Abstract
This chapter discusses the export control authorities, legal liabilities, and violation cases related to export control enforcement. Section 7.1 introduces two export control authorities in export control practice, MOFCOM, and the customs. Section 7.2 specifies consequences of violations under legal frameworks of China. Section 7.3 summarizes some administrative and criminal enforcement cases against EBOs who violate ECL and/or customs laws.
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Notes
- 1.
Article 5 of the ECL prescribes that departments under the State Council and departments under the Central Military Commission that undertake the functions of export control (hereinafter collectively referred to as the “State export control authorities”) shall be responsible for the export control within their respective jurisdictions. Other relevant departments under the State Council or the Central Military Commission shall be responsible for other work related to export control within their respective jurisdictions.
- 2.
The official website of the MOFCOM can be found at: http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/.
- 3.
The official website of the BISIEC can be found at: http://aqygzj.mofcom.gov.cn/.
- 4.
Introduction to the BISIEC, available at: http://aqygzj.mofcom.gov.cn/article/gywm/202009/20200903002890.shtml.
- 5.
White Paper, Part III, Section 2.
- 6.
The official website of the GAC can be found at: http://www.customs.gov.cn/.
- 7.
Article 2 of the Customs Law.
- 8.
White Paper, Part III, Section 2.
- 9.
The official website of the ASB of the GAC can be found at: http://jsj.customs.gov.cn/.
- 10.
Article 14(1) of the Customs Implementation Regulations.
- 11.
Ren, Q., & Zhao, D.M. (2020). Developments in Mainland China and Hong Kong. In R. Barnes et al. (eds.), The Guide to Sanctions, Global Investigations Review (p. 239).
- 12.
Article 151(3) of the Criminal Law prescribes that whoever smuggles rare plants or products thereof or any other goods or articles that are prohibited from being imported or exported shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment not more than five years or criminal detention, and/or be fined; or if the circumstances are serious, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment not less than five years and be fined. Where an entity commits a crime as provided for in this Article, the entity shall be sentenced to a fine, and its directly responsible person and other directly liable persons shall be punished according to the provisions of this Article.
- 13.
Article 153 of the Criminal Law prescribes that whoever smuggles goods or articles other than those as regulated in Articles 151, 152, and 347 shall be punished in light of the graveness of the crime according to the following provisions.
- 14.
Fa Shi [2014] No. 10, 法释 [2014]10 号, 12 August 2014, effective as of 10 September 2014.
- 15.
Currently, only two related administrative cases imposed by the MOFOM are online available as follows. In May 2004, a company in Jiangsu Province and a chemical company in Shandong Province were found illegally exporting items enlisted on the Missile and Missile-related Items and Technologies Export Control List. Both two companies were subject to monetary penalties and no more information was disclosed. In March 2008, a chemical equipment company in Shandong Province was found illegally exporting items enlisted on the Certain Chemicals and Related Equipment and Technologies Export Control List. The company was subject to a fine of CNY 450, 000.
- 16.
Jin Xin Gang Guan Ji Wei Zi [2023]0012, 津新港关缉违字 (2023) 0012号, 22 February 2023.
- 17.
Gong Dou Guan Ji Wei Zi [2023]0003, 拱斗关缉违字 (2023) 0003号, 14 February 2023.
- 18.
Mei Sha Guan Ji Pu Wei Zi [2023]0005, 梅沙关缉普违字 (2023) 0005号, 11 May 2023.
- 19.
Hu Wai Gang Guan Ji Wei Zi [2023]5032, 沪外港关缉违字 (2023) 5032号, 12 May 2023.
- 20.
Jin Xin Gang Guan Ji Wei Zi [2023]0038, 津新港关缉违字 (2023) 0038号, 25 April 2023.
- 21.
Jin Xin Gang Guan Ji Cha/Wei Zi, 津新港关缉查/违字 (2022) 0175号, 21 December 2022.
- 22.
Yong Bei Guan Ji Wei Zi [2023]255, 甬北关缉违字 (2023) 255号, 2 June 2023.
