Abstract
The mutable collagenous tissue (MCT) of echinoderms can undergo extreme changes in passive mechanical properties within a timescale of less than 1 s to a few minutes, involving a mechanism that is under direct neural control and coordinated with the activities of muscles. MCT occurs at a variety of anatomical locations in all echinoderm classes, is involved in every investigated echinoderm autotomy mechanism, and provides a mechanism for the energy-sparing maintenance of posture. It is therefore crucially important for the biology of extant echinoderms. This chapter summarises current knowledge of the physiology and organisation of MCT, with particular attention being given to its molecular organisation and the molecular mechanism of mutability. The biotechnological potential of MCT is discussed. It is argued that MCT could be a source of, or inspiration for, (1) new pharmacological agents and strategies designed to manipulate therapeutically connective tissue mechanical properties and (2) new composite materials with biomedical applications.
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
- Collagen Fibril
- Phenylboronic Acid
- Spine Ligament
- Passive Mechanical Property
- Biotechnological Perspective
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Andrew NL, Agatsuma Y, Ballesteros E, Bazhin AG, Creaser EP, Barnes DKA, Botsford LW, Bradbury A, Campbell A, Dixon J, Einarsson S, Gerring PK, Hebert K, Hunter M, Hur SB, Johnson CR, Juinio-Menez MA, Kalvass P, Miller RJ, Moreno CA, Palleiro JS, Rivas D, Robinson SML, Schroeter SC, Steneck RS, Vadas RL, Woodby DA, Xiaoqi Z (2002) Status and management of world sea urchin fisheries. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 40:343–425
Bauer AM, Russell AP, Shadwick RE (1989) Mechanical properties and morphological correlates of fragile skin in gekkonid lizards. J Exp Biol 145:79–102
Birenheide R, Motokawa T (1994) Morphological basis and mechanics of arm movement in the stalked crinoid Metacrinus rotundus (Echinodermata, Crinoida). Mar Biol 121:273–283
Birenheide R, Motokawa T (1995) Motility and stiffness of cirri of the stalked crinoid Metacrinus rotundus. In: Emson RH, Smith AB, Campbell AC (eds) Echinoderm research 1995. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 91–94
Birenheide R, Motokawa T (1996) Contractile connective tissue in crinoids. Biol Bull 191:1–4
Birenheide R, Motokawa T (1998) Crinoid ligaments: catch and contractility. In: Mooi R, Telford M (eds) Echinoderms: San Francisco. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 139–144
Birenheide R, Tsuchi A, Motokawa T (1996) To be stiff or to be soft — the dilemma of the echinoid tooth ligament. II. Mechanical properties. Biol Bull 190:231–236
Birenheide R, Yokoyama K, Motokawa T (2000) Cirri of the stalked crinoid Metacrinus rotundus: neural elements and the effect of cholinergic agonists on mechanical properties. Proc R Soc Lond B 267:7–16
Bonasoro F, Wilkie IC, Bavestrello G, Cerrano C, Candia Carnevali MD (2001) Dynamic structure of the mesohyl in the sponge Chondrosia reniformis (Porifera, Demospongiae). Zoomorphology 121:109–121
Bornstein P, Armstrong LC, Hankenson KD, Kyriakides TR, Yang Z (2000) Thrombospondin 2, a matricellular protein with diverse functions. Matrix Biol 19:557–568
Bruel A, Oxlund H (1996) Changes in biomechanical properties, composition of collagen and elastin, and advanced glycation endproducts of the rat aorta in relation to age. Atherosclerosis 127:155–165
Bryant-Greenwood GD (1998) The extracellular matrix of the human fetal membranes: structure and function. Placenta 19:1–11
Buchanan CI, Marsh RL (2002) Effects of exercise on the biomechanical, biochemical and structural properties of tendons. Comp Biochem Physiol 133A:1101–1107
