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Principles Underlying Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying of Cells and Tissues

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Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying Protocols

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 2180))

Abstract

Cryopreservation and freeze-drying can be used to preserve cells or tissues for prolonged periods. Vitrification, or ice-free cryopreservation, is an alternative to cryopreservation that enables cooling cells to cryogenic temperatures in the absence of ice. The processing pathways involved in (ice-free) cryopreservation and freeze-drying of cells and tissues, however, can be very damaging. In this chapter, we describe the principles underlying preservation of cells for which freezing and drying are normally lethal processes as well as for cells that are able to survive in a reversible state of suspended animation. Freezing results in solution effects injury and/or intracellular ice formation, whereas drying results in removal of (non-freezable) water normally bound to biomolecules, which is generally more damaging. Cryopreservation and freeze-drying require different types of protective agents. Different mechanistic modes of action of cryoprotective and lyoprotective agents are described including minimizing ice formation, preferential exclusion, water replacement, and vitrification. Furthermore, it is discussed how protective agents can be introduced into cells avoiding damage due to too large cell volume excursions, and how knowledge of cell-specific membrane permeability properties in various temperature regimes can be used to rationally design (ice-free) cryopreservation and freeze-drying protocols.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unit for Reproductive Medicine—Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany

    Willem F. Wolkers & Harriëtte Oldenhof

  2. Biostabilization Laboratory—Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany

    Willem F. Wolkers

Authors
  1. Willem F. Wolkers
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  2. Harriëtte Oldenhof
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Correspondence to Willem F. Wolkers .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Unit for Reproductive Medicine—Clinic for Horses, Biostabilization Laboratory—Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany

    Willem F. Wolkers

  2. Unit for Reproductive Medicine—Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany

    Harriëtte Oldenhof

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Wolkers, W.F., Oldenhof, H. (2021). Principles Underlying Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying of Cells and Tissues. In: Wolkers, W.F., Oldenhof, H. (eds) Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2180. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0783-1_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0783-1_1

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  • Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-0782-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-0783-1

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