Summary
We estimate mercury releases from artisanal and small scale gold mining (ASGM) based on available data about mercury and gold exports and imports by country and from field reports from the countries known to have active ASGM communities. The quality of the estimates ranges from reasonable to poor across the countries. This paper aims to give a first order estimate of the amount and location of mercury being released into the environment globally by ASGM, to motivate stakeholders to improve the quality of these estimates, to illustrate the linkages between global mercury trade and its use in ASGM, and the fourth objective is to provide a practical outline of the options available for reducing mercury use in ASGM. We estimate that artisanal and small scale gold mining releases between 640 to 1350 Mg of mercury per annum into the environment, averaging 1000 Mg yr-1, from at least 70 countries. 350 Mg yr-1 of this are directly emitted to the atmosphere while the remainder (650 Mg yr-1) are released into the hydrosphere (rivers, lakes, soils, tailings). However, a significant but unknown portion of the amount released into the hydrosphere is later emitted to the atmosphere when it volatilizes (latent emissions). Considering that ASGM is growing, latent emissions conservatively amount to at least 50 Mg yr-1 bringing the total emission of mercury to the atmosphere from ASGM to 400 Mg yr-1. This estimate of emission to the atmosphere differs from the previous one provided in the 2002 UNEP Global Mercury Assessment both in terms of its magnitude (400 Mg yr-1, versus 300 Mg yr-1) and in the way the estimate has been made. The current estimate is based on a better understanding of ASGM and on a wider variety of information sources, more field evidence, better extrapolation methods, and independent testing by analysis of official trade data.
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
6.9 References
Agrawal S., 2007. Final Report, UNIDO Project No. EG/GLO/01/G34, Contract No. 16001054/ML, Community Awareness on Hazards of Exposure to Mercury and Supply of Equipment for Mercury-cleaner Gold Processing Technologies in Galangan, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Al T.A., Leybourne M.I., Maprani A.C., MacQuarrie K.T., Dalziel J.A., Fox D. andYeats P.A., 2006.Effects of acid-sulfate weathering and cyanide-containing gold tailings on the transport and fate of mercury and other metals in Gossan Creek: Murray Brook mine, New Brunswick, Canada.Applied Geochemistry, 21:1969-1985.
Alfa, S., 2000. Child labour in Small-scale Mines in Niger. International Labour Organization, Sector Publications: Available at: www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/papers/ childmin/137e1.htm#1
Alpers, C.N. and Hunerlach, M.P., 2000. Mercury Contamination from Historic Gold Mining in California. USGS FS062-00, May 2000, 6 p.
APLA - Amalgamated Prospectors and Leaseholders Association of Western Australia (Inc), 2004.
Appel, P.W.U.; Dyikanova, C.; Esengulova, N.; Tagaeva, A., 2003. Baseline Survey of Artisanal and Small-scale Mining and Teaching Seminars for Small scale miners in Kyrgyz Republic. Report from Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, n.2004/11. Copenhagen, 27 p.
Appleton, J.D.; Taylor, H.; Lister, T.R.; Smith, B., 2004. Final Report for the Assessment of Environment in the Rwamagasa area, Tanzania. UNIDO Project EG/GLO/01/34. British Geological Survey, Commissioned Report CR/04/014. Nottingham, UK.159 p.
Argonne National Laboratory draft report 2008. "Technology Demonstration for Reducing Mercury Emissions From Small-Scale Gold Refining Facilities" prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Artaxo, P.; Campos, R.C.; Fernandes, E.T.; Martins, J.V.; Xiao, Z., Lindqvist, O.; Fernandez-Jimenez, M.T.; Maenhaut, W., 2000.Large Scale Mercury and Trace Element Measurements in the Amazon Basin.Atmospheric Environment, 34:4085-4096.
Attenborough M., 1999. Social problems in developing countries pose challenge - Canadian companies learning that it pays to be a friendly neighbour The Northern Miner, Volume 85, Number 4.