Byrne M (2001) The Echinodermata. In: Anderson DT (ed) Invertebrate zoology, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Sydney, pp 366–395
Campo GM, Avenoso A, Campo S, Ferlazza A, Altavilla D, Micali C, Calatroni A (2003) Aromatic trap analysis of free radicals production in experimental collagen-induced arthritis in the rat: protective effect of glycosaminoglycans treatment. Free Radical Res 37:257–268
Chakravarti S (2002) Functions of lumican and fibromodulin: lessons from knockout mice. Glycoconjugate J 19:287–293
Chiquet M (1999) Regulation of extracellular matrix gene expression by mechanical stress. Matrix Biol 18:417–426
Chvapil M (1988) Method of treatment of fibrotic lesions by topical administration of lathyrogenic drugs. In: Nimni ME (ed) Collagen, vol 2. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 161–175
Clément P (1993) The phylogeny of rotifers: molecular, ultrastructural and behavioural data. Hydrobiologia 255/256:527–544
Cluzel C, Lethias C, Garrone R, Exposito J-Y (2000) Sea urchin fibrillar collagen 2α chain participates in heterotrimeric molecules of (1 α)2 α stoichiometry. Matrix Biol 19:545–547
Cluzel C, Lethias C, Humbert F, Garrone R, Exposito J-Y (2001) Characterization of fibrosurfin, an interfibrillar component of sea urchin catch connective tissue. J Biol Chem 276:18108–18114
Cobb JLS (1985) Motor innervation of the oral plate ligament in the brittlestar Ophiura ophiura (L.). Cell Tissue Res 242:685–688
Conand C (2001) Overview of sea cucumbers fisheries over the last decade — what possibilities for a durable management? In: Barker MF (ed) Echinoderms 2000. Swets and Zeitlinger, Lisse, pp 339–344
D'Alessio M, Ramirez F, Suzuki HR, Solursh M, Gambino R (1989) Structure and developmental expression of a sea urchin fibrillar collagen gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:9303–9307
D'Alessio M, Ramirez F, Suzuki HR, Solursh M, Gambino R (1990) Cloning of a fibrillar collagen gene expressed in the mesenchymal cells of the developing sea urchin embryo. J Biol Chem 265:7050–7054
DeFrate LE, van der Ven A, Gill TJ, Li G (2004) The effect of length on the structural properties of an Achilles tendon graft as used in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 32:993–997
Del Castillo J, Smith DS (1996) We still invoke friction and Occam's razor to explain catch in the spines of Eucidaris tribuloides. Biol Bull 190:243–244
Del Castillo J, Smith DS, Vidal AM, Sierra C (1995) Catch in the primary spines of the sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides: a brief review and a new interpretation. Biol Bull 188:120–127
Delehedde M, Allain F, Payne SJ, Borgo R, Vanpouille C, Fernig DG, Deudon E (2002) Proteoglycans in inflammation. Curr Med Chem Anti-inflam Anti-allergy Agents 1:89–102
Ellers O, Telford M (1996) Advancement mechanics of growing teeth in sand dollars (Echinodermata, Echinoidea): a role for mutable collagenous tissue. Proc R Soc Lond B 263:39–44
Elphick MR, Melarange M (2001) Neural control of muscle relaxation in echinoderms. J Exp Biol 204:875–885
Erlinger R, Welsch U, Scott JE (1993) Ultrastructural and biochemical observations on proteoglycans and collagen in the mutable connective tissue of the feather star Antedon bifida (Echinodermata, Crinoidea). J Anat 183:1–11
Exposito J-Y, D'Alessio M, Solursh M, Ramirez F (1992) Sea urchin collagen evolutionarily homologous to vertebrate pro-α2(I) collagen. J Biol Chem 267:15559–15562
Fredalina BD, Ridzwan BH, Zainal Abidin AA, Kaswandi MA, Zaiton H, Zali I, Kittakoop P, Mat Jais AM (1999) Fatty acid composition in local sea cucumber, Stichopus chloronotus, for wound healing. Gen Pharmacol 33:337–340
Garronne R (1978) Phylogenesis of connective tissue. Morphological aspects and biosynthesis of sponge intercellular matrix. In: Robert L (ed) Frontiers of matrix biology, vol 5. S Karger, Basel
