Abstract
The principal mineral fillers used in thermoplastics and the reasons for using them are identified, together with those features that have to be controlled in order to achieve the optimum results and to avoid associated deleterious effects. General methods of filler production are outlined in the light of these requirements and their application to the fillers in most use is described. Attention is given to the use of surface modification methods where these are part of the production process.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anon (1993) Plast Rubber Wkly Oct 23:14
Hancock M (1995) Filled thermoplastics. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled Polymer composites. Longman, Harlow, p 284
Rothon RN (ed) (1995) Particulate-filled Polymer composites. Longman, Harlow
Jones FR (1994) Handbook of polymer-fibre composites. Longman, Harlow
Katz HS, Milewski JV (1987) Handbook of fillers for plastics. Van Nostrand, New York
Milewski JV, Katz HS (1987) Handbook of reinforcements for plastics. Van Nostrand, New York
Enikopylan NS (1990) Filled polymers 1: advances in Polymer science No 96. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Lutz JT Jr (1989) Thermoplastic Polymer additives. Marcel Dekker, New York
Miyata S,I mahashi T, Anabuk H (1980) J Appl Polym Sci 25:415
Hancock M (1995) Filled thermoplastics. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled Polymer composites. Longman, Harlow, p 281
Hancock M (1995) Filled thermoplastics. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled polymer composites. Longman, Harlow, p 284
Chow TS (1980) J Mater Sci 15:1873
Volenberg PHT, Heikkens D (1986) Polymer 30:1656
Ashton JE, Halpin JC (1969) Primers in composite materials. Technomic, Stanford
Okuno K, Woodhams RT (1975) Polym Eng Sci 15:4
Radosta JA (1976) Soc Plast Eng Technical Papers 22:465
Hancock M, Tremayne P, Rosevear DJ (1980) J Polym Sci 18:3211
Pukanszky B (1985) 28th Polym Compos Proc Microsymp Macromol 67:2811
Janear J (1989) J Mater Sci 24:3947
Heikkens D (1986) Filplas’ 86, BPF /PRI Conference, London
Green J (1989) Flame retardants and smoke suppressants. In: Katz HS, Milewski JV (eds) Handbook of fillers for plastics. Van Nostrand, New York, chapter 4, p 93
Hornsby PR, Watson CL (1986) Plast Rubber Process Appl 6:169
Rothon RN (1995) Effects of particulate fillers on flame retardant properties of polymers. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled Polymer composites. Longman, Harlow, Chap 6, p 207
Hughes P, Jackson GV, Rothon RN (1993) Makromol Chem Macromol Symp 74:179
Ashley RJ, Rothon RN (1991) Plast Rubber Compos Process Appl 15:19
Technology of titanium dioxide pigments technical leaflet available from Tioxide UK, Stockton on Tees, Cleveland, TS18 2NQ, England
Ferrigino TH (1987) Principles of filler selection and use. In: Katz HS, Milewski JV (eds) Handbook of fillers for plastics. Van Nostrand, New York p 25
Abe M (1987) Japan Kokai Tokyo Koho, Japanese patent application 62,263,243
Goodman H (1992) Filplas’92 BPF Conference, Manchester
Kauder OS (1989) Stabilisers. In: Lutz JT Jr (ed) Thermoplastic Polymer additives. Marcel Dekker, New York p 437
Allen NS, Edge M (1992) Fundamentals of Polymer degradation and stabilisation. Elsevier, London
Bryk MT (1991) Degradation of filled polymers. Ellis Horwood, Chichester
Bramuzzo M, Savadori A, Bacci D (1985) Polym Compos 6:1
Hancock M (1995) Filled thermoplastics. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled Polymer composites. Longman, Harlow p 287
Abolins V (1982) US Patent Application 4,317,761
Svehlova V, Polovcek E (1990) Angew Makromol Chem 174:205
Rothon RN, Hancock M (1995) Selection and use of particulate materials. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled Polymer composites. Longman, Harlow, p 35