Babut, M.; Sekyi, R.; Rambaud, A.; Potin-Gautier, M.; Tellier, S.; Bannerman, W.; Beinhoff, C., 2003.Improving the Environmental Management of Small-scale Gold Mining in Ghana: a Case of Dumasi.Journal of Cleaner Production, v.11, p.215-221.
Baker R. and Telmer K., 2007. Summary of Fish Mercury Data from Tanoyan Mining Area, Bolaang Mongodow North Sulawesi. UNIDO, Project EG/GLO/01/G34.
Basque, G., 1991.Gold Panner's Manual.Sunfire Pub. Ltd., Langley, BC, 108 p.
Beales P., 2005. Busy Indaba showcases African mining industry, Northern Miner, Volume 91 Number 1.
Bermudez-Lugo, O., 2002. The Mineral Industries of Gambia, Guine-Bissau, and Senegal. U.S. Geological Survey Minerals I
Chouinard R., 2007. Results of the Awareness Campaign and Technology Demonstration for Artisanal Gold Miners, Summary Report, Brazil – Indonesia – Laos – Sudan – Tanzania – Zimbabwe. UNIDO, Project EG/GLO/01/G34.
Coakley, G.J., 2002. The Mineral Industry of Lesotho and Swaziland. U.S. Geological Survey-Minerals Information. Available at: minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/africa. html#ir
Costa, M.P.F., Telmer, K., and Novo, E.M.L.M., 2008. Spectral light attenuation in Amazonian waters. Submitted to Limnology and Oceanography.
Couture, R. and Lambert, J.D., 2003. Source of Mercury in Small scale Mining Communities of Guyana. Presented at the GGMC Mining Week conference. August 2003. Georgetown, Guyana.
Crispin, G., 2003.Environmental Management in Small-scale Mining in PNG.J. Cleaner Production, v.11, n.2, p.175-183
Cumming J., 1997. Banro Resource on hold in eastern Zaire after purchase of Sominki, Northern Miner, Volume 83, Number 2.
Danielson V., 1992. Tanzania opens its doors to foreign investment. Northern Miner, Volume 78, Number 7.
Dawson S., 1996. Nelson mining gold along historic Silk Road. Northern Miner. Volume 82, Number 6.
DLI – Defense Language Institute, 2003. Liberia in Perspective. Available at: www.lingnet.org/ areaStudies/perspectives/liberia/liberia.pdf.
Dolley, T.P., 1996. The Mineral Industry of Senegal, the Gambia, and Guinea Bissau. U.S. Geological Survey—Minerals Information. minerals. usgs.gov/ minerals/pubs / country/1994/9233094.pdf
Drasch, G.; Boese-O'Reilly, S.; Beinhoff, C.; Roider, G.; Maydl, S., 2001.The Mt. Diwata Study on the Philippines 1999 – Assessing Mercury Intoxication of the Population by Small-scale Gold Mining.The Science of the Total Environment, v.267, p.151-168.
Dreschler, B., 2001. Small-scale Mining and Sustainable Development within the SADC Region. MMSD Report 84. Available at: www.iied.org/mmsd/mmsd_pdfs/asm_southern_africa.pdf
Ecosystems Contamination Assessment. In: Mercury in the Tapajos Basin. p.75-94. Villas Boas, Beinhoff, Silva(eds.). GEF/UNIDO/CYTED/CETEM/IMAAC publication. Rio de Janeiro.
Fréry, N; Maury-Brachet, N.; Maillot, E.; Deheeger, M.; de Mérona, B.; Boudou, A., 2001.Gold-Mining Activities and Mercury Contamination of Native Amerindian Communities in French Guiana: Key Role of Fish in Dietary Uptake.Environmental Health Perspectives, v.109, p.449-456.
GMP, 2007. Partnership on Mercury Reductions in Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining (ASGM). Available at : www.chem.unep.ch/Mercury/partnerships/
Graham R., 2002. Eaglecrest advances San Simon, Northern Miner, Volume 88, Number 40.
Graham R. 2003. Juniors eye Mexican gold prospects. The Northern Miner, Volume 89 Number 42.
Grayson, R. 2007.Anatomy of the Gold Rush in Modern Mongolia.World Placer Journal, v.7, p.1-65.
