Abstract
In the summer of 1866, a remarkable happening took place in the Norwegian town of Bergen. Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder, the NMS’s first missionary to the Zulus, was consecrated as bishop of what was defined as ‘The Church of Norway’s Mission Field’. The Church of Norway’s Bishop of Bergen conducted the ceremony; approximately 30 priests assisted him.1 It was the first time since the establishment of the NMS in 1842 that one of the society’s missionaries had visited the homeland, and everywhere Schreuder and his wife, Jakobine Emilie Adelheid Løwenthal, went, people gathered in their hundreds and thousands.2 The prime minister invited the couple to a dinner party, and the King of the Union of Sweden-Norway donated presents. National and regional newspapers covered their three-month tour, and poets wrote romantic epics hailing Schreuder as a great Norwegian pioneer. The NMS subsequently published a booklet recounting the ordination service that contained a selection of sermons and lectures given by Bishop Schreuder during his six-month stay in Norway.3
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Notes
John Nome, ‘Det Norske Misjonsselskaps historie i norsk kirkeliv: Fra stiftelsestiden til Schreuders brudd’, in Det Norske Misjonsselskap 1842–1942, ed. John Nome (Stavanger: Dreyer, 1943), 288–90.
Olav Guttorm Myklebust, H. P. S. Schreuder: Kirke og misjon (Oslo: Land og kirke/Gyldendal, 1980), 61.
H. P. S. Schreuder, Beretning om Missionspr�E6;st Schreuders Ordination til Biskop over den Norske Kirkes Missionsmark i Bergens domkirke den 8de juli 1866 samt Pr�E6;dikener og Foredrag af Biskop Schreuder, holdte under hans N�E6;rv�E6;relse i Hjemmet (Stavanger: Det Norske Missionsselskabs Forlag, 1868).
John Nome, ‘Det Norske Misjonsselskaps historie i norsk kirkeliv: Fra syttiårene til nåtiden’, in Det Norske Misjonsselskap 1842–1942, ed. John Nome (Stavanger: Dreyer, 1943), 12–13.
Michael S. Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History, 2nd edn (New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 19.
Erik Sidenvall, The Making of Manhood among Swedish Missionaries in China and Mongolia, c. 1890-c. 1914 (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2009), 159.
The biography on Schreuder is based on Daniel Thrap, Biskop H.P.S. Schreuders Liv og Virksomhed i korte Tr�E6;k fremstillet (Christiania: Nils Lunds Forlag, 1877)
Øystein Rakkenes, Himmelfolket: En norsk høvding i Zululand (Oslo: Cappelen, 2003).
Torstein Jørgensen, Contact and Conflict: Norwegian Missionaries, the Zulu Kingdom, and the Gospel: 1850–1873 (Oslo: Solum, 1990), 78.
Hanna Larsen, Skisser fra Zululand (Decorah, Iowa: Lutheran Publishing House, 1905), 117
Stavem, Et bantufolk og kristendommen: Det norske missionsselskaps syttiaarige zulumission (Stavanger: Det norske missionsselskaps forlag, 1915), 87
Olav Guttorm Myklebust, C. M. Doke, and Ernst Dammann, Én var den første: Studier og tekster til forståelse av H. P. S. Schreuder (Oslo: Land og kirke/ Gyldendal, 1986), 17–20.
Olav Guttorm Myklebust, ‘Sør-Afrika’, in Det Norske Misjonsselskap 1842–1942, ed. John Nome (Stavanger: Dreyer, 1949), 73–8.
See Dahle’s representation of Schreuder in Lars Dahle, ‘“Et smaalig og sneversynt Missionsstyre”’, Norsk Kirkeblad (1917), 626–33; Lars Dahle, Tilbakeblik paa mit liv — og særlig paa mit missionsliv: Første del (Stavanger: Det Norske Missionsselskabs trykkeri, 1922), 231–67.
Emil Birkeli, ‘Kirken og misjonsproblemet’, in Misjonshistorie (Oslo: Selskapet til Kristelige Andagtsbøkers Utgivelse, 1935), 74–5.
Oscar Handeland, Fram kristmenn, korsmenn! Hovedlinjer og førerskikkelser i norsk hedningemisjon (Bergen: Lunde, 1963), 195.
Seip, ‘Kirkelig historieteori og kirkelig historieforskning’, Historisk tidsskrift 34 (1944), 390.
See for example Halfdan E. Sommerfelt, Den Norske Zulumission: Et Tilbageblik paa de første 20 Aar af det Norske Missionsselskabs Virksomhed (Christiania: Wm. Gram, 1865)
Schreuder’s and Dahle’s views of church and mission have been an issue of interest in recent theological discussions: see Terje Ellingsen, ‘Lars Dahle som misjonar, teolog og kirkemann’, Norsk tidsskrift for misjon 27, no. 3 (1973): 147–61
Thor Halvor Hovland, ‘Kirkesyn og konferanseordning’, Norsk tidsskrift for misjon 56, no. 3 (2002): 193–208.
