Abstract
Any attempt to conceptualise the relationship of fascism and modernity means operating with two terms which are semantic mine-fields in their own right and about whose definition a formidable literature has grown up. What makes matters worse is that even some of the most perceptive scholarly attempts to establish a relationship between the two have been marred by the intrinsic nebulousness of the two concepts so that there is little in the way of authoritative monographs or articles to build on. For this necessarily overcondensed bid to suggest a new conceptual framework appropriate to the subject, I thus propose to return to basics.
Future organisation is a matter for technicians with the ring kept free for the operation of science and organisation by the universal authority of an organised and disciplined movement … Thus can be achieved the great necessity of steadily and systematically increasing the power to consume as science and rationalisation increase the power to produce.
Oswald Mosley, The Greater Britain 19321
This chapter was first published by the Oxford Brookes School of Business as part of a series of papers on modernity given in 1993, and appeared as a Thamesman Publication with the Oxford Brookes School of Business imprint, 1994. It was based on a talk given for a seminar on Nazism and modernity held by Ian Kershaw at the University of Sheffield the same year. It contains the kernel of ideas fully elaborated in Griffin’s Modernism and Fascism. The Sense of a Beginning under Mussolini and Hitler. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Mosley, Oswald. The Greater Britain. London: BUF Publications, 1932: p. 100.
Strachey, John. The Menace of Fascism. London: Victor Gollanz, 1933: p. 146.
Moore, Barrington. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966.
Organski, Kenneth. ‘Fascism and Modernization’, in Woolf, Stuart (ed.). The Nature of Fascism. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.
Turner, Henry Jnr. ‘Fascism and Modernization’. World Politics, Vol. 24 (1972): pp. 547–564.
Gregor, A. James. ‘Fascism and Modernization, Some Addenda’. World Politics, Vol. 26 (1972).
Hughes, Arnold and Kolinsky, Martin. “‘Paradigmatic Fascism” and Modernization: A Critique’. Political Studies, Vol. 24, No. 4 (1976).
Nolte, Ernst. Three Faces of Fascism. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980.
Klingemann, Carsten. ‘Sociology and Social Research in the Third Reich’, in Turner, Stephen and Dirk Käsler (ed.). Sociology Responds to Fascism. London: Routledge, 1992: p. 127.
For example, Zitelmann, Rainer. ‘Die totalitäre Seite der Moderne’, in Prinz, Rainer and Michael Zitelmann (eds). Nationalsozialismus und Modernisierung. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1991; Aly, G¨otz and Roth, Karl. Die restlose Erfassung: Volksz¨ahlung, Identifizieren, Aussondern im Nationalsozialismus. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuchverlag, 2000.
Apthorpe, Raymond. ‘Modernization’, in Kuper, Adam and Jessica Kuper (eds). The Social Science Encyclopedia. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985: pp. 532–533.
Benjamin, Walter. ‘Theses on the Philosophy of History’, no. IX, in Benjamin, Walter Illuminations. London: Fontana, 1992: p. 149.
Hobsawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence. The Invention of Tradition. Oxford: Oxford UP, Oxford, 1983.
Eisenstadt, Shmuel. Patterns ofModernity, Vol. 2: Beyond the West. New York: New York University Press, 1987: p. 10.
Yasusuke, Murakami. ‘Modernization in Terms of Integration: The Case of Japan’, in Eisenstadt, Shmuel (ed.). Patterns ofModernity, Vol. 2: Beyond the West. New York: New York University Press, 1987.
Gentile, Emilio. ‘Il fascismo’, in Gentile Emilio et al. (ed.). L’Europa del XX secolo fra totalitarismo e democrazia. Faenza: Itaca, 1991: pp. 109–110.
Marx, Karl. ‘The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon’, in Feuer, Lewis (ed.). Marx and Engels: Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy. London: Fontana, 1969: pp. 360–361.