Gunson and Yue, 2002. Artisanal Mining in the People's Republic of China. Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development (MMSD) report 74.
Gunson, A.J., 2004.Mercury and Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Miners in China. MASc Thesis. Dept. Mining Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.154 p.
Gunson, A.J. andVeiga, M.M., 2004.Mercury and Artisanal Gold Mining in China.Environmental Practice, v.6, n.2, p.109-120.
Heemskerk, M. 2003.Risks, Attitudes and Mitigation among Gold Miners and Others in the Suriname Rainforest.Natural Resources Forum, v.27, p.267-278.
Hentschel T., Hruschka,F., Priester M., 2002. Global Report on Artisanal & Small-Scale Mining. MMSD Summary Report.
Hinton, J.J.; Veiga, M.M.; Beinhoff, C., 2003.Women and Artisanal Mining: Gender Roles and the Road Ahead. In:The Socio-Economic Impacts of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Developing Countries. Chapter 11.G. Hilson (ed.),Pub. by A.A. Balkema, Swets Publishers, Netherlands.
Hinton, J.J.; Veiga, M.M.; Veiga A.T., 2003.Clean Artisanal Mining, a Utopian Approach? Journal of Cleaner Production, v.11, p.99-115.
Hiyate A., 2008. Semafo banks on Mana Gold Mine to Take Company from Red to Black. Northern Miner, Volume 93 Number 51.
Hunerlach, M.P.; Rytuba, J.J; Alpers, C.N., 1999. Mercury Contamination from Hydraulic Placer-Gold Mining in the Dutch Flat Mining District, California. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018B, p. 179-189.
Ibrahm, M.S., 2003. Information about the Project Sites in Sudan. Report to GEF/UNDP/UNIDO Global Mercury Project. October, 2003. 10 p.
Ikingura, J. R. andAkagi, H., 1996.Monitoring of Fish and Human Exposure to Mercury Due to Gold Mining in the Lake Victoria Goldfields, Tanzania.The Science of the Total Environment, v.191, n.1-2, p.59-68.
Ikingura, J.R.; Mutakyahwa, M.K.D.; Kahatano, J.M.J., 1997.Mercury and Mining in Africa with Special Reference to Tanzania.Water, Air & Soil Pollution, v.97, p.223-232.
Ikingura, J.R., 1998.Mercury Pollution Due to Small-scale Gold Mining in Tanzania Goldfields. In:Small-scale Mining in African Countries: Prospects, Policy and Environmental Impacts. p.143-158.Ed L. Landner, Dept. Of Geology, Univ.Dar es Salamm, Tanzania.
International Labour Office (ILO), 1999. Social and Labour Issues in Small-scale Mines, Report for the Tripartite Meeting on Social and Labour Issues in Small-scale Mines, Geneva 17-22 May, 1999.
Israel, D.C. and J.P. Asirot. 2000. Mercury Pollution in Small-Scale Gold Mining in the Philippines. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Discussion Paper Series No. 2000-06. Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia, 2000.
Israel D.C., 2000. Mercury Pollution Due to Small-Scale Gold Mining: A Serious Menace. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Policy Notes, No. 2000-03
Jonasson, I.R. and Boyle, R.W., 1972. Geochemistry of mercury and origins of natural contamination of the environment. Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin 65.
Kambani S.M., 2003.Small-scale mining and cleaner production issues in Zambia.Journal of Cleaner Production, 11; 141–146
Kinabo, C.P., 2002.Comparative Analysis of Mercury Content in Cosmetics and Soaps Used in the City of Dar Es Salaam. In:Proc. International Workshop on Health and Environmental Effects of Mercury: Impacts of Mercury from Artisanal Gold Mining in Africa. p.173-186.Tanzania, Nov. 19-20, 2002.Ed. National Institute of Minamata Disease, Japan.
Kinabo, C., 2003.Women Engagement and Child Labour in Small-scale Mining – Tanzanian Case Study.Urban Heath and Development Bull., v.6, n.4, p.46-56.South Africa.
