Abstract
The on-going disputes amongst China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Brunei in the South China Sea have reached an impasse as a result of heightened tensions in recent years. The fact that they involve the concept of sovereignty and that none of the claimant parties are willing to make a compromise have added layers of complexity, preventing much progress from being achieved. This has made the prospect of resolution unlikely in the near future. This chapter evaluates existing approaches directed towards resolving the South China Sea disputes. It argues that a comprehensive and durable resolution of the disputes (especially those aspects concerning sovereignty) cannot be expected in the foreseeable future. It therefore suggests that claimant parties should focus on exploring ways for better management of the disputes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agence France Presse. (2 August 2010). US, Vietnam Start First Military Relationship. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
Asia Times. (2 August 2013). Philippines, Vietnam Take China hedges. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/SEA-01–020813.html.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations. (n.d.). Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://www.asean.org/asean/external-relations/china/item/declaration-on-the-conduct-of-parties-in-the-south-china-sea.
Authority of Foreign Information Service. (9 August 2012). On the Fundamental Principle of Vietnam’s Marine Strategy in the 21st Century. Retrieved 7 November 2013, from http://vietnam.vn/on-the-fundamental-principle-of-vietnams-marine-strategy-in-the-21st-century--part-1-c1070n20120809153623812.htm.
Bangkok Post. (16 September 2013). Asean, China to Speed Up Code of Conduct. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/369881/asean-china-set-to-speed-up-code-of-conduct.
Banlaoi, R. C. (7 December 2012). Functional Cooperation and Joint Development: A Way Ahead in the South China Sea. Paper presented at the International Conference on “Recent Development of the South China Sea Dispute and Prospects of Joint Development Regime” organised by the National Institute for South China Sea Studies (NISCSS). Haikou, Hainan, China.
Bateman, S. (21 August 2012). Increasing Competition in the South China Sea — Need for a New Game Plan. RSIS Commentaries (157).
Bateman, S., Ho, J., & Chan, J. (April 2009). Good Order at Sea in Southeast Asia. RSIS Policy Paper.
Baviera, A. S. (5 June 2012). The Influence of Domestic Politics on Philippine Foreign Policy: The Case of Philippines-China Relations Since 2004. RSIS Working Paper (241).
BBC. (10 June 2011). China Accuses Vietnam in South China Sea Row. Retrieved 7 November 2013, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13723443.
Beckman, R. (11–13 May 2005). Safety of Navigation in the Southeast Asian Seas. Paper Presented at the Joint Project Workshop: Security of the Ocean in Asia, 5th Science Council of Asia Conference. Hanoi.
Beckman, R. C., & Bernard, L. (3–5 November 2011). Paper presentation on “Disputed Areas in the South China Sea: Prospects for Arbitration or Advisory Opinion.” Third International Conference on “The South China Sea: Cooperation for Regional Security and Development.” Melia Hotel, Honoi, Vietnam.
Blanchard, B. (31 December 2012). China Says “Board and Search” Sea Rules Limited to Hainan Coast. Retrieved 5 November 2013, from Reuters: http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/12/31/uk-china-seas-idUKBRE8BU03920121231.
Brown, E. (1978). Rockall and the limits of national jurisdiction of the UK ☆: Part 1. Marine Policy, 2(3), 181–211.
Brownlie, I. (2003). Principles of Public International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brunei Times. (25 December 2010). Deals Sorted, Good Year for Oil & Gas. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://www.bt.com.bn/business-national/2010/12/25/deals-sorted-good-year-oil-gas.
Buszynski, L. (2010). Rising Tensions in the South China Sea: Prospects for a Resolution of the Issue. Security Challenges, 6(2), 101–102.
Catley B., & Keliat, M. (1997). Spratlys: The Dispute in the South China Sea. Singapore and Sydney: Ashgate.
Channel NewsAsia. (1 February 2013). “The Sooner, the Better” for COC on South China Sea: Shanmugam. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://www.chan-nelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1251609/1/.html.
Charney J. I. (1999). Rocks That Cannot Sustain Human Habitation. American Journal of International Law, 93(4), 863–877.
Cheng-yi, L. (1997). Taiwan’s South China Sea Policy. Asian Survey, 37(4), 323–339.
China.org.cn. (24 May 2011). China Builds Mega Deep-Sea Oil Rig. Retrieved 7 November 2013, from http://www.china.org.cn/business/2011–05/24/content_22626914.htm.
