Abstract
In November 1949, a report by the American public diplomatic corps admitted that up until that point, little attention had been paid to promote American Studies: Only a decade ago [1939], the institutions offering programs in American Civilization4 [inside the United States] ‘could be counted almost on the fingers of one hand’ (…) Few of us would then have recognized that title as having academic status.5
Through the encouragement of American Studies overseas, we have tried to stimulate leaders, scholars, teachers, writers and students to take American civilization seriously, to learn and teach more about us and about our past.1
To manage empire, particularly the American version of informal empire, it is crucial to maintain alliances and nurture friends.2
The power of cultural diplomacy doesn’t lie in its ability to provide instant strategies for conflict resolution. It lies in building ongoing collaborations and exchanges to facilitate mutual understanding that can prevent future prejudice and violence born of misinformation and misunderstanding.3
This paper was written in the framework of the research projects: “Estados Unidos y la España del desarrollo (1959–1975): diplomacia pública, cambio social y transición política” (Ministry of Science and Innovation, HAR2010–21694), and “Difusión y recepción de la cultura de Estados Unidos en España, 1959–1975” (Franklin Institute-UAH). Abbreviations used: American Studies Association (ASA); Ford Foundation Archive (FFA); Library of the Congress (LC); The National Archives (NARA). I would like to thank Tamar Groves. This text has benefited from her wise—sometimes, harsh—criticism.
University of Salamanca/Real Colegio Complutense, Harvard University.
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Notes
Walter Johnson, American Studies Abroad: Progress and Difficulties in Selected Countries, Washington, DC, Government Printing Office, 1963, p. 6.
Giles Scott-Smith, The US State Department’s Foreign Leader Program in the Netherlands, France, and Britain 1950–1970, Brussels: Peter Lang, 2008, p. 23.
Gillian Jakab “Cultural diplomacy an underused instrument.” http://www.michigandaily.com/arts/09cultural-diplomacy-notebook08 (accessed October 15, 2014). The author is deeply grateful to his friend, Ambassador Mark L. Asquino, for providing this quote.
Harry Allen, “Foreword,” Journal of American Studies, vol. 14, no. 1 (1980), pp. 5–7.
Robert E. Spiller, “Unity and Diversity in the Study of American Culture,” American Quarterly, no. 25 (1973), p. 611.
Tiziano Bonazzi: “Il controcanto americano all’antiamericanismo europeo,” in Piero Craveri and Gaetano Quagliariello (eds.), L’antiamericanismo in Italia e in Europa nel secondo dopoguerra, Catanzaro, Rubbettino Editore, 2004, pp. 45–72.
See, for instance, Andrei Markovits, Uncouth Nation: Why Europe Dislikes America, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007;
Jessica Gienow-Hecht, “Anti-Americanism in Europe in the Twentieth Century,” The American Historical Review, vol. 111, no. 4 (2006), pp. 1067–1091;
Rusell Berman, Anti-Americanism in Europe: A Cultural Problem, Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 2004;
Paul Hollander (ed.), Understanding Anti-Americanism, Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2004;
and David Ellwood, “Anti-Americanism in Western Europe: A Comparative Perspective,” European Studies Seminar (Bologna Centre), no. 3 (April 1999), pp. 1–50.
Jan Schulte-Nordholt, “Anti-Americanism in European Culture: Its Early Manifestations,” in Rob Kroes and Rossem van Maarten (eds.), Anti-Americanism in Europe, Amsterdam: Free University Press, 1986, pp. 7–17.
Victoria De Grazia, Irresistible Empire: America’s Advance through Twentieth-Century Europe, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005.
Ruth Oldenziel and Karin Zachmann, Cold War Kitchen. Americanization, Technology, and European Users, Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.
William T. Stead, The Americanization of the World, Reno: BCI International, 1997 (first published in 1902).
Terry Gourvish and Nick Tiratsoo (eds.), Missionaries and managers: American Influences on European Management Education, 1945–1960, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998.
Volker Berghahn, “European Elitism, American money and Popular Culture,” in Maurizio Vaudagna and Laurence Moore (eds.), The American Century in Europe, Cornell University Press, 2003, pp. 125–151.