Labonne, B., 2002. Seminar on Artisanal and Small-scale Mining in Africa: Identifying Best Practices and Bulding the Sustainable Livelihoods of Communities. Synthesis Report: Available at: www.naturalresources.org/minerals/smscalemining/docs.htm
Lacerda, L.D., 2003.Updating global Hg Emissions from Small-scale Gold Mining and Assessing its Environmental Impacts.Environmental Geology v.43, p.308–314
Madawo I., 2007. Canadians lead new Scramble for Africa. Northern Miner, Volume 93, Number 42.
Mahlatsi, S. andGuest, R., 2003.The iGoli Mercury-free Gold Extraction Process.Urban Heath and Development Bull., v.6, n.4, p.62-63.South Africa.
Maponga, O. andNgorima, C.F., 2003.Overcoming Environmental Problems in the Gold Panning Sector through Legislation and Education: the Zimbabwean Experience.Journal of Cleaner Production v.11, p.147–157
Maxson, P., 2004. Mercury flows in Europe and the world: The Impact of Decommissioned Chlor-alkali Plants.Prepared by Concorde EasMg/West Sprl for the European Commission (Environment Directorate), final report, Feb 2004, Brussels, Belgium. Available at: europa.eu.inMg/comm/environmenMg/chemicals/mercury/index.htm
Maxson, P., 2008a. AMAP study of air emissions & transport. Preliminary draft report for UNEP.
Maxson, P., 2008b. Global atmospheric Hg emissions from incineration of mercury products in the waste stream. Preliminary draft report for the Mercury Policy Project, February 2008.
Mbendi Information for Africa, 2004. Mauritania Mining Overview. Available at: www.mbendi.co.za/indy/ming/ af/mu/p0005.htm
MMSD – Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development, 2002. Breaking New Ground. International Institute for Environment and Development and World Business Council for Sustainable Development. London, UK. 441 p.
Mobbs, P.M., 1996. The Mineral Industry of Chad. U.S. Geological Survey-Minerals Information.minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/ pubs/ country/1996/9206096.pdf -
Mobbs, P.M., 1998. The Mineral Industry of Côte D'Ivoire. U.S. Geological Survey-Minerals Information. Available at: minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/ pubs/country/1997/9208097.pdf
Murphy T., 2006. Mercury Contamination along the Mekong River, Cambodia. In: Book of Abstracts of the 8th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Aug 6-11, 2006.
Northern Miner, 1997. Gold output from East to rise in '98, FACTS 'N' FIGURES, Volume 83, Number 41.
Northern Miner, 2001. Vaaldiam raises Boungou funds, Volume 87, Number 2.
Northern Miner ,2003. SouthernEra advances Messina, raises CUS$77m Volume 89 Number 40.
Northern Miner, 2007. Exploration Annual Review, Artisanals point the way for African Gold Group, Volume 93 Number 39.
Northern Miner, 2008. Delta drills high-grade gold in Mali , Volume 93 Number 50.
Northern Miner, 2008. Delta drills high-grade gold in Mali. Daily News, Volume 93, Number 47.
Nyambe I., 2008. pers. Comm.
Pantoja F. And Alvaarez R., 2000. Decrease of pollution by mercury in gold mining in Latin Amercia. In: Mine Closure in Iberoamerica., eds.) Villas Boas R.C., Berreto M.L., CYTED/IMAAC/UNIDO: Rio de Janeiro, pp. 178-190.
Priester, M. and Hentschel, T., 1992. Small-scale Gold Mining: Processing Techniques in Developing Countries. GTZ/GATE, Vieweg, Eschborn, Germany, 96 p.
Rajaobelina, S., 2003. Biodiversity and Small Scale Gold Mining in Madagascar. Paper presented at 3rd CASM Annual General Meeting and Learning Event, Elmina, Ghana, September 7-10, 2003. Available at: www.casmsite.org/events_Elmina.html
Robertson R., 2006. Aurelian Gold Discovery Takes Centre Stage Drilling Continues to Show Expansion Potential to the South. Northern Miner, Volume 92 Number 39.
