Abstract
Two blocks from the White House, at 1401 Pennsylvania Avenue N.W., stands the Willard Intercontinental Hotel. Through its long history, which began in the early years of the nineteenth century, the hotel, known as “the Willard,” has served as an informal center of political power while playing host to countless visitors.
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Notes
Library of Congress, “Meet Me at the Willard: Famed Hotel Is Subject of Library Display,” Information Bulletin 65 (2006): 90.
Lucy G. Barber, Marching on Washington: The Forging of an American Political Tradition (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002).
Steven L. Danver, Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History: An Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO LLC, 2011), i.
Michael S. Sweeney, “‘The Desire for the Sensational’: Coxey’s Army and the Argus-Eyed Demons of Hell,” Journalism History 23 (1997): 114.
The period following the Civil War through the beginning of the twentieth century was one of “rapidly developing social problems, but there was not much recognition of how serious the problems were nor was there any general acceptance of social responsibility for their solution.” Phillip R. Popple and Leslie Leighninger, Social Work, Social Welfare, and American Society, eighth edition (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2011), 292.
On the one hand, there was the perception that poverty was a necessary part of the human condition because it gave those who were not poor the opportunity to practice the virtue of charity. On the other hand there was the view that America was the land of plenty, and therefore poverty was the result of laziness, intemperance, or impiety. The two perspectives colored approaches to resolving the issue of poverty, even among early practitioners of the profession that came to be called social work, such as Jane Addams, the Nobel prize—winning woman credited with the beginning of the settlement house movement in the United States. See Louise W. Knight, “Changing My Mind: An Encounter with Jane Addams,” Affilia: Journal of Women & Social Work 21(2006), 99.
“Coxey Silenced by Police,” New York Times, May 2, 1894. For African Americans, this period of history has been called one of the most difficult periods in a long history of difficult periods. It was marked by rampant racism, discrimination, and mob violence. For more, see Kenneth R. Janken, “Rayford Logan: the Golden Years,” Negro History Bulletin 61(1998); Tuskegee University Archives Online Repository, Lyching, Whites & Negroes, 1882–1968, 2010; and chapter 8.
J. Fred MacDonald, Blacks and White TV: Afro-Americans in Television since 1948 (Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall Publishers, 1983), 95.
Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: Americas Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965 (New York: Penguin Books, 1988), 197–198.
Mark S. Greek, Washington, D.C. Protests: Scenes from Home Rule to the Civil Rights Movement (Charleston, S.C.: The History Press, 2009), 100–101; “Civil Rights March,” NBC News Archives, August 28, 1963, accessed December 7, 2013, http://www.nbcuniversalarchives.com/nbcuni/clip/5112485941_s01.do.
Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–1963 (New York: Simon and Shuster, 1989), 874, 879.
Stephanie Greco Larson, Media & Minorities: The Politics of Race in News and Entertainment (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006), 171.
Louisa Edgerly, Amoshaun Toft, and Mary Lynn Veden, “Social Movements, Political Goals, and the May 1 Marches: Communicating Protest in Polysemous Media Environments,” International Journal of Press/Politics 16 (2011), 314–334.
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© 2014 Matthew N. Green, Julie Yarwood, Laura Daughtery, Maria Mazzenga
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Green, M.N., Yarwood, J., Daughtery, L., Mazzenga, M. (2014). A Center of American Protest. In: Washington 101. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137426246_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137426246_6
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