Advances in physical science disciplines are poised to revolutionize how doctors and patients view and use prostheses. With monitoring and control capabilities, advanced prostheses can provide functionalities far beyond simple limb extension and load support. Prostheses with built-in sensing, embedded intelligence such as real-time monitoring and infection eradication, self-actuation, and control have been quickly advancing over the past 10 years or so. This special issue comprises original and review papers from engineering and medical professionals expounding on the state of the art in engineering and the physical sciences that aim to enhance the performance of prosthetic devices including socket prostheses and osseointegrated prostheses.