Rosario J. And Ault S.K. 1997. Environmental and Health Impacts of Mercury and Cyanide in Gold-Mining in Nicaragua. Environmental Health Project, Contract No. HRN-5994-C-00-3036-00, Project No. 936-5994, sponsored by the Bureau for Global Programs, Field Support and Research, Office of Health and Nutrition, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, ACTIVITY REPORT, No. 33.
Roulet, M., Lucotte, M., Canuel, R., Rheault, I., Tran, S., De Freitos Gog, Y.G., Farella, N., Souza do Vale, R., Sousa Passos, C.J., DeJesus da Silva, E., Mergler, D., Amorim, M., 1998.Distribution and partition of total mercury in waters of the Tapajos River Basin, Brazilian Amazon.The Science of the Total Environment 213, 203–211.
Savornin, O.; Niang, K.; Diouf, A., 2007. Artisanal Gold Mining in the Tambacounda Region of Senegal. Report to Blacksmith Institute. 16p.
Schofield N.C., 2007.Comodity Derivatives, Markets and Applications.John Wiley and Sons Canada, Mississauga, pp.315.
Shaw S.A., Al T.A., and MacQuarrie K.T.B., 2006. Mercury mobility in unsaturated gold mine tailings, Murray Brook Mine, New Brunswick, Canada. Applied Geochemistry, 21: 1986-1998.
Siddaiah, N.S., 2001. Mercury and Arsenic Pollution Dues to Gold Mining, Milling and Smelting in India: A Need to Assess Its Impact on Human Health and Ecosystem. In: Book of Abstracts of the 6th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant. Minamata, Japan, Oct.15-19, 2001.
Silva A.C., 2008. pers. Comm. based on Ph.D. work on community mining in Nicaragua.
Sotham, S., 2001.Artisanal Gold Mining in Cambodia. In:Small-scale Mining in Asia. p.31-40.S. Murao, V.B. Maglambayan, N. Cruz (eds.).Mining Journal Books Ltd., London, UK.
Sotham, S., 2004. Small-scale gold mining in Cambodia, a Situation Assessment. Ed. Dr. Carl Middleton, Additional research contributed by the NGO Forum on Cambodia's Environmental Forum Core Team. Oxfam, America.
Sousa and Veiga, 2007. Brazil Country Report, UNDP/GEF/UNIDO Project EG/GLO/01/G34. Final Report.
Spiegel, S.J.; Savornin, O.; Shoko, D.; Veiga, M.M., 2006.Mercury Reduction in Munhena, Mozambique: Homemade Solutions and the Social Context for Change.International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, v.12, n.13, p.215-221.
Stepanov, V.A. and Yusupov, D.V., 2001. Mercury Contamination of Soil-vegetative Cover in Zone of Influence of a Gold-concentration Enterprise. In: Book of Abstracts of the 6th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant. Minamata, Japan, Oct.15-19, 2001.
Sulaiman R., Baker R., Susulorini B., Telmer K., and Spiegel S., 2007. Indonesia Country Report, UNDP/GEF/UNIDO Project EG/GLO/01/G34. Final Report.
Telmer K., Stapper D., Costa M.P.F., Ribeiro C., Veiga M.M., 2006. Knowledge Gaps in Mercury Pollution from Gold Mining. In: Book of Abstracts of the 8th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Aug 6-11, 2006.
Telmer K., Costa M.P.F., Angélica R.S., Araujo E.S., andMaurice Y., 2006b.The source and fate of sediment and mercury in the Tapajós River, Pará, Brazilian Amazon: ground and space based evidence. Journal of Environmental Management, 81: 101-113.(invited, special issue)
Telmer K. and Stapper D., 2007. Evaluating and Monitoring Small Scale Gold Mining and Mercury Use: Building a Knowledge-base with Satellite Imagery and Field Work UNDP/GEF/UNIDO Project EG/GLO/01/G34 Final Report.
Thomae B., 2004. Mano River's Pampana yields more gold. Northern Miner, Volume 90, Number 25.
