, Lakdawala AS, DeMartino MP, Casillas LN, Haile PA, Sehon CA, Marquis RW, Upton J, Daley-Bauer LP, Roback L, Ramia N, Dovey CM, Carette JE, Chan FK, Bertin J, Gough PJ, Mocarski ES, Kaiser WJ (2014) RIP3 induces apoptosis independent of pronecrotic kinase activity. Mol Cell 56(4):481–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2014.10.021
Piao JL, Cui ZG, Furusawa Y, Ahmed K, Rehman MU, Tabuchi Y, Kadowaki M, Kondo T (2013) The molecular mechanisms and gene expression profiling for shikonin-induced apoptotic and necroptotic cell death in U937 cells. Chem Biol Interact 205(2):119–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2013.06.011
Chefetz I, Grimley E, Yang K, Hong L, Vinogradova EV, Suciu R, Kovalenko I, Karnak D, Morgan CA, Chtcherbinine M, Buchman C, Huddle B, Barraza S, Morgan M, Bernstein KA, Yoon E, Lombard DB, Bild A, Mehta G, Romero I, Chiang CY, Landen C, Cravatt B, Hurley TD, Larsen SD, Buckanovich RJ (2019) A pan-ALDH1A inhibitor induces Necroptosis in ovarian cancer stem-like cells. Cell Rep 26(11):3061–3075.e3066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.032
Upton JW, Kaiser WJ, Mocarski ES (2012) DAI/ZBP1/DLM-1 complexes with RIP3 to mediate virus-induced programmed necrosis that is targeted by murine cytomegalovirus vIRA. Cell Host Microbe 11(3):290–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2012.01.016
Micheau O, Tschopp J (2003) Induction of TNF receptor I-mediated apoptosis via two sequential signaling complexes. Cell 114(2):181–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00521-x
He S, Wang L, Miao L, Wang T, Du F, Zhao L, Wang X (2009) Receptor interacting protein kinase-3 determines cellular necrotic response to TNF-alpha. Cell 137(6):1100–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.021
Bai L, Smith DC, Wang S (2014) Small-molecule SMAC mimetics as new cancer therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 144(1):82–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.007
Kreuz S, Siegmund D, Scheurich P, Wajant H (2001) NF-kappaB inducers upregulate cFLIP, a cycloheximide-sensitive inhibitor of death receptor signaling. Mol Cell Biol 21(12):3964–3973. https://doi.org/10.1128/mcb.21.12.3964-3973.2001
Seo J, Lee EW, Sung H, Seong D, Dondelinger Y, Shin J, Jeong M, Lee HK, Kim JH, Han SY, Lee C, Seong JK, Vandenabeele P, Song J (2016) CHIP controls necroptosis through ubiquitylation- and lysosome-dependent degradation of RIPK3. Nat Cell Biol 18(3):291–302. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb3314
Ros U, Pena-Blanco A, Hanggi K, Kunzendorf U, Krautwald S, Wong WW, Garcia-Saez AJ (2017) Necroptosis execution is mediated by plasma membrane nanopores independent of calcium. Cell Rep 19(1):175–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.024
Weber K, Roelandt R, Bruggeman I, Estornes Y, Vandenabeele P (2018) Nuclear RIPK3 and MLKL contribute to cytosolic necrosome formation and necroptosis. Commun Biol 1(1):6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-017-0007-1
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Chesnokov, M., Khan, I., Chefetz, I. (2021). Induction and Detection of Necroptotic Cell Death in Mammalian Cell Culture. In: Alvero, A.B., Mor, G.G. (eds) Detection of Cell Death Mechanisms. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2255. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1162-3_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1162-3_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-1161-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-1162-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols