Abstract
The question of what is to be done about law and order set in motion an important transformation in criminology in an earlier era (Lea and Young 1984). Questions about how policing should be conducted and how the police service can be improved confront the discipline again as the second decade of the twenty-first century draws to a close. But what a difference an era makes! When critical criminologists asked what was to be done in the 1980s, some lamented that the problems of crime and victimisation in poor communities were not taken seriously enough and that the police were ‘losing the fight against crime’ (Kinsey et al. 1986). Others were critical of the drift towards law, order and the authoritarian state and rejected the contention that the police were the solution to the crime problem (Scraton 1987). We do not intend to rehearse these older debates here, but it would do to acknowledge them, to forestall the problem of chronocentrism in our understanding of criminology (Rock 2005) and to tackle head-on new theories of policing which suggest that ‘the police’ have been superseded as objects of enquiry by a more diffuse notion of ‘policing’ (Reiner 2010).
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Notes
- 1.
There had been a single precursor, the seminal empirical research conducted by William Westley in the late 1940s, only published in a couple of journal articles until a belated book in 1970. It was a crucial influence on researchers in the early 1960s (Reiner 2015).
- 2.
There are, of course, many other deaths following contact with the police; this includes those caused by ‘less lethal’ weapons such as Tasers, the use of restraints, collisions with vehicles and deaths arising when police neglect their duty of care to people in their custody.
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Bowling, B., Iyer, S., Reiner, R., Sheptycki, J. (2016). Policing: Past, Present and Future. In: Matthews, R. (eds) What is to Be Done About Crime and Punishment?. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57228-8_6
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