Conclusion: Exploring the Politics of Leverage

Abstract

State and nonstate actors turning to combinations of public identification and condemnation of normative noncompliance and threats and implementation of material sanction to try to influence target behavior have become a prominent dimension of international politics. Charged with unpacking conventional approaches to naming and shaming, the preceding chapters have identified policy instruments, causal mechanisms, and contextual factors shaping the effectiveness of name, shame, and sanction. In this final chapter, I draw on these contributions to derive a framework for analysis of naming and shaming. I argue for a focus on the politics of leverage: the ways in which actors combine instruments of name, shame, and sanction to purposefully influence the behavior of targets and the conditions under which these combinations are more likely to be effective.