Abstract
Anarchism has a long history of contentious politics. Some authors, such as Peter Marshall, have seen in the philosophy of the Taoist Lao-Tzu the beginning of an anarchist thought, since he was opposed to any form of authority.1 However, it was the French thinker Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865) who was the first to use the sobriquet “anarchist.” Proudhon made a call to build a State-free society and he was ardently opposed to private property. His thought was the beginning for anticapitalist criticism used by other authors such as Mijail Bakunin, Peter Kropotkin, and Errico Malatesta. All of them were opposed to hierarchy and decentralization and compromise with freedom and autonomy.2
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Notes
P. H. Marshall,Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (London: Harper Collins, 2008), 14.
R. Amster, A. DeLeon, L. A. Fernandez, A. J. Nocella, and D. Shannon, Contemporary Anarchist Studies: An Introductory Anthology of Anarchy in the Academy (London: Routledge, 2009), 3.
and in more broadly “‘cultural’ shared features (dress, music, diet).” See U. Gordon, Anarchism and Political Theory: Comtemporary Problems (Oxford: University of Oxford, Department of Politics and International Relations, 2007), 9.
“Repertoires of contentious politics” refers, in the social movement theory, to a set of various forms, tools, and actions of people engaged in a conflict in a specific time and place. The term “repertoires of contention” was first used by Charles Tilly in his major work Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758–1834 and by “repertoire” he meant a set of routines that are “learned, shared and acted out through a relatively deliberate process of choice” (cited in S. Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, 2nd ed. (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 7. For Tarrow (1998) the “repertoire” is “at once a structural and a cultural concept, involving not only what people do when they are engaged in conflict with others but what they know how to do and what others expect them to do” (ibid., 30). This set of practices changes over time and place and depends on interests, opportunities, and organization.
E. Süreyyya, “Postanarchism and the ‘3rd World,’” 56th Annual Conference of Political Studies Association (Berkshire, CA: University of Reading, 2006), 4.
J. Adams, Non-Western Anarchism: Rethinking the Global Context (Johannesburg: Zabalaza Books, 2003), 3. Accessed at: http://zabalazabooks.files.wordpress. com/2011/08/non_western_anarchisms_rethinking_the_global_context_adams.pdf.
L. Van Der Walt and M. Schmidt, “The Anarchist Movement in North Africa: 1877–1951,” ZABALAZA: A Journal of Southern African Revolutionary Anarchism 10 (2009):18–21;
and S. Hirsch and L. Van Der Walt, eds., Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940 (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2010).
I. Khuri- Makdisi, The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism 1860–1914 (Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2010), 18.
For further information concerning Italian anarchists in Egypt see: L. Bettini, Bibliografi a dell’anarchismo: periodici e numeri unici anarchici in lingua italiana pubblicati all’estero, 1872–1971 (Florence: Crescita política editrice, 1976).
A. Gorman, “Socialism en Ègypte avant la Première Guerre mondiale: la contribution des anarchistes,” Cahiers d’histoire: Revue d’histoire critique 105–106, (2008): 48.
A. Gorman, ‘“Diverse in Race, Religion and Nationality… But United in Aspirations of Civil Progress”: The Anarchist Movement in Egypt 1860–1940,’ in Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940, ed. S. Hirsch and L. Van der Walt, (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2010), 23.
I. Khuri- Makdisi, The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism 1860–1914 (Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2010), 92.
A. Gorman, “Anarchists in Education: The Free Popular University in Egypt (1901),” Middle Eastern Studies 41, no. 3 (2005): 303–20, 304.
See T. Sidney, The Language of Contention: Revolutions in Words, 1688-2012 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
H. Wehr, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, ed. J. Milton Cowan, 3rd ed. (Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, Inc. 1976).
See David Graeber, “The New Anarchists,” New Left Review 13 (2002): 61–63.
M. LeVine, “The Revolution, Black in Black,” A l-Jazeera. (2013). Accessed at http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/02/201322103219816676.html, on June 12, 2013.
M. Faraj, “Arrab al-anarkiyah al-misriyah: ‘a-tawra tanhatu,’” Correspondents.org. (2013). Accessed at: http://www.correspondents.org/ar/node/2043, on June 10, 2013.
See al-Harakah al-ishtirākiyah al-taharruriyah, al-Harakah al-ishtirakiyah al-taharu-riyah. (2012) Accessed at: http://lsmegypt.blogspot.com.es/ , on June 25, 2013. 42 Tarrow, Power in Movement, 6.
al-Harakah al-ishtirā kiyah al-taharruriyah, “Mursi yu‘lin al-harb ‘alà al-sha‘b,” in al-Harakah al-ishtir ā kiyah al-taharrur iyah (2012). Accessed at: http://lsmegypt.blog-spot.com.es/2012/12/blog-post_11.html, on June 12, 2013.
al-Haraka al-ishtirākiyah al-taharruriyah, “Idrā b ‘amm um khida ‘amm?,” al-Haraka al-ishtirakiyah al-taharuriyah. (2012). Accessed at: http://lsmegypt.blogspot.com. es/2012/02/blog-post.html, on June 13, 2013.
U. Gordon, “Anarchism Reloaded,” Journal of Political Ideologies 12 no. 1(2007b): 29–48, 33.
A. Zāki, al-Anarkiyah: al-madrasah al-zawriyah allati na‘rifuha (al-Qahira: Dar al-Jamasin, 2012), 7.
See Y. ‘Abd Allah, “Kayfa yumkin ta‘arif al-ishtirakiyah al-taharruriyah?” (2011). Accessed at: http://anarchisminarabic.blogspot.com.es/2011/10/blog-post_22.html, on June 26, 2013.
Y. ‘Abd Allah, “al-Anarkiyah fawqa-l-nil,” (2013). Accessed at: https://docs.google.com/file/d/18EIN4fUE13dr1JujjA4yFAMbb_9MD5nBp1HnRQBI7XV4siXhHYE14 yF3qT8U/edit, on June 26, 2013.
Anārkiyyun al-‘arab [Anarchists of Arabs], “al-Mulutuf—nasaih min anārkiyun al-‘arab,” (2013). Accessed at: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=35308787 1484367&set=a.211807092279113.45163.211801622279660&type=1, on June 26, 2013.
J. S. Juris, “Movimientos sociales en Red: Movimientos globales por una justicia global,” in Una sociedad Red: Una visión global, ed. Manuel Castells (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2004), 422.
J. Beinin, The Rise of Egypt’s Workers (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2012), 3.
“Entretien. Dossier Printemps arabe: Egypte: Yasser Andelkawi (Movement socialiste libertaire), “La population est en colère de voir la révolution trahie»,” Alternative Libertaire. (2012). Accessed at: http://www.alternativelibertaire.org/spip. php?article4739, on June 26, 2013.
See: A. Ibrahim, “Black Bloc Egypt,” Youtube (2013). Accessed at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Avv1zV5Cqs, on June 25, 2013.
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© 2015 Fawaz A. Gerges
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Galián, L. (2015). New Modes of Collective Actions: The Reemergence of Anarchism in Egypt. In: Gerges, F.A. (eds) Contentious Politics in the Middle East. Middle East Today. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137530868_15
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137530868_15
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