McGenity P, Paynter CD, Adams JM (1989) Filplas’ 89, BPF/PRI Conference, Manchester
Woodhams RT (1984) Polym Eng Sci 24:169
Hancock M, Pickering FG (1984) CDC Conf London
Liauw CM, Lees GC, Hurst SJ, Rothon RN, Dobson DC (1995) Plast Rubber Compos Process Appl 24:249
Titow WV, Lanham BJ (1975) Reinforced plastics. Applied Science Publishers, London
Suetsegu Y (1990) Int. Polym Process 5(3):185
Hutley TJ, Darlington MW (1985) Polym Commun 26:264
Wills BA (1992) Mineral processing technology, 5th edn. Pergamon, Oxford
Rothon RN (1996) Surface modification of mineral fillers. Loughborough Fillers Symposium, Loughborough, UK
Sohnel O, Garside J (1992) Precipitation. Butterworth, Oxford
Donnet JB, Voegt A (1976) Carbon black. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 8
Rothon RN (1995) Surface modification and surface modifiers. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled Polymer composites. Longman, Harlow, p125
Metzemacher HD, Seeling R (1991) Canadian Patent Application No. 2 028 969
Gilbert M, Sutherland I, Guest A (1992) Filplas’ 92 BPF/PRI Conference Manchester, UK
Ogino K (1990) Yukugaku 39:398
Miller D, Ishida H (1984) Surf Sci 148:601
Ottewill RH, Tiffany JM (1967) J Oil Colour Chem Assoc 50:844
Kipling JJ, Wright EHM (1964) J Chem Soc 3535
Ishida H (1984) Polym Compos 5(2):101
Liauw CM, Lees GC, Hurst SJ, Rothon RN, Dobson DC (1995) Plast Rubber Compos Process Appl 24:211
Rothon RN (1995) Surface modification and surface modifiers. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled Polymer composites. Longman, Harlow, p 139
Ishida H (1985) Polym Sci Tech 27:25
Plueddemann EP (1982) Silane coupling agents. Plenum, New York
Vanderbilt BM, Jaruzelski JJ (1962) Ind Eng Chem Prod Res Dev 1:188
Godlewski RE, Heggs RP (1989) Coupling agents. In: Lutz Jt Jr (ed) Thermoplastic Polymer additives. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 51
Jones FR (1994) Glass fibres-surface treatments. In: Jones FR (ed) Handbook of polymer-fibre composites. Longman, Harlow, p 42
Fekete E, Pukanszky B, Toth A, Beroth A (1990) J Colloid Interface Sci 135(1):200
Rothon RN, Hancock M (1995) General principles guiding selection and use of particulate materials. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled Polymer composites. Longman, Harlow, p1
Katz HS, Milewski JV (1987) Introduction and guide for the selection and use of fillers. In: Katz HS, Milewski JV (ed) Handbook of fillers for plastics. Van Nostrand, New York, p1
Ferrigino TH (1987) Principles of filler selection and use. In: Katz HS, Milewski JV (ed) Handbook of fillers for plastics. Van Nostrand, New York, p 28
Darlington MH, Harrison P, Sanders D (1981) PED Symposium, Loughborough
Harrison P, Sheppard RF (1970) Plastics International Conference, Reinforced Thermoplastics. Solihull,UK, October 1970
Hornsby PR, Wang J, Rothon RN, Jackson G, Wilkinson G, Cossik K (1996) Polym Degrad Stab 51:235
Hancock M, Rothon RN (1995) Principle types of particulate fillers. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled Polymer composites. Longman, Harlow, p 83
Wojcik J (1969) Przem Chem 48:11
Miyata S (1992) European Patent Application 0,498,566 A1
Miyata S (1996) US Patent 5,480,929
Rothon RN, Hancock M (1995) General principles guiding selection and use of particulate materials. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled Polymer composites. Longman, Harlow, p 12
Kaye BH (1989) A random walk through fractal dimensions. VCH, New York
Thoma SG, Ciftiogli MC, Smith DM (1991) Powder Technol 68:53
Brunauer S, Emmett PH, Teller E (1938) J Am Chem Soc 60:309
Mullin JW, Murphy JD, Sohnel O, Spoors G (1989) Ind Eng Chem Res 28:1725
Baudet G, Bizi M, Rona JP (1993) Part Sci Technol 11:73
Herd CR, McDonald GC,H ess WM (1992) Rubber Chem Technol 65:107
German RM (1989) Particle packing. Metal Powder Industries Federation, New York