Trung, N.X., 2001.Small-scale Gold Mining in Vietnam. In:Small-scale Mining in Asia. p.41-45.S. Murao, V.B. Maglambayan, N. Cruz (eds.).Mining Journal Books Ltd., London, UK.
Umbangtalad S., Parkpian P., Visvanathan C., Delaune R.D., andJugsujinda A. 2007.Assessment of Hg contamination and exposure to miners and schoolchildren at a small-scale gold mining and recovery operation in Thailand.Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A:42:2071-2079.
UNEP – United Nations Environment Programme, 2002. Global Mercury Assessment
UNEP – United Nations Environment Programme, 2005. Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM). Status Report on Partnerships as One Approach to Reducing the Risks to Human Health and the Environment from the Release of Mercury and Its Compounds to the Environment. Vienna, 19–24 September 2005. Available at: www.chem.unep.ch/SAICM/ meeting/prepcom3/ en/INF18%20mercury.pdf
UNESCAP – United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2003. UNESCAP Assists Myanmar in Formulating Environmental Policy and Guidelines for the Mining Industry. Available at: www.unescap.org/esd/water/mineral/2003/26_6February.asp
UNIDO, 2006. Summary of the Environmental and Health Assessment Reports. The Global Mercury Project. Compiled by A.J.Gunson et al. Available at: www.globalmercury project.org.
Vaccaro A., 2007. After surviving DRC's dog days, Banro nears its payday – Site Visit. Northern Miner, Volume 93, Number 42.
Veiga, M.M., 1997, Introducing New Technologies for Abatement of Global Mercury Pollution in Latin America. Ed. UNIDO/UBC/CETEM, Rio de Janeiro, 94 p.
Veiga M.M. and Baker R.F., 2004. Protocols for Environmental and Health Assessment of Mercury Released by Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Miners. Vienna, Austria: GEF/UNDP/UNIDO, ISBN 92-1-106429-5, 294p.
Veiga, M.M.; Bermudez, D.; Pacheco-Ferreira, H.; Pedroso, L.R.M.; Gunson, A.J.; Berrios, G.; Vos, L.; Huidobro, P.; Roeser, M. 2005.Mercury Pollution from Artisanal Gold Mining in Block B, El Callao, Bolívar State, Venezuela. In:Dynamics of Mercury Pollution on Regional and Global Scales, Atmospheric Processes and Human Exposures Around the World. p.421-450.Pirrone, N.; Mahaffey, K.R. (Eds.)ISBN: 0-387-24493-X, July 2005, Springer, Norwell, MA, USA
Veiga M.M., Maxson P., andHylander L., 2006.Origin of Mercury in Artisanal Gold Mining.Journal of Cleaner Production, 14:436-447.
Vieira R., 2008. WWF Guinas, Goldmining Pollution Abatement. World Wildlife Federation.
Weekend Proespector, 2004. Available at: www.geocities.com/Yosemite/Trails/1849/
Wickre J.B., Karagas M.R., Folt C.L., andSturup S., 2004.Environmental exposure and fingernail analysis of arsenic and mercury in children and adults in a Nicaraguan gold mining community Archives of Environmental Health, 59:400-409.
Winch S., Parsons M., Mills H., Fortin D., Lean D., Kostka J., 2006. Mercury Speciation and Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Mine Tailings. In: Book of Abstracts of the 8th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Aug 6-11, 2006.
Wuerker, 2008. The cleaning of mercury by filtration during the use of liquid mercury telescopes, (Personal communication).
World Bank, 2003. Project Information Document: Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources Project, Uganda, Report 90 p.
Yager, T.R.; Coakley, G.J.; Mobbs, P.M., 2002. The Mineral Industries of Benin, Cape Verde, the Central African Republic, Côte D'Ivoire, and Togo. U.S. Geological Survey-Minerals Information. Available at: minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/africa.html
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Telmer, K.H., Veiga, M.M. (2009). World emissions of mercury from artisanal and small scale gold mining. In: Mason, R., Pirrone, N. (eds) Mercury Fate and Transport in the Global Atmosphere. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93958-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93958-2_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-93957-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-93958-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)