See likewise Irving Kristol, “American Intellectuals and Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 45, no. 4 (July 1967), pp. 494–609;
Richard Pells, The Liberal Mind in a Conservative Age, New York: Paperback, 1989;
and Jeffrey Sachs, “La amenaza antiintelectual esta-dounidense,” El País, October 4, 2008.
Richard Arndt, The First Resort of Kings. American Cultural Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century, Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2005, p. 91.
There has not yet been in-depth comparative analysis that would enable us to rigorously point out the development of American Studies in each of the countries. Nevertheless, some interesting advances toward achieving that unfulfilled goal can be found in Giles Scott-Smith, “U.S. Public Diplomacy and the Promotion of American Studies in Europe,” Teaching and Studying U.S. History in Europe: Past, Present and Future, Amsterdam: VU University Press, 2007, pp. 47–61.
Ali Fisher, How Transnational Networks Influenced American Studies in Europe, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2013.
Liam Kennedy and Scott Lucas, “Public Diplomacy and U.S. Foreign Policy,” American Quarterly, 57 (2005), p. 310.
Volker R. Berghahn, “Philanthropy and Diplomacy in the American Century,” in Michael J. Hogan, The Ambiguous Legacy: U.S. Foreign Relations in the ‘American Century,’ Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 413.
Daniel Fernández, Las raíces conservations del antiamericanismo español, Madrid: Genueve Ediciones, 2012.
Ramiro de Maeztu, Norteamérica desde dentro, Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1926, p. 35.
Julio Camba, Un año en el otro Mundo, Madrid: Biblioteca nueva, 1920, p. 7.
A commercial imbalance that was constantly growing, José A. Montero, Las relaciones entre España y los Estados Unidos, 1898–1930, Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 2011.
John Krige, American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006, pp. 1–14.
Antonio Niño, “Las relaciones culturales como punto de reencuentro Hispano-Estadounidense,” in Lorenzo Delgado and Ma. Dolores Elizalde (eds.), España Estados Unidos en el siglo XX, Madrid: Biblioteca de Historia-CSIC, 2005, pp. 57–94;
José M. Sánchez (ed.), “La Junta para Ampliación de Estudios y la fundación Rockefeller,” in Salustiano del Campo and Pedro Cerezo (eds.), La Modernización Cientifica de España, Madrid: Instituto de España, 2009, pp. 107–138.
As for the American Hispanists of that period, see James Fernández, “El lugar de Hispanoamérica y España en el hispanismo estadounidense,” España y Estados Unidos, pp. 95–112 and Richard Kagan, The Origins of Hispanism in the United States, Chicago: Urban and Chicago, 2002.
Aurora Bosch, Estados Unidos ante la Segunda República y la guerra civil española, Barcelona: Critica, 2012.
Antonio Niño, “El exilio intelectual repúblicano en los Estados Unidos,” Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea, vol. extraordinario (2007), pp. 229–244.
Lorenzo Delgado, “Las relaciones culturales entre España y Estados Unidos. De la guerra mundial a los pactos de 1953,” Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea, no. 25 (2003), pp. 35–59; and from the same author: “Cooperación cultural y cientifica en clave política,” in España y Estados Unidos, pp. 207–243.
Oliver Schmidt, “The Salzburg Impetus and American Studies in Europe,” in The Foreign Politics of American Popular Culture, Hanover: University Press of New England, 2000, pp. 64–79;
Francisco J. Rodríguez, “Gli American Studies alla John Hopkins University di Bologna (1955–1969),” Ventunesimo secolo, Anno XII, Numero 31 (2013), pp. 11–39.
This metaphor is drawn from Alessandro Seregni, El antiamericanismo español, Madrid: Síntesis, 2007, p. 116.
Indalecio Prieto, “Los Estados Unidos ensuciaron, deshonraron y traicionaron el Pacto Atlántico,” El Socialista, October 5, 1953.
Antonio Trabal, “Mercaderes del deshonor,” España Libre, no. 322 (October 18, 1953).
Carmen Bernández, “Noticia y recepción en España del arte y los artistas de Estados Unidos,” in Norteamerica y España. Percepciones y relaciones históricas, Malaga: SEHPA, 2010, p. 246.
Robert E. Spiller, “The Fulbright Program in American Studies Abroad,” in Robert Walker (ed.), American Studies Abroad, London: Greenwood Press, 1975, pp. 3–9.
Alberto Martín Artajo, “El primer lustro de los convenios hispano-norteamericaños,” Revista de Estudios Políticos, no. 98 (March–April 1958), pp. 5–18.
Lorenzo Delgado, “Viento de Poniente” El programa Fulhrìght en España, 1958–2008, Madrid: LID Editorial Empresarial-AECID, 2009.
Richard Arndt and David Rubin, The Fulbright Difference, 1948–1992, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1993.
In between 1954 and 1966 alone, a total of 3,699 Spaniards traveled to the United States to receive further training; Enrique Ruiz-Fornells, “Presencia de la cultura española en los Estados Unidos a través del intercambio universitario,” Información Comercial Espanola, no. 409 (1967), pp. 149–155.
Lorenzo Delgado, “¿El amigo Americano? España y Estados Unidos durante el franquismo,” Studia Historien, 21(2003), p. 270.
For further details about that European disdain, see Jessica Gienow-Hecht, “Shame on Us? Academics, Cultural Transfer, and the Cold War—A Critical Review,” Diplomatic History, vol. 24, no. 3 (2000), pp. 470 and 486.
Nuria Puig et al., La sociedad española durante el segundo franquismo, Segovia: AHP, 2002;
Manuel Redero, “La transformación de la sociedad española,” in La época de Franco: (1939–1975), vol. II, Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 2001, pp. 13–97.
Rosa Pardo, “España y EEUU. en el tardofranquismo,” Historia del Presente, no. 6 (2005), pp. 11–41;
Charles Powell, “Henry Kissinger y España, de la dictadura a la democracia (1969–1977),” Historia y Política, no. 17, January–June (2007), pp. 223–251.
Rosa Pardo, “Las relaciones hispano-norteamericanas durante la presidencia de L.B. Johnson: 1964–1968,” Studia Historica, no. 22 (2004), pp. 137–183;
Óscar Martín, “The United States and Spanish Students during the Johnson Administration,” Cold War History, 12 (2012/4), pp. 311–329.
The international context in Martín Klimke and Joachin Scharloth (eds.), 1968 in Europe: A History of Protest and Activism, 1956–1911, New York: Palgrave, 2008.
José Antonio Biescas and Manuel Tunón de Lara, España bajo la dictadura franquista (1939–1915), Barcelona: Labor, 1983, pp. 411 and 508–509.
Cecilia Milito y Tamar Groves, “¿Modernización o democratización? La con-strucción de un nuevo sistema educativo entre el tardofranquismo y la democracia,” Bordón, voi. 65, no. 4 (2013), p. 138.
J. Manuel Fernández, “Influencias nacionales europeas en la política educativa española,” Historia de la educación, vol. 24 (2005), 31–32.
Charles Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006, pp. 65–67.
Ángel Viñas, En las garras del águila. Los pactos con Estados Unidos, de Francisco Franco a Felipe González (1945–1995), Barcelona: Critica, 2003, pp. 243 and subsequent.
Charles Powell, El amigo americano. España y Estados Unidos: de la dictadura a la democracia, Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg, 2011, pp. 374 and subsequent.
See likewise, Encarnación Lemus, “Los Estados Unidos y la imagen de la situación española en vísperas de la Transición política,” Historia del Presente, 11 (2008/1), pp. 97–110.
Daniel Fernández, “La erosión del antiamericanismo conserva-dor durante el franquismo,” Ayer, no. 75/2009 (3), pp. 193–221.
Óscar Martín and Francisco J. Rodríguez, “The Engaging Power of English Language Promotion in Franco’s Spain,” Contemporary European History, 24, 2015 (forthcoming).
See also Sylvia Hilton, “American Studies in Spain: Recent Trends,” American Studies International, 32(1994), pp. 41–69:
An interesting reflection about this in Thanassis Cambanis, “The Amazing Expanding Pentagon,” The Boston Globe, May 27, 2012 and Joseph Nye, The Paradox of American Power, p. 143.
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© 2015 Francisco J. Rodríguez, Lorenzo Delgado, and Nicholas J. Cull
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Rodríguez Jiménez, F.J. (2015). Culture and National Images: American Studies vs. Anti-Americanism in Spain. In: Rodríguez Jiménez, F.J., Gómez-Escalonilla, L.D., Cull, N.J. (eds) US Public Diplomacy and Democratization in Spain. Palgrave Macmillan Series in Global Public Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137461452_6
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