Gupte CM, Smith A, Jamieson N, Bull AMJ, Thomas RD, Amis AA (2002) Meniscofemoral ligaments — structural and material properties. J Biomech 35:1623–1629
Hidaka M, Takahashi K (1983) Fine structure and mechanical properties of the catch apparatus of the sea-urchin spine, a collagenous connective tissue with muscle-like holding capacity. J Exp Biol 103:1–14
Huynh T, Abraham G, Murray J, Brockbank K, Hagen PO, Sullivan S (1999) Remodeling of an acellular collagen graft into a physiologically responsive neovessel. Nat Biotechnol 17:1083–1086
Jiaxin C (2003) Overview of sea cucumber farming and sea ranching practices in China. SPC Beche-de-mer Info Bull 18:18–23
Johnson AS, Ellers O, Lemire J, Minor M, Leddy HA (2002) Sutural loosening and skeletal flexibility during growth: determination of drop-like shapes in sea urchins. Proc R Soc Biol Sci 269:215–220
Kannus P (2000) Structure of tendon connective tissue. Scand J Med Sci Sports 10:312–320
Kariya Y, Watabe S, Kyogashima M, Ishihara M, Ishii T (1997) Structure of fucose branches in the glycosaminoglycans from the body wall of the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus. Carbohydr Res 297:273–279
Kolarik J (1995) Composite artificial tendons with hydrogel matrix. Coll Czech Chem Commun 60:1995–2005
Koob TJ (2002) Biomimetic approaches to tendon repair. Comp Biochem Physiol 133A:1171–1192
Koob TJ, Koob-Emunds MM, Trotter JA (1999) Cell-derived stiffening and plasticizing factors in sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) dermis. J Exp Biol 202:2291–2301
Langer R, Tirrell DA (2004) Designing materials for biology and medicine. Nature 428:487–492
Lethias C, Exposito JY, Garrone R (1997) Collagen fibrillogenesis during sea urchin development. Retention of SURF motifs from the N-propeptide of the 2α chain in mature fibrils. Eur J Biochem 245:434–440
Maldonado M (2004) Choanoflagellates, choanocytes, and animal multicellularity. Invertebr Biol 123:1–22
Matsumura T (1973) Shape, size and amino acid composition of collagen fibril of the starfish Asterias amurensis. Comp Biochem Physiol 44B:1197–1205
Matsumura T, Shinmei M, Nagai Y (1973) Disaggregation of connective tissue: preparation of fibrous components from sea cucumber body wall and calf skin. J Biochem 73:155–162
Morales M, del Castillo J, Smith DS (1989) Acetylcholine sensitivity of the spine-test articular capsule of the sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides. Comp Biochem Physiol 94C:547–554
Motokawa T (1982) Fine structure of the dermis of the body wall of the sea cucumber, Stichopus chloronotus, a connective tissue which changes its mechanical properties. Galaxea 1:55–64
Motokawa T (1983) Mechanical properties and structure of the spine-joint central ligament of the sea urchin, Diadema setosum (Echinodermata, Echinoidea). J Zool Lond 201:223–235
Motokawa T, Tsuchi A (2003) Dynamic mechanical properties of body-wall dermis in various mechanical states and their implications for the behaviour of sea cucumbers. Biol Bull 205:261–275
Motokawa T, Shintani O, Birenheide R (2004) Contraction and stiffness changes in collagenous arm ligaments of the stalked crinoid Metacrinus rotundus (Echinodermata). Biol Bull 206:4–12
Munns SW, Jayaraman G, Luallin SR (1994) Effects of pretwist on biomechanical properties of canine patellar tendon. Arthroscopy 10:404–411
Nagai T, Suzuki N (2002) Collagen from the underutilized resources of aquatic organisms. Trends Comp Biochem Physiol 9:259–268
Nordin M, Frankel VH (1980) Biomechanics of collagenous tissues. In: Frankel VH, Nordin M (eds) Basic biomechanics of the skeletal system. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, pp 87–110
Omura Y, Urano N, Kimura S (1996) Occurrence of fibrillar collagen with structure of (α1)2 α2 in the test of sea urchin Asthenosoma ijimai. Comp Biochem Physiol 115B:63–68
O'Neill PO (1989) Structure and mechanics of starfish body wall. J Exp Biol 147:53–89
O'Neill PO, Withers PC (1995) An analysis of the load curve of the body wall of Coscinasterias calamaria (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Mar Fresh Behav Physiol 25:245–260
Pérez-Acevedo NL, Marrero H, del Castillo J (1998) Transient wrinkles in a variable length tendon. In: Mooi R, Telford M (eds) Echinoderms: San Francisco. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 783–790
Peters BH (1985) The innervation of spines in the sea-urchin Echinus esculentus L. Cell Tissue Res 239:219–228
Ramos-e-Silva M, Ribeiro de Castro MC (2002) New dressings, including tissue-engineered living skin. Dermatol Clin 20:715–723
Redaelli A, Vesentini S, Soncini M, Vena P, Mantero S, Montevecchi FM (2003) Possible role of decorin glycosaminoglycans in fibril to fibril force transfer in relative mature tendons — a computational study from molecular to microstructural level. J Biomech 36:1555–1569
Reddy GK, Stehno-Bittel L, Enwemeka CS (2002) Glycation-induced matrix stability in the rabbit Achilles tendon. Arch Biochem Biophys 399:174–180
Robinson JJ (1997) Comparative biochemical analysis of sea urchin peristome and rat tail tendon collagen. Comp Biochem Physiol 117B:307–313
Robker RL, Russell DL, Yoshioka S, Sharma CS, Lydon JP, O'Malley BW, Espey LL, Richards JS (2000) Ovulation: a multi-gene, multi-step process. Steroids 65:559–570
Sarras MP, Deutzmann R (2001) Hydra and Niccolo Paganini (1782–1840) — two peas in a pod? The molecular basis of extracellular matrix structure in the invertebrate, Hydra. BioEssays 23:716–724
Sennström MB, Brauner A, Byström B, Malmström A, Ekman G (2003) Matrix metalloproteinase-8 correlates with the cervical ripening process in humans. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 82:904–911
Silver FH, Freeman JW, Seehra GP (2003) Collagen self-assembly and the development of tendon mechanical properties. J Biomech 36:1529–1553
Suzumori K (1996) Elastic materials producing compliant robots. Robotics Auton Syst 18:135–140
Syed T, Schierwater B (2002) The evolution of the Placozoa: a new morphological model. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 82:315–324
Szulgit GK, Shadwick RE (1994) The effects of calcium chelation and cell perforation on the mechanical properties of sea urchin ligaments. In: David B, Guille A, Féral JP, Roux M (eds) Echinoderms through time. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 887–892
Szulgit GK, Shadwick RE (1998) Novel non-cellular adhesion and tissue grafting in the mutable collagenous tissue of the sea cucumber Parastichopus parvimensis. J Exp Biol 201:3003–3013
Szulgit GK, Shadwick RE (2000) Dynamic mechanical characterization of a mutable collagenous tissue: response of sea cucumber dermis to cell lysis and dermal extracts. J Exp Biol 203:1539–1550
Takemae N, Motokawa T (2002) Is muscular contraction necessary for the stiffness changes of catch apparatus? Zool Sci 19:1460
Thurmond FA, Trotter JA (1994) Native collagen fibrils from echinoderms are molecularly bipolar. J Mol Biol 235:73–79
Thurmond FA, Trotter JA (1996) Morphology and biomechanics of the microfibrillar network of sea cucumber dermis. J Exp Biol 199:1817–1828
Thurmond FA, Koob TJ, Bowness JM, Trotter JA (1997) Partial biochemical and immunological characterization of fibrillin microfibrils from sea cucumber dermis. Conn Tissue Res 36:211–222
Tipper JP, Lyons-Levy G, Atkinson MAL, Trotter JA (2003) Purification, characterization and cloning of tensilin, the collagen-fibril binding and tissue stiffening factor from Cucumaria frondosa dermis. Matrix Biol 21:625–635