Mussolini, Benito. ‘Il discorso di Napoli’, reproduced in Griffin, Roger (ed.). Fascism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995: p. 44.
Sznajder, Mario. ‘The “Carta del Carnaro” and Modernization’. Tel Aviv Jahrbuch f¨ur deutsche Geschichte, Vol. 18 (1989): pp. 447–448.
Mosse, George. ‘The Political Culture of Political Futurism: A General Perspective’. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 21, Nos 2–3 (1990): pp. 253–268.
De Grand, Alexander. The Italian Nationalist Association and the Rise ofFascism in Italy. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978.
For example, Currey, Muriel and Goad, Harold. The Workings of the Corporate State. London: Nicholson and Watson, 1933.
See Stone, Marla. The Patron State: Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
Adamson, Walter. ‘Modernism and Fascism: The Politics of Culture in Italy, 1903–1922’. TheAmerican Historical Review, Vol. 95, No. 2 (1990): p. 365;
cf. Adamson, Walter. ‘The Language of Opposition in Early Twentieth-Century Italy: Rhetorical Continuities Between Prewar Florentine Avant-Gardism and Mussolini’s Fascism’. Journal of Modern History, Vol. 64 (1992): pp. 22–51; Adamson, Walter. Avant-Garde Florence.
Gentile, Emilio. ‘Impending Modernity: Fascism and the Ambivalent Image of the United States’. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 28, No. 1 (1993): pp. 7–29. Emilio Gentile’s English essays on the modernity of fascism are collected in The Struggle for Modernity: Nationalism, Futurism, and Fascism. New York: Praeger Books, 2003.
For example Sarti, Roland. ‘Fascist Modernization in Italy: Traditional or Revolutionary’. American Historical Review, Vol. 75 (1970): pp. 1029–1045;
Tannenbaum, Edward. ‘The Goals of Italian Fascism’. American Historical Review, Vol. 74 (1969): pp. 1183–1204;
Zunino, Pier-Giorgio. I’Ideologia del fascismo. Bologna: Il Mulino, 1985.
Gentile, Emilio. Il culto del littorio. Rome-Bari: Laterza, 1993: p. 181.
Thomson, Alexander Raven. Motorways for Britain. London: Abbey Supplies Ltd., 1938: p. 8.
Brender, Reinhold. Kollaboration im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1993: especially pp. 264–267.
See Müller, Klaus-Jürgen. ‘French Fascism and Modernization’. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 11 (1976): pp. 269–283.
Krebs, Pierre. Die europ¨aische Wiedergeburt. Tübingen: Grabert-Verlag, 1982: pp. 68–70.
Dupeux, Louis. “‘Rivoluzione conservatrice” e modernita’. Diorama letterario, Vol. 79 (February 1985): p. 6.
Barnes, James Strachey. Fascism. London: Thornton Butterworth, 1931: pp. 49–50.
Shand, James. ‘The Reichsautobahn: Symbol for the Third Reich’. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 19 (1984): pp. 99–134.
Bracher, Karl. The Nazi Dictatorship. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978: p. 415.
Rabinbach, Anson. ‘The Aesthetics of Production in the Third Reich’. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 11 (1976): pp. 43–74.
Speer, Albert. Inside the Third Reich. London: Sphere Books, 1971.
Walker, Mark. Nazi Science: Myth, Truth, and the German Atomic Bomb. New York: Plenum Press, 1995.
Rhodes, James. The Hitler Movement. Stanford: Hoover International Press, 1986.
Cf. Möller, Horst. ‘Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung: Konterrevolution oder Revolution?’ Vierteljahresschrift f¨ur Zeitgeschichte, Vol. 31, No. 1 (1983): pp. 25–51.
Giddens, Anthony. Modernity and Self-identity. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991.
Editor information
Copyright information
© 2008 Roger Griffin
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Griffin, R. (2008). Modernity Under the New Order. In: Feldman, M. (eds) A Fascist Century. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230594135_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230594135_2
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-230-22089-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-59413-5
eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)