Abstract
The relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union in space is quite accurately portrayed as one of fierce competition. The launch of the Sputniks in late 1957 and Gagarin’s flight in 1961 were deep blows to American pride. They challenged preconceptions about the superiority of American science and technology, even about the superiority of the capitalist system itself. Thus, the global struggle for “the soul of mankind” inscribed itself upon a multitude of scientific instruments, launch systems, institutions, and individuals.1 For many years, historians have labored to reconcile the paradoxes of SovietAmerican cooperation in space with the space and missile races of the mid-twentieth century.
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Notes
Melvyn Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, The Soviet Union, and The Cold War. (New York: Hill and Wang, 2007); Walter McDougall,… the Heavens and the Earth (New York: Basic Books, 1985).
Edward Clinton Ezell and Linda Neuman Ezell, The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (Washington, DC: NASA Scientific and Technical Information Office, 1978);
Dodd Harvey and Linda Ciccoritti, US-Soviet Cooperation in Space (University of Miami: Center for Advanced International Studies, 1974);
Yuri Karash, The Superpower Odyssey: A Russian Perspective on Space Cooperation (Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1999);
Matthew VonBencke, The Politics of Space: A History of US-Soviet/Russian Competition and Cooperation in Space (Boulder, CO, 1997).
John Logsdon, John F. Kennedy and the Race to the Moon (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
Howard McCurdy, Space and the American Imagination (Washington, DC, 1997).
John Logsdon, ed., Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents in the History of the US Civilian Space Program Volume II: External Relationships (Washington, DC: NASA History Office, 1996), 148 and 151.
Mose L. Harvey, “An Assent of US-USSR Cooperation in Space,” in Michael Cutler, ed., International Cooperation in Space Operations and Exploration (Tarzana, CA: American Astronautical Society, 1971), 157. Logsdon’s history of space policy, John F. Kennedy and the Race to the Moon, analyzes the history of Kennedy’s interest in space exploration and, in particular, provides evidence that his much-debated offers for a joint expedition to the moon were offered with a sincere desire for collaboration and not simply as a political ploy.
Arnold Frutkin, “The United States Space Program and Its International Significance,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 366 (July 1966), 89–98.
Boris Chertok, Rockets and People Volume III: Hot Days of the Cold War (Washington, DC: NASA History Series, 2009), 277. See also
Asif Siddiqi, The Soviet Space Race with Apollo (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2000).
US solar physicist Herbert Friedman in the preface to Iosif Shklovsky, Five Billion Vodka Bottles to the Moon: Tales of a Soviet Scientist (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1991), 7.
Robert Divine, “Lyndon B. Johnson and the Politics of Space,” in Robert Divine, ed., Johnson Years VII: Vietnam, the Environment, and Science (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1987), 239.
For details, see Henry Lambright’s “James Webb and the Uses of Administrative Power,” in Jameson Doig and Erwin Hargrove (eds.), Leadership and Innovation: A Biographical Perspective on Entrepreneurs in Government (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987).
Roger Launius, NASA: A History of the US Civil Space Program (Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Company, 1994), 189.
See also Erik Conway, Atmospheric Science at NASA: A History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008).
Bruce Murray and Merton Davies, “Détente in Space,” Science 192, June 11, 1976, 1067–1074.
James Fletcher, “The Space Flight After Apollo” speech for Hawthorne Engineers’ Week, Western Electric, February 22, 1973, Box 12, Folder 5, Fletcher Papers; emphasis in the original.
Kristen Edwards, “The US-Soviet/Russian Cosmos Biosatellite Program,” Quest 7:3(Fall 1999), 20–35; emphasis added. Preceding paragraph taken from 23, 24, and 33.
Rodney Ballard and Karen Walker, “Flying US Science on the USSR Cosmos Biosatellites,” ASGSB Bulletin 6, October 1992.
Odd Arne Westad, ed., The Fall of D é tente: Soviet-American Relations during the Carter Years (Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1997), 328.
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© 2013 John Krige, Angelina Long Callahan, and Ashok Maharaj
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Krige, J., Callahan, A.L., Maharaj, A. (2013). Sustaining Soviet-American Collaboration, 1957–1989. In: NASA in the World. Palgrave Studies in the History of Science and Technology. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137340931_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137340931_7
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