Tomita M, Kinoshita T, Izumi S, Tomino S, Yoshizato K (1994) Characterizations of sea urchin fibrillar collagen and its cDNA clone. Biochim Biophys Acta 1217:131–140
Trotter JA, Chino K (1997) Regulation of cell-dependent viscosity in the dermis of the sea cucumber Actinopyga agassizi. Comp Biochem Physiol 118A:805–811
Trotter JA, Koob TJ (1989) Collagen and proteoglycan in a sea urchin ligament with mutable collagenous properties. Cell Tissue Res 258:527–539
Trotter JA, Koob TJ (1994) Biochemical characterization of fibrillar collagen from the mutable spine ligament of the sea-urchin Eucidaris tribuloides. Comp Biochem Physiol 107B:125–134
Trotter JA, Koob TJ (1995) Evidence that calcium-dependent cellular processes are involved in the stiffening response of holothurian dermis and that dermal cells contain an organic stiffening factor. J Exp Biol 198:1951–1961
Trotter JA, Thurmond FA, Koob TJ (1994) Molecular structure and functional morphology of echinoderm collagen fibrils. Cell Tiss Res 275:451–458
Trotter JA, Lyons-Levy G, Thurmond FA, Koob TJ (1995) Covalent composition of collagen fibrils from the dermis of the sea cucumber, Cucumaria frondosa, a tissue with mutable mechanical properties. Comp Biochem Physiol 112A:463–478
Trotter JA, Lyons-Levy G, Luna D, Koob TJ, Keene D, Atkinson MAL (1996) Stiparin: a glycoprotein from sea cucumber dermis that aggregates collagen fibrils. Matrix Biol 15:99–110
Trotter JA, Dahners L, de Vente J, Lester G (1997) Isolation of intact collagen fibrils from healing ligament. J Electron Microsc 46:353–356
Trotter JA, Chapman JA, Kadler KE, Holmes DF (1998) Growth of sea cucumber collagen fibrils occurs at the tips and centers in a coordinated manner. J Mol Biol 284:1417–1424
Trotter JA, Lyons-Levy G, Chino K, Koob TJ, Keene DR, Atkinson MAL (1999) Collagen fibril aggregation inhibitor from sea cucumber dermis. Matrix Biol 18:569–578
Trotter JA, Kadler KE, Holmes DF (2000a) Echinoderm collagen fibrils grow by surfacenucleation-and-propagation from both centers and ends. J Mol Biol 300:531–540
Trotter JA, Tipper J, Lyons-Levy G, Chino K, Heuer AH, Liu Z, Mrksich M, Hodneland C, Dillmore WS, Koob TJ, Koob-Emunds MM, Kadler K, Holmes D (2000b) Towards a fibrous composite with dynamically controlled stiffness: lessons from echinoderms. Biochem Soc Trans 28:357–362
Uldbjerg N (1994) Connective tissue changes related to cervical maturation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 55:8
Vidal AM, del Castillo J, Smith DS (1993) contractile properties of the articular capsule or ligament, in the primary spines of the sea-urchin Eucidaris tribuloides. Comp Biochem Physiol 106C:643–647
Villasin J, Pomory CM (2000) Antibacterial activity of extracts from the body wall of Parastichopus parvimensis (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Fish Shellfish Immunol 10:465–467
Vogel HG (1980) Influence of maturation and aging on mechanical and biochemical properties of connective tissue in rats. Mech Ageing Dev 14:283–292
Welsch U, Lange A, Bals R, Heinzeller T (1995) Juxtaligamental cells in feather stars and isocrinids. In: Emson RH, Smith AB, Campbell AC (eds) Echinoderm research 1995. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 129–135
Westergren-Thorsson G, Norman M, Bjorrnsson S, Endresen U, Stjernholm Y, Ekman G, Malmstrom A (1998) Differential expressions of mRNA for proteoglycans, collagens and transforming growth factor-β in the human cervix during pregnancy and involution. Biochim Biophys Acta 1406:203–213
Wilkie IC (1979) The juxtaligamental cells of Ophiocomina nigra (Abildgaard) (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) and their possible role in mechano-effector function of collagenous tissue. Cell Tissue Res 197:515–530