Huisman HF (1984) J Coat Technol 56:65
Hancock M, Rothon RN (1995) Principle types of particulate fillers. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled Polymer composites. Longman, Harlow, p50
Hancock M, Rothon RN (1995) Principle types of particulate fillers. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled Polymer composites. Longman, Harlow, p55
Hancock M, Rothon RN (1995) Principle types of particulate fillers. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled Polymer composites. Longman, Harlow, p62
Radosta JA, Trivedi NC (1987) Talc. In: Katz HS, Milewski JV (ed) Handbook of fillers for plastics. Van Nostrand, New York, p216
Hancock M, Rothon RN (1995) Principle types of particulate fillers. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled Polymer composites. Longman, Harlow, p64
Hawley GC (1987) Flakes. In: Milewski JV, Katz HS (ed) Handbook of Reinforcements for Plastics, Van Nostrand, New York p 37
Copeland JR (1987) Wollastonite. In: Milewski JV, Katz HS (ed) Handbook of reinforcements for plastics. Van Nostrand, New York, p 125
Doyle M, Clemens M, Lees G, Briggs C, Day R (1994) Non-halogenated fire retardants for polypropylene. FR’94 Conference, BPF, London, p193
Schweitzer RA, Winterman AW (1989) Reinforcing fibres and fillers. In: Lutz JT Jr (ed) Thermoplastic Polymer additives. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 417
Dockum F Jr (1987) Fibreglass. In: Milewski JV, Katz HS (ed) Handbook of reinforcements for plastics. Van Nostrand, New York, p 233
Jones FR (1994) Glass fibres. In: Jones FR (ed) Handbook of polymer-fibre composites. Longman, Harlow, p 38
Katz HS (1987) Solid spherical fillers. In: Katz HS, Milewski JV (ed) Handbook of fillers for plastics. Van Nostrand, New York, p 429
Watson SK (1987) Synthetic silicas. In: Katz HS, Milewski JV (ed) Handbook of fillers for plastics. Van Nostrand, New York, chap 9, p165
Sobolev I, Woycheshin EA (1989) Alumina trihydrate. In: Katz HS, Milewski JV (ed) Handbook of fillers for plastics. Van Nostrand, New York, p294
Hancock M, Rothon RN (1995) Principle types of particulate fillers. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled Polymer composites. Longman, Harlow, p74
Godfrey E, Evans KA (1987) New developments in alumina trihydrate flame retardants. Flame Retardants’ 87 Conference, BPF/PRI, London
Hancock M, Rothon RN (1995) Principle types of particulate fillers. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled Polymer composites. Longman, Harlow, p77
Miyata S (1976) US Patent No 4,098,762
Eisler J (1990) Czechoslovak Patent No 275,256
Elsner D, Rothon RN (1995) Patent Application No WO 95/19935
Skubla P (1995) European Patent Application No 0 631,984 A2
Meier A (1990) Patent Application No WO 90/13516
Horose T, Miyata S (1990) European Patent Application No 0 356 139 A1
Rothon RN (1994) Acicular particulate reinforcements. In: Jones FR (ed) Handbook of polymer-fibre composites. Longman, Harlow, p 4
Birchall JD, Hutchinson J (1978) British Patent No. 1,603,300
Touval I (1987) Antimony oxide. In: Katz HS, Milewski JV (ed) Handbook of fillers for plastics. Van Nostrand, New York, p 279
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rothon, R.N. (1999). Mineral Fillers in Thermoplastics: Filler Manufacture and Characterisation. In: Jancar, J., Fekete, E., Hornsby, P.R., Jancar, J., Pukánszky, B., Rothon, R.N. (eds) Mineral Fillers in Thermoplastics I. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 139. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-69220-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-69220-7_2
Received:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-64621-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-69220-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive