Developments Leading to the Establishment of the ICC Prior to the Rome Conference

Çakmak, Cenap

doi:10.1057/978-1-137-56736-9_7

Cenap Çakmak²

1433 Accesses

Abstract

Initial attempts to create a permanent International Criminal Court (ICC) in the 1990s were made by the International Law Commission (ILC). However, the ILC’s concrete efforts and subsequent proposals were weakened by the UN General Assembly, which, rather than calling for a multilateral diplomatic conference, decided to establish an ad hoc committee that would be charged with studying the issue further. This was especially shocking and disappointing for a select group of NGOs that had been following the deliberations concerning creating an ICC.

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Notes

1.
Glasius, “Expertise in the Cause of Justice: Global Civil Society Influence on the Statute for an International Court,” p. 145.
2.
Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Forty-fourth Session, UN GAOR, 47th Session, Supp. No. 10, UN Doc. A/47/10 (1992).
3.
UN General Assembly Resolution No. 47/33, UN GAOR, 47th Session, Supp. No. 49, paragraphs 4–6, UN Doc. A/47/49 (1992).
4.
Report of the Working Group on the Question of an International Criminal Jurisdiction, in Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Forty-fifth Session, UN GAOR, 48th Session, Supp. No. 10, UN Doc. A/48/10 (1993).
5.
James Crawford, “The ILC Adopts A Statute for an International Criminal Court,” American Journal of International Law, Vol. 89, Issue 2, 1995, p. 405.
6.
Ibid., pp. 405–406.
7.
UN General Assembly Resolution No. 48/31, UN GAOR, 48th Session, Supp. No. 49, UN Doc. A/48/49 (1993).
8.
Crawford, “The ILC Adopts A Statute for an International Criminal Court,” p. 406. It was argued that the 1994 ILC draft statute “was complex, and it was geared towards producing a court that would operate on a restrictive consent basis with strict Security Council control.” Sharon A. Williams, “The Rome Statute on the International Criminal Court: From 1947–2000 and Beyond, Osgoode Hall Law Journal, Vol. 38, Issue 2, 2000, p. 309.
9.
UN General Assembly Resolution No. 5046 (L), 50th Session, Official Records, Supp. No. 49, UN Doc. A/5249 (1997).
10.
Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, adopted 6 Sept. 1995, U.N. GAOR, 50th Session, Supp. No. 22, UN Doc. A/50/22 (1995).
11.
Nanda, “The Establishment of a Permanent International Criminal Court: Challenges Ahead,” pp. 415–416.
12.
Report of the International Law Commission, U.N. GAOR, 49th Session, Supp. No. 10, U.N. Doc. A/49/10 (1994).
13.
UN GAOR 50/46, 50th Session, UN Doc. A/RES/50/46 (1995).
14.
Report of the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, adopted September 13, 1996, UN GAOR, 51st Session, Supp. No. 22, UN Doc. A/51/22, Vol. I (1996); Report of the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, adopted September 13, 1996, UN GAOR, 51st Session, Supp. No. 22A, UN Doc. A/51/22, Vol. II (1996).
15.
UN General Assembly Resolution on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, UN Doc. A/51/627, December 17, 1996.
16.
The UN General Assembly Resolution No. 51/207, UN GAOR, 51st Session, Supp. No. 49, UN Doc. A/51/49 (1996).
17.
Establishment of an International Criminal Court, The UN General Assembly Resolution No. 52/160, UN GAOR 52nd Session, U.N. Doc. A/RES/52/160, adopted December 15, 1997.
18.
The PrepComI met February11–21, August 4–15 and December 1–12, 1997, and from March 16 to April 3, 1998.
19.
Hall, “The Third and Fourth Sessions of the UN Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court,” p. 126.
20.
Report of the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/2, April 14, 1998.
21.
Ibid.
22.
Report of the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 183/2/Add. 1, April 14, 1998, pp. 2–168.
23.
Ibid., pp. 168ff.
24.
Report of the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/2, April 14, 1998.
25.
Ibid., paragraph 14.
26.
Ibid., paragraph 15.
27.
Van der Vyver, “Civil Society and the International Criminal Court,” p. 425.
28.
David Davenport, “The New Diplomacy,” Policy Review, Issue 116, 2002–2003, p. 24.
29.
Amnesty International, Establishing A Just, Fair and Effective International Criminal Court (Amnesty International: AI Index: IOR 40/05/94, 1994). A slightly revised and updated version of this report was later published in 1995: Time for a Permanent International Criminal Court (Amnesty International: AI Index: IOR 40/04/95, 1995).
30.
Ibid., p. 4.
31.
Ibid., pp. 5–8.
32.
This is the fourth document produced by the ICJ on the ICC. The first three are “Towards Universal Justice,” June 1993, Christian Tomuschat, “A System of International Criminal Prosecution is Taking Shape,”
Review of the International Commission of Jurists, Vol. 50, 1993, pp. 56–70, and “ICJ Campaign for the Establishment of the International Criminal Court”, published in February 1995.
33.
International Commission of Jurists, “The Third ICJ Position Paper on the International Criminal Court,” August 1995.
34.
Ibid., p. 5.
35.
Ibid., p. 8.
36.
Ibid., p. 17.
37.
Ibid., p. 20.
38.
Ibid., p. 18.
39.
Ibid., p. 28.
40.
Ibid., pp. 31–32.
41.
Ibid., p. 34.
42.
Ibid., p. 37.
43.
Ibid., p. 39.
44.
Ibid., p. 43.
45.
Ibid., p. 61.
46.
Establishing an International Criminal Court: Major Unresolved Issues in the Draft Statute: A Position Paper (New York: The Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 1996).
47.
Ibid., pp. 1–35.
48.
Report on the Proposed International Criminal Court (New York: The Committee on International Law, and The Committee on International Human Rights of The Association of the Bar of the City of New York, 1996).
49.
Ibid., p. 30.
50.
Ibid., p. 30.
51.
Christopher Keith Hall, Challenges Ahead for the United Nations Preparatory Committee Drafting a Statute for a Permanent International Criminal Court (AI Index: IOR 40/03/96, 1996).
52.
Ibid., p. 2.
53.
Ibid., p. 3.
54.
Ibid., pp. 4–19.
55.
ABA Resolution (Washington, DC: American Bar Association, 1998).
56.
Ibid., p. 2.
57.
Ibid., p.3. The report also recommends “the establishment of a permanent International Criminal Court (ICC) by multilateral treaty in order to prosecute and punish individuals who commit the most serious crimes under international law,” and that the US Government should continue to “play an active role in the process of negotiating and drafting a treaty establishing the ICC.” P. 1.

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International Relations, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
Cenap Çakmak

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Çakmak, C. (2017). Developments Leading to the Establishment of the ICC Prior to the Rome Conference. In: A Brief History of International Criminal Law and International Criminal Court. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56736-9_7

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56736-9_7
Published: 18 April 2017
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-56735-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-56736-9
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