Clinton, H. (2 July 2010). Statement of the United State Secretary of State Hilary Clinton at the ARF. Retrieved 5 November 2013, from US Department of State: http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/07/145095.htm.
CNOOC. (5 July 2012). China Started Bids for Southeast Part of South China Sea. Retrieved 7 November 2013, from CNOOC News: http://www.cnooc.com.cn/data/html/news/2012–07-05/chinese/322840.html.
CNOOC. (23 June 2012). Notification of Part of Open Blocks in Waters under Jurisdiction of the People’s Republic of China Available for Foreign Cooperation in the Year of 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2013, from http://en.cnooc.com.cn/data/html/news/2012–06-23/english/322127.html.
Declaration, C. (1 December 1943). Retrieved 4 November 2013, from http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/shiryo/01/002_46/002_46tx.html.
Djalal, H. (2011, November). The South China Sea: Cooperation for Regional Security and Development. Paper Presented in Third International Workshop. Hanoi, Vietnam.
Dupont, A. (1998). The Environment and Security in Pacific Asia. Adelphi Paper No. 319. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Duursma, J. C. (1996). Fragmentation and the International Relations of Micro-states: Self-determination and Statehood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organisation). (2011). FAO Yearbook on Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2013, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/aq187t/aq187t.pdf.
Gallo, W. (23 January 2013). China Likely to Ignore Philippines’ Challenge in South China Sea. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from Voice of America: http://www.voanews.com/content/china-likely-to-ignore-philippines-challenge-in-south-china-sea-dispute/1589292.html.
Glaser, B. (17 September 2012). Trouble in the South China Sea. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/17/trouble_in_the_south_china_sea
Gupta, S. (2005). Chinese strategies for Resolution of the Taiwan and South China Sea Disputes. International Studies, 42(3–4), 247–264.
Hancox, D., & Prescott, V. (1995). A Geographical Description of the Spratlys Island and an Account of Hydrographic Surveys amongst Those Islands. Maritime Briefings, 1 (6).
ICG (International Crisis Group). (2012). Stirring up the South China Sea (I). Beijing/Brussels: International Crisis Group.
ICJ (International Court of Justice). (18 January 1951). Anglo-Norweigen Fisheries Case. Retrieved 5 November 2013, from World Courts: http://www.worldcourts.com/icj/eng/decisions/1951.12.18_fisheries.htm.
ICJ (International Court of Justice). (16 October 1975). Western Sahara: Advisory Opinion. Retrieved 5 November 2013, from http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=4&case=61&code=sa&p3=4.
International Crisis Group. (24 July 2012). Stirring up the South China Sea (II): Regional Responses. Asia Report (229).
International Crsis Group. (24 July 2012). Stirring up the South China Sea (II): Regional Responses. Asia Report (229), 18–19.
International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2013). Chapter Six: Asia. The Military Balance, 113(1), 277.
International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2013). Chapter Six: Asia. The Military Balance, 113(1), 245–252.
Jean-Louis. (1837). Notes on the Geography of Cochinchina. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 4(2), 737–745.
Jennings, R. (1963). The Acquisition of Territory in International Law. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Jennings, R., & Watts, A. (1992). Oppenheim’s International Law. Harlow: Longman.
JMFA (Japan Minsitry of Foreign Affairs). (29 September 1972). Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People’s Republic of China. Retrieved 4 November 2013, from http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/china/joint72.html.
Kivimaki, T. (2002). War or Peace in the South China Sea. Copenhagen: Nias Press.
Koh, T. (October 2007). Law and Diplomacy in Singapore. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from Law gazette: http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2007–10/lawdiplomacy.htm.
Kwiatkowska, B., & Soons, A. (1990). Entitlement to Maritime Areas of Rocks which Cannot Sustain Human Habitation or Economic Life of their Own. Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, 21, 139–181.
Li, X. (3 August 2013). China Sails through “First Island Chain.” Retrieved 5 November 2013, from China Daily: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013–08/02/content_16863833.htm.
Madrolle, C. (1939). La question de Hai-nan et des Paracels. Foreign Policy, 4(3), 302–312.
Malanczuk, P. (1997). Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law. New York: Routledge.
