Abstract
Single-mode microwave reactors have been very successful in the past few years in the field of method development and optimization. Future trends clearly indicate the use of microwave technology for the development of completely new reaction routes for organic synthesis, with increasing demand for large-scale microwave production of chemical substances (>100 g per run). For microwave-assisted synthesis to become a fully accepted industrial technology in the future, there is a need to develop techniques that can ultimately routinely provide products on a multikilogram scale. Thus, the further development of large reactors, at least in the pilot plant scale to enable multikilogram production of lead compounds, is required. Herein are discussed several already known scale-up processes in microwave-assisted organic chemistry in a ≥50 mL batch scale and experiments performed with both continuous flow and stop-flow techniques. Furthermore, the available instrumentation for scale-up at laboratory scale and beyond is presented.
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Abbreviations
- AcOH:
-
Acetic acid
- aq:
-
Aqueous
- BTF:
-
Benzotrifluoride (trifluoromethyl benzene)
- t-Bu:
-
BuOH, 1-butanol
- CF:
-
Continuous flow
- CFR:
-
Continuous flow reactor
- conv:
-
Conversion
- CMDR:
-
Continuous microwave dry-media reactor
- Cy:
-
Cyclohexyl
- DBU:
-
1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
- DI(P)EA:
-
Diisopropyl ethylamine
- dmphen:
-
2,9-Dimethyl-[1,10]phenanthroline
- GHz:
-
Gigahertz
- GLP:
-
Good laboratory practice
- GMP:
-
Good manufacturing practice
- HIV:
-
Human immunodeficiency virus
- HPLC:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography
- K10:
-
Montmorillonite K10 clay
- KSF:
-
Montmorillonite KSF clay
- LC-MS:
-
Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy
- MAOS:
-
Microwave-assisted organic synthesis
- MBR:
-
Microwave batch reactor
- MW:
-
Microwave irradiation
- NMM:
-
N-Methyl morpholine
- NMP:
-
N-Methyl pyrrolidinone
- ppb:
-
Parts per billion
- ppm:
-
Parts per million
- PTFE-TFM:
-
Modified branched polytetrafluoroethylene
- RCM:
-
Ring closing metathesis
- SF:
-
Stop-flow
- TBAB:
-
Tetrabutylammonium bromide
- TBAI:
-
Tetrabutylammonium iodide
- TEA:
-
Triethylamine
- o-tolyl:
-
ortho-Methylphenyl
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Kremsner, J.M., Stadler, A., Kappe, C.O. (2006). The Scale-Up of Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis. In: Larhed, M., Olofssonq, K. (eds) Microwave Methods in Organic Synthesis. Topics in Current Chemistry, vol 266. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/128_048
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/128_048
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