Abstract
I wrote a paper entitled ‘Exposure to Remittances: Theoretical and Empirical Implications for Gender’ that offered theoretical underpinnings of expo- sure to remittances which constituted four components (Ullah, 2013). The underlying reasons for writing that paper were manifold. Research on dynamic uses of remittances has received considerable attention from researchers and academics. A substantial debate is ongoing on whether remittance has a negative or a positive impact on development. Over the past few years, the growth of remittance has astounded policymakers. The impact on development due to remittances has made many governments accord special treatment to remittance generators (i.e. migrant workers). However, possession of remittance makes tremendous difference in its use and impact. The implication is as well crucial for those who possess remit- tance or not. An interesting question was raised in the above-mentioned paper published in the Journal of International Migration and Integration (JIMI) who earns more but possesses less and what the implications are (Ullah, 2013)? The puzzle may be that male migrants earn and possess their own earnings, but contrastingly in most cases, female migrants’ possession of their earnings goes to their male counterparts. This may be the case for some countries in the sample. The paper has not adequately answered why this happens. Is it because of cultural mores, religious orientation, political belief or social construct? How can this be equated when gender heterogeneity in migration flow is evident, for instance, as the male-female ratio of migration in Bangladesh is 98:2, while it is 40:60 in the Philippines?
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams, R. (2002). ‘Do international migration and remittances reduce poverty in developing countries?’, World Development, 33 (10).
Amuedo-Dorantes, C. and Pozo, S. (2004). International Migration, Remittances and the Education of Children: The Dominican Case. E2004/06, Centro de Estudios Andaluces. October.
Anthias, R (2000). ‘Metaphors of home: gendering new migrations to Southern Europe’, in Anthias and Lazaridis (eds) Gender and Migration in Southern Europe: Women on the Move. Oxford, NY: Berg.
Arslan, A., et al. (2009). ‘International labor migration and remittances beyond the crisis: towards development-friendly migration policies’, Kiel Policy Brief. No. 10.
Atkinson, J. (1990). ‘How gender makes a difference in Wana Society’, in Atkinson and Errington (eds) Power and Difference. Gender in Island Southeast Asia. California: Stanford University Press.
Bangladesh Bank. (2012). Monthly Remittance Report. Dhaka. Barajas, A., et al. (2010). The Global Financial Crisis and Workers’ Remittances to Africa: What’s the Damage?’ International Monetary Fund. IMF Working Paper No. 10/24.
Beutel Ann, M. and Marini, M. M. (1995). ‘Gender and values’, American Sociological Review, 60Qune): 436–48.
Bhadra, C. (2007). “Women’s International Labour Migration and Impact of Their Remittance on Poverty Reduction: Case of Nepal.” Seminar presentation on Labour Migration, Employment and Poverty Alleviation in South Asia, Kathmandu, August 9–10.
Call, M. and Dell’Erba, S. (2009). The global financial crisis and remittances: what Past evidence suggest. Overseas Development Institute. Caram Asia. Financial Crisis Impact on Migration.
Castles, S. (2009). ‘Migration and the global financial crisis: a virtual symposium’, in Dadush, U. and Falcao, L. (eds) Migrants ana the Global Financial Crisis. Carnegie Endowment for Peace.
Central Bank of the Philippines (Bangko S entrai ng Pilipinas). (2008). Report on Remittances. The Philippines.
Cenwor. (2005). Woman migrant workers in Sri Lanka. Centre for Women’s Research. Kirula Road, Colombo-5, Sri Lanka.
Chang, G. (2000). Disposable Domestics: Immigrant Women Win the Global Economy. South End Press.
Chee, M. (2005). Taiwanese American Transnational Families: Women and Kin Work. New York: Routledge.
de Haas, H., and van Rooijb, A. (2010). ‘Migration as emancipation? The impact of internal and international migration on the position of women left behind in rural Morocco,’ Oxford Development Studies, 38: 43–62.
De Paz Nieves, C, et al. (2009). The Impact of the Economic Crisis on Migration and Remittances. Unpublished.
Elke, H., Schäfer, A. and Schrooten, M. (2011). Remittances and Gender: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Evidence. IZA, Discussion Paper No. 5472. Bonn: Germany.
Frank, R. (2001). ‘Philippine town plies a road to riches via monthly stipends: but are Pozorrubians turning into Slakers as relatives abroad send home cash?’ Wall Street Journal, May 22.
Garcia, M., and Paiewonski, D. (2006). Gender, Remittances and Development. The Case of Women Migrants From Vicente Noble, Dominican Republic, Working Paper, United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women.
Ghosh, J. (2009). Migration and Gender Empowerment. Recent Trends and Emerging Issues, Human Development Research Paper 2009/04, UNDP.
Griffith-Jones and Antonio Ocampo, J. (2009). The Financial Crisis and its Impact on Developing Countries. Working Paper S3.
Hoist, E., Schäfer, A. and Schrooten, M. (2011). Remittances and Gender: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Evidence. IZA, Discussion Paper No. 5472. Bonn, Germany. IFAD. (2008). International migration, remittances and rural development. IFAD. Rome.
INSTRAW and IOM. (2000). Temporary Labour Migration of Women. Case Studies of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, INSTRAW/IOM, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2009). World Migration 2008. Managing Migration. Challenges and response for people on the Move. Geneva.
International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2009). The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis. IOM Policy Brief. Geneva.
International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2012). Report. Geneva.
Jahan, T. (2004). Female Migration of Bangladesh: Latest Development. Udbastu, Issue 28, Dhaka.
Japan Immigration Association (2001–2007). Statistics on the Foreigners Registered in Japan (2001–2007).
Jha, S., Sugiyarto, G. and Vargas-Silva, C. (2009). The Global Crisis and the Impact on Remittances to Developing Asia.. Asian Development Bank Working Paper Series No. 185.
Joustra, M. (1923). Minangkabau, Overzicht van Land, Geschiedenis en Volk. Leiden: Louis H. Becherer.
Kim, M. (2008). Gendering maniage migration and fragmented citizenship formation: “Korean” wives, daughters-in-law, and mothers from the Philippines. New York: State University of New York at Albany.
King, R. and Vullnetari, J. (2010). Gender and Remittances in Albania. Or Why ‘Are Women Better Remitters Than Men? Is Not the Right Question’. Working Paper, Sussex Centre for Migration Research.
King, R., Dalipaj, M. and Mai, N. (2006). ‘Gendering migration and remittances: evidence from London and Northern Albania’, Population, Space and Place, 12(6): 409–34.
Koser, K. (2009). The Global Financial Crisis and International Migration: Policy Implications for Australia. Geneva: Lowy Institute for International Policy.
Lopez-Cordova, E. (2004). Globalization, Migration and Development: The Role of Mexican Migrant Remittances. Inter-American Development Bank.
Loser, C. et al. (2008). The Macro Economic Impact of Remittances in Latin America-Dutch Disease or Latin Cure? Inter-American Dialogue.
Lucas, R. and Stark, O. (1985). ‘Motivations to remit: evidence from Botswana’, The Journal of Political Economy, 93(5): 901–18.
Mahler, S. (2006). Gender Matters. ID21 Insights, #60, January, p. 8.
Marsters, E., Lewis, N. and Friesen, W. (2006). ‘Pacific flows: the fluidity of remittances in the Cook Islands’, Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 47(1): 31–44.
Martin, S. (2004). Women, Migration and Development. Institute for the Study of International Migration, Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University.
Massey D. S. (1990). ‘Social structure, household strategies and the cumulative causation of migration’, Population Index, 56(1): 3–26.
Mata-Codesal, D. (2011). Towards a Gender-Sensitive Approach to Remittances in Ecuador. Sussex Centre for Migration Research, University of Sussex, UK.
Mazzucato, V. (2011). ‘Reverse remittances in the migration-development nexus: two-way flows between Ghana and the Netherlands’, Population, Space and Place, 17(5): 454–468.
Metropolitan Bank & Trust. (2012). Report on Remittance Network. Manila. The Philippines.
Mobrand, E. (2007). What if remittances are requited? Evidence from South Korean internal migration. Paper presented at International migration, multi-local livelihoods and human security: perspectives from Europe Asia and Africa, 30–31 August, 2007, The Netherlands.
Mohapatra, S. and Ratha, D. (2009). The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Migration and Remittances. Washington: World Bank.
Nana, O. (2002). Gender and migration: an integrative approach. The Centre for Comparative Immigration Studies. Working paper no. 49. USA.
Oishi, N. (2002) “Gender and Migration: an Integrative Approach”, Working Paper 49, The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, San Diego.
Ong, J. H., Chan, K. B. and Chew, S. B. (eds). (1995). Crossing Borders: Transmigration in Asia Pacific. New York, Prentice-Hall.
Orbeta, A. (2008). Economic Impact of International Migration and Remittances on Philippine Households: What We Thought We Knew, What We Need to Know. Philippine Institute for Development Studies.
Orozco, M. (2005). Diasporas, Development, and Transnational Integration: Ghanaians in the U.S., U.K. and Germany. Washington: Inter-American Dialogue.
Orozco, M. (2006). The Gender Dimensions of International Migration. Commission on the Status of Women. Washington, DC. Testimony delivered to the United Nations General Assembly.
Owusu, G. (2005). The Role of District Capitals in Regional Development: Linking Small Towns, Rural-Urban Linkages and Decentralisation in Ghana. Doctoral Thesis: Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
Pataya, R. (2009). The Rights of Thai Women to Migrate to Work Abroad. Research report. Bangkok: NHRC.
Piper, N. (2005). Gender and Migration. A Paper prepared for the Policy Analysis and Research Programme of the Global Commission on International Migration, Geneva, Switzerland.
Pradhan, G. (2002). Trafficking in Woman and Girls Across Nepal-India Border. CWIN Nepal. October 26.