Mière, C. L. (2011). Policing the Waves: Maritime Paramilitaries in the Asia-Pacific. Survival, 53(1), 133–146.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (14 February 2012). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Weimin’s Regular Press Conference on February 13, 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t905128.htm.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore. (23 January 2013). MFA Spokesman’s comments In response to media queries on the Philippines’ initiation of arbitration proceedings against China under Article 287 and Annex VII of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Retrieved 7 November 2013, from Press Statements and Speeches: http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/overseasmission/asean/press_statements_speeches/2013/201301/press_20130123.html.
Monique, C.-G. (1996). La Souveraineté sur les Archipels Paracels et Spratleys. Paris: l’Harmattan.
O’Reilly, B. (2012, 5 15). The Sea Rises in China. Retrieved 15 May 2012, from Aisa Times: http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/NE15Ad01.html.
O’Callaghan, J. (7 October 2012). Southeast Asia Splashes out on Defense, Mostly Maritime. Retrieved 7 November 2013, from Reuters: http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/07/us-defence-southeastasia-idUSBRE8960JY20121007.
Ocean & Law of the Sea, United Nations. (6 May 2009). Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Baselines: Submissions to the Commission: Joint Submission by Malaysia and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Retrieved 7 November 2013, from http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/submission_mysvnm_33_2009.htm.
Odgaard, L. (2002). Maritime Security between China and Southeast Asia: Conflict and Cooperation in the Making of Regional Order. London: Ashgate.
OLS (Oceans and Law of the Sea, United Nations). (25 August 2006). Declarations and Statements. Retrieved 5 November 2013, from Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea: http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_declarations.htm.
People Daily. (11 October 2013). Li Rebukes Unilateral Moves. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/8422016.html.
Petric, E. (6 January 2012). “The Role Of International Law In Foreign Policy Of Small And New States”: Lecture at The Kadirgamar Institute. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from The Kadirgamar Institute: http://www.kadirgamarinstitute.lk/old_events/page/news_old8.htm.
Potsdam Declaration. (29 July 1945). Retrieved 4 November 2013, from The Japanese Surrender Documents — WWII: http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1945/450729a.html.
Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs. (22 January 2013). Notification and Statement of Claim. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/11561283/574494819/name/Notification%20and%20Statement%20of%20Claim%20on%20West%20Philippine%20Sea.
Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs. (22 January 2013). Statement by Secretary of Foreign Affairs Albert del Rosario on the UNCLOS Arbitral Proceedings against China to Achieve a Peaceful and Durable Solution to the Dispute in the West Philippine Sea. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://www.dfa.gov.ph/index.php/newsroom/dfa-releases/7300-statement-by-secretary-of-foreign-affairs-albert-del-rosario-on-the-unclos-arbitral-proceedings-against-china-to-achieve-a-peaceful-and-durable-solution-to-the-dispute-in-the-wps.
RIAA (Reports of International Arbitration Awards). (4 April 1928). Island of Palmas Case. Retrieved 5 November 2013, from UN Reports of International Arbitration Awards: http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_II/829–871.pdf.
Ririhena, Y. (29 September 2012). RI Circulates Draft Code of Conduct on South China Sea. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from the Jakarta Post: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/09/29/ri-circulates-draft-code-conduct-south-china-sea.html.
Samuels, M. (1982). Contest for the South China Sea. New York and London: Methuen.
Schwarzenberger, G. (1957). Title to Territory: Response to a Challenge. The American Journal of International Law, 308–324.
Shaw, M. (2003). International Law (5th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Snyder, S., Glosserman, B., & Cossa, R. A. (August 2001). Confidence Building Measures in the South China Sea, Issues, and Insights. Retrieved 4 November 2013, from Pacific Forum CSIS: https://csis.org/files/publication/issuesin-sightsv01n02.pdf.
Son, N. H. (19–21 November 2012). Domestic Politics: The “Under-Current” That Decides the South China Sea. Paper Presented at the Fourth International Workshop: “The South China Sea: Cooperation for Regional Security and Development.” Ho Chi Minh.
Storey, I. (3–5 November 2011). Intra-ASEAN Dynamics and the South China Sea Dispute: Implications for the DoC/CoC Process and ZoPFFC Proposal. Paper Presented at the Third International Workshop “The South China Sea: Cooperation for Regional Security and Development,” 3. Hanoi, Vietnam.
Storey, I. (3 August 2012). China Pushes on the South China Sea, ASEAN Unity Collapses. China Brief, 12(15).
Storey, I. (2013). Manila Ups the Ante in the South China Sea. China Brief, 13(3).