For a discussion on the pietistic mission and laymen’s movement in Norway from the perspective of modernity, see Bjorg Seland, Religion på det frie marked: Folkelig pietisme og bedehuskultur (Kristiansand: Høyskoleforlaget AS — Norwegian Academic Press, 2006), 60–3.
Vidar L. Haanes, ’Hvad skal da dette blive for prester?’ Presteutdannelse i spenningsfeltet mellom universitet og kirke, med vekt på modernitetens gjennombrudd i Norge (Trondheim: Tapir, 1998), 110–23.
Reidun Høydal, Nasjon — region — profesjon: Vestlandslæraren 1840–1940 (Oslo: Noregs forskingsråd, 1995), 37–9
Ole Stavem, ‘Lars Dahle som missionselev’, in Fra Norges indsats i verdensmissionen: Festskrift ved Lars Dahles femtiaars-jubilæum (Stavanger: Det norske missionsselskaps trykkeri, 1921), 10.
Jarle Simensen and Vidar Gynnild, ‘Norwegian Missionaries in the Nineteenth Century: Organizational Background, Social and World View’, in Norwegian Missions in African History, Vol 1: South Africa 1845–1906, ed. Jarle Simensen (Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1986).
Erling Danbolt, ‘Det Norske Misjonsselskaps misjonærer 1842–1948’, in Det Norske Misjonsselskaps historie i hundre år, ed. John Nome (Stavanger: Dreyer, 1948), 31–2.
Torstein Jørgensen, ‘En liten sommerdebatt om misjon: Dikteren Alexander Kielland i diskusjon med generalsekretar Lars Dahle’, Misjon og teologi 5/6 (1998/1999), 77–82.
Einar Amdahl and Otto Chr. Dahl, ‘Lars Dahle’, in Norsk Misjonsleksikon, ed. Fridtjov Birkeli et al. (Stavanger: Nomi forlag — Runa forlag, 1967).
Lisbeth Mikaelsson, Kallets ekko: Studier i misjon og selvbiografi (Kristiansand: Høyskoleforlaget, 2003), 260–9.
E. Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (New York: Basic Books, 1993), 285.
Norman Etherington, Preachers, Peasants and Politics in Southeast Africa, 1835–1880: African Christian Communities in Natal, Pondoland and Zululand (London: Royal Historical Society, 1978), 24–46
Norman Etherington, ‘Kingdoms of This World and the Next: Christian Beginnings among the Zulu and Swazi’, in Christianity in South Africa: A Political, Social and Cultural History, ed. Richard Elphick and Rodney Davenport (Oxford: James Curry, 1997).
Etherington, Preachers, Peasants and Politics in Southeast Africa, 115–34; Robert Morrell, John Wright and Sheila Meintjes, ‘Colonialism and the Establishment of White Domination, 1840–1990’, in Political Economy and Identities in KwaZulu-Natal: Historical and Social Perspectives, ed. Robert Morrell (Durban: Indicator Press, 1996), 42–5.
Henry Venn (1796–1873) and Rufus Anderson (1796–1880) arrived at their ideas separately, in spite of the outstanding similarities in the basic outline of the three-self theory. From the mid-to late-nineteenth century the ‘three-self’-programme was the stated policy of both British and American Protestant missions. See C. Peter Williams], The Ideal of the Self-Governing Church: A Study in Victorian Missionary Strategy (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 199
Paul William Harris, Nothing but Christ: Rufus Anderson and the Ideology of Protestant Foreign Missions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
Dana L. Robert, ed., Converting Colonialism: Visions and Realities in Mission History, 1706–1914 (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2008), 16.
Dana L. Robert, ‘The “Christian Home” as a Cornerstone of Anglo-American Missionary Thought and Practice’, in Converting Colonialism: Visions and Realities in Mission History, 1706–1914, ed. Dana L. Robert (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2008), 165.
Richard Elphick, ‘Evangelical Missions and Racial “Equalization”’, in Converting Colonialism: Visions and Realities in Mission History, 1706–1914, ed. Dana L. Robert (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2008).
C. Peter Williams, ‘The Church Missionary Society and the Indigenous Church in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century: The Defense and Destruction of the Venn Ideals’, in Converting Colonialism: Visions and Realities in Mission History, 1706–1914, ed. Dana L. Robert (Grand Rapids, MI/Cambridge: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2008).
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© 2013 Kristin Fjelde Tjelle
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Tjelle, K.F. (2013). Missionary Self-Making. In: Missionary Masculinity, 1870–1930. Genders and Sexualities in History. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137336361_2
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