Rahman, M. M. (2011). Does Labour Migration Bring About Economic Advantage? A Case of Bangladeshi Migrants in Saudi Arabia. ISAS Working Paper No. 135, National University of Singapore.
Rahman, M. M. and Lian, K. F. (2009). ‘Gender and the remittance process Indonesian domestic workers in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia’, Asia Population Studies 5(2).
Rahman, M. M. and Lian, K. F. (2012). ‘Towards a sociology of migrant remittances in Asia’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(4): 689–706.
Ramirez, C, Dominguez, M. G. andMiguez, J. (2005). Crossing Borders, Gender and Development, June.
Ranga, D. (2003). ‘Sub-region differentials in migration and remittances in Zimbabwe between 1988–90 and 1996–98’, Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 19(2): 55–73.
Ribas, N., Basa, C. and de la Rosa, J. R. (2008). Gender, Remittances and Development: The Case of Filipino Migration to Italy. United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women.
Rodriguez, E. R. andTiongson, E. R. (2001). ‘Temporary migration overseas and household labor supply: evidence from urban Philippines’, International Migration Review, 35(3): 708–725.
Sassen, S. (1996). ‘Toward a feminist analytics of the global economy’, Indian Journal of Global Legal Studies, 4(1) (Fall): 7–41.
Skeldon, R. (2010). The Current Economic Crisis and Migration: Policies and Practice in Origin and Destination. Working Paper T-32.
SLBFE (Sri Lankan Bureau of Foreign Employment). (2003). Overseas employment from Sri Lanka. Bureau of Foreign Employment, 2003. Colombo.
SLBFE (2010). Annual Report. Bureau of Foreign Employment. Colombo.
Sorensen, N. N. (2005). Migrant Remittances, Development and Gender, DUS Brief, Danish Institute for International Studies.
Srimkhada, P. (2002). Trafficking and HIV/AIDS. The Case of Nepal. Research for Sex Work 5, June.
Tambiah, Y. (ed.) (2002). Women and Governance in South Asia: Re-Imaging the State, Colombo, ICES.
Tasneem, S. (2004). ‘Bangladesh: the complexities and management of out-migration’, in Pong-Sul Ahn (ed.) Migrant Workers and Human Rights: Out-Migration from South Asia. Geneva: ILO.
Ullah, A. K. M. A. (2010). How international is international marriage migration? Factors affecting the choices. AUC, Egypt. Unpublished.
Ullah, A. K. M. A. (2010). Rationalizing Migration Decisions: Labour Migrants in South and South-East Asia. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Ullah, A. K. M. A. (2011). ‘Dynamics of remittance uses and development: Bangladeshi labor migrants in Hong Kong and Malaysia’, Development in Practice, 21(6).
Ullah, A. K. M. A. (2012). Divergence and Convergence in the Nation State: The Roles of Religions and Migration. New York: Nova Science.
Ullah, A. K. M. A. (2013). ‘Exposure to remittances: theoretical and empirical implications for gender’, Journal of International Migration and Integration (JIMI), 14(3): 475–92.
Ullah, A. K. M. A. (2013a). ‘Mother’s land and others’ land: “Stolen” youth of returned female migrants’, Gender, Technology and Development, 17(2).
Ullah, A. K. M. A. and Hossain M. (2011). ‘Gendering cross-border networks in Greater Mekong sub-region: drawing invisible routes to Thailand’, Austrian Journal ofSouth-East Asian Studies, 4(2).
Ullah, A. K. M. A. and Routray J. K. (2003). NGOs and Development: Alleviating Rural Poverty in Bangladesh. Chile: Book Mark.
Ullah, A. K. M. A., Abdar, R. and Munira, M. (1999). Poverty and Migration: Slums of Dhaka City — The Realities. Dhaka: ARDS.
United Nations (UN). (2006). United Nations Population. Population Division. New York.
Valentina, M. (2011). ‘Reverse remittances in the migration-development nexus: two-way flows between Ghana and the Netherlands’, Population, Space and Place, 17: 454–68.
Vohs, K. D., Mead, N. L. and Goode, M. R. (2006). ‘The psychological consequences of money’, Science, 314: 1154–1156.
World Bank. (2009). Remittance Prices Worldwide. Washington, DC.
World Bank. (2010). Remittance Prices Worldwide. Washington, DC.
World Bank. (2012). Remittance Prices Worldwide. Washington, DC.
Yi Seon, K. (2006). International Marriage Female Migrants’ Cultural Conflict Experiences and Policy Measures for the Solution. Korea: Korean Women’s Development Institute.
Yoko, N. and Reilly B. (2008). Gender Differences in Remittance Behavior: Evidence from Viet Nam. No. 135. ADB.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2014 AKM Ahsan Ullah
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ullah, A.K.M.A. (2014). Gender and Remittances: Remodelling Remittance Exposure. In: Rahman, M.M., Yong, T.T., Ullah, A.K.M.A. (eds) Migrant Remittances in South Asia. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137350800_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137350800_3
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-46858-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-35080-0
eBook Packages: Palgrave Intern. Relations & Development CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)