Tay, S. (29 January 2013). Legal Route to Resolve South China Sea Dispute a Political Minefield. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from South China Morning Post: http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1138003/legalroute-resolve-south-china-sea-dispute-political.
Thanh Nien Daily. (22 September 2011). Vietnam, US Ink Deal to Boost Defense Ties. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://www.thanhniennews.com/2010/pages/20110922122207.aspx.
Thayer, C. A. (20 August 2012). ASEAN’s Code of Conduct in the South China Sea: A litmus Test for Community-Building? The Asia-Pacific Journal, 10(34).
Thayer, C. A. (9 October 2013). New Commitment to a Code of Conduct in the South China Sea? The National Bureau of Asian Research.
The Jakarta Post. (17 November 2011). New US Base in RI’s Backyard. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/11/17/new-us-base-ri-s-backyard.html.
Treaty of Peace with Japan. (28 April 1952). Retrieved 5 November 2013, from Taiwan Documents Project: http://www.taiwandocuments.org/sanfrancisco01.htm.
US Department of State. (23 July 2010). Remarks by Secretary Clinton: July 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/07/145095.htm.
US Navy. (2007, October). A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power. Retrieved 5 November 2013, from http://www.navy.mil/maritime/maritimes-trategy.pdf.
UN (United Nations). (14 April 2011). Note from the Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the Secretary-Genral of the United Nations. Retrieved 5 November 2013, from United Nations: https://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/vnm37_09/chn_2011_re_phl_e.pdf.
UN Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. (25 August 2006). Declaration under Article 298 by the Government of the People’s Republic of China. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_declarations.htm#China.
UNCLOS (United National Covention on the Law of the Sea) (10 December 1982). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Overview and Full Text. Retrieved 5 November 2013, from Oceans and Law of the Sea, United Nations: http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf.
United Nations. (10 December 1982). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm.
United Nations. (10 December 1982). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 123 in Part IX. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm.
United Nations. (2005). No.41860. China and Viet Nam: Agreement between the People’s Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam on the Delimitation of the Territorial Seas, Exclusive Economic Zones and Continental Shelves of the Two Countries in Beibu Gulf/Bac Bo Gu. Treaties and International Agreements, 2336, 179.
Valero, G. M. (1994). Spratly Archipelago Dispute: Is the Question of Sovereignty Still Relevant. Marine Policy, 18(4), 314–344.
Wanandi, J. (12 November 2012). Indonesia Eyes SE Asian Leader Role. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from Global Times: http://www.globaltimes.cn/NEWS/tabid/99/ID/743899/Indonesia-eyes-SE-Asian-leader-role.aspx.
Wang, Q. (17 June 2011). Maritime Forces to be Beefed up Amid Disputes. Retrieved 7 November 2013, from China Daily: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2011–06/17/content_12718632.htm.
Womack, B. (13 February 2006). China and Vietnam: The Politics of Asymmetry. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Xinhua. (24 May 2012). ASEAN Concludes Drafting Key Elements for COC in South China Sea. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012–05/24/c_131609090.htm.
Xinhua. (3 September 2012). US Owes China Convincing Explanation of True Intentions of Its Asia Pivot Policy. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2012–09/03/c_131824191.htm.
Xinhua. (10 March 2013). China to Regroup Marine Bodies to Safeguard Rights. Retrieved 7 November 2013, from Xinhua: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013–03/10/c_132223145.htm.
Xinhua. (5 August 2013). China Warns against Rush to Set Code of Conduct in South China Sea. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013–08/05/c_132603785.htm.
Xinhua. (5 August 2013). China Warns against Rush to Set Code of Conduct in South China Sea. Retrieved 8 November 2013, from http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013–08/05/c_132603785.htm.
Yoshida, R. (7 November 2012). Beijing’s Senkaku Goal: Sub “Safe Haven” in South China Sea. Retrieved 5 November 2013, from The Japan Times: http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/11/07/national/beijings-senkaku-goal-subsafe-haven-in-south-china-sea/#.Unha5XCnqX5.
Zou, K. (2005). The Sino-Vietnamese Agreement on Maritime Boundary Delimitation in the Gulf of Tonkin. Ocean Development & International Law, 36, 13–24.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2015 Yang Fang
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fang, Y. (2015). The South China Sea Disputes: Whither a Solution?. In: Huang, J., Billo, A. (eds) Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137463685_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137463685_10
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-49925-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-46368-5
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political Science CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)