Wilkie IC (1988) Design for disaster: the ophiuroid intervertebral ligament as a typical mutable collagenous structure. In: Burke RD, Mladenov PV, Lambert P, Parsley RL (eds) Echinoderm biology. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 25–38
Wilkie IC (1992) Variable tensility of the oral arm plate ligaments of the brittlestar Ophiura ophiura L. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). J Zool Lond 228:5–26
Wilkie IC (1996) Mutable collagenous tissues: extracellular matrix as mechano-effector. Echinoderm Stud 5:61–102
Wilkie IC (2001) Autotomy as a prelude to regeneration in echinoderms. Microsc Res Tech 55:369–396
Wilkie IC (2002) Is muscle involved in the mechanical adaptability of echinoderm mutable collagenous tissue? J Exp Biol 205:159–165
Wilkie IC, Emson RH (1987) The tendons of Ophiocomina nigra and their role in autotomy (Echinodermata, Ophiuroida). Zoomorphology 107:33–44
Wilkie IC, Candia Carnevali MD, Bonasoro F (1992) The compass depressors of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) (Echinodermata, Echinoida): ultrastructural and mechanical aspects of their variable tensility and contractility. Zoomorphology 112:143–153
Wilkie IC, Candia Carnevali MD, Andrietti F (1993) Variable tensility of the peristomial membrane of the sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck). Comp Biochem Physiol 105A:493–501
Wilkie IC, Candia Carnevali MD, Andrietti F (1994) Microarchitecture and mechanics of the sea-urchin peristomial membrane. Boll Zool 61:39–51
Wilkie IC, Candia Carnevali MD, Bonasoro F (1998) Organization and mechanical behaviour of myocyte-ligament composites in a sea-urchin lantern: the compass depressors of Stylocidaris affinis. Zoomorphology 118:87–101
Wilkie IC, Candia Carnevali MD, Bonasoro F (1999) Evidence for the ‘cellular calcium regulation hypothesis’ from 'simple’ mutable collagenous structures: the brachial and cirral syzygial ligaments of Antedon mediterranea (Lam). In: Candia Carnevali MD, Bonasoro F (eds) Echinoderm research 1998. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 119–125
Wilkie IC, Candia Carnevali MD, Trotter JA (2004a) Mutable collagenous tissue: recent progress and an evolutionary perspective. In: Heinzeller T, Nebelsick J (eds) Proc 11th Int Echinoderm Conf, Munich 2003 (in press)
Wilkie IC, McKew M, Candia Carnevali MD (2004b) Functional morphology of the compass-rotular ligament of Echinus esculentus (Echinodermata: Echinoida): a non-mutable collagenous component of Aristotle's lantern. Zoomorphology (in press)
Wilkie IC, Bonasoro F, Bavestrello G, Cerrano C, Candia Carnevali MD (2004 c) Mechanical properties of the collagenous mesohyl of Chondrosia reniformis: evidence for physiological control. Boll Mus Istit Univ Genova (in press)
Yoshida M, Sagawa N, Itoh H, Yura S, Takemura M, Wada Y, Sato T, Ito A, Fujii S (2002) Prostaglandin F2α, cytokines and cyclic mechanical stretch augment matrix metalloproteinase-1 secretion from cultured human uterine cervical fibroblast cells. Mol Human Reprod 8:681–687
Young CM, Emson RH (1995) Rapid arm movements in stalked crinoids. Biol Bull 188:89–97
Yu WH, Yu SC, Meng Q, Brew K, Woessner JF (2000) TIMP-3 binds to sulfated glycosaminoglycans of the extracellular matrix. J Biol Chem 275:31226–31232
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wilkie, I. (2005). Mutable Collagenous Tissue: Overview and Biotechnological Perspective. In: Matranga, V. (eds) Echinodermata. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology, vol 39. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27683-1_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27683-1_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-24402-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-27683-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)