- 23.
Yong Bei Guan Ji Wei Zi [2023]225, 甬北关缉违字 (2023) 225号, 24 April 2023.
- 24.
Yong Mei Guan Ji Wei Zi [2023]0001, 甬梅关缉违字 (2023) 0001号, 1 March 2023.
- 25.
Jin Xin Gang Guan Ji Cha Zi [2023]1, 津新港关缉查字 (2023) 1号, 8 May 2023.
- 26.
Article 19(2) of the ECL.
- 27.
Hang Ji Guan Ji Wei Zi [2023]0004, 杭机关缉违字[2023]0004号, 20 February 2023; Hu Yang Shan Guan Ji Wei Zi [2023]258, 沪洋山关缉违字〔2023〕258号, 7 June 2023; Peng Guan Ji Kuai Wei Zi [2023]1, 鹏关缉快违字 (2023) 1号, 25 April 2023.
- 28.
Lian Guan Ji Cha Zi [2023]0054, 连关缉查字[2023]0054号, 6 January 2023.
- 29.
Article 33(2) of the Administrative Penalties Law.
- 30.
Gong Dou Guan Ji Wei Zi [2023]0003, 拱斗关缉违字 (2023) 0003号, 14 February 2023.
- 31.
Gong Dou Guan Ji Wei Zi [2023]0002, 拱斗关缉违字 (2023) 0002号, 10 February 2023.
- 32.
Nan Guan Ji Wei Zi [2023]0009, 南关缉违字 (2023) 0009号, 12 January 2023; Da Gang Guan Ji Wei Zi [2023]17, 大港关缉违字 (2023) 17号, 29 June 2023; Da Gang Guan Ji Wei Zi [2023]16, 大港关缉违字 (2023) 16号, 29 June 2023.
- 33.
Yong Guan Cha/Wei Zi [2023]0002, 永关查/违字 (2023) 0002号, 2 March 2023.
- 34.
Letter of Department of General Operation of the General Administration of Customs on the Clarification of import/export license regulatory requirements of mixtures containing triethanolamine, 28 October 2022.
- 35.
Some scholars or lawyers have already noticed this issue. See, Chen, F., Chen, K.B., & Chen, H.J. (2022, October 19). Reviews of Customs Administrative Penalty Cases after the Implementation of the Export Control Law. Retrieved October 8, 2023, from https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/7KC_pNWdlqRdnk9uwTo6pw; Wang, Y.L. (2023, July 3). The Export Control Law should be stringently enforced. Retrieved October 8, 2023, from https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/rxAqWmUwx_jjy2vD2PcmyA.
- 36.
Article 32 of the Administrative Penalties Law prescribes that a lighter or mitigated administrative penalty shall be imposed if the party concerned: (1) has taken the initiative to eliminate or lessen the harmful consequences brought about by the unlawful act, (2) was coerced or induced by another to commit the unlawful act, (3) has taken the initiative to confess an unlawful act that the administrative organ was not yet aware of, (4) has performed meritorious deeds while working in coordination with the administrative organ to investigate unlawful acts, or (5) there are other circumstances that give rise to a lighter or mitigated administrative penalty in accordance with laws, regulations, and rules.
- 37.
(2021) Hu 03 Xing Chu 127, (2021) 沪03刑初127号, Shanghai Third Intermediate People’s Court, 2 December 2021.
- 38.
(2019) Liao 06 Xing Chu 8, (2019) 辽06刑初8号刑事判决, Liaoning Dandong Intermediate People’s Court, 26 March 2019; (2019) Liao Xing Zhong 250, (2019) 辽刑终250号, Liaoning High People’s Court, 29 May 2019.
- 39.
(2022) Yun 28 Xing Chu 2, (2022) 云28刑初2号, Intermediate People's Court of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, 16 March 2022.
- 40.
(2022) Liao 02 Xing Chu 37, (2022) 辽02刑初37号, Liaoning Dalian Intermediate People’s Court, 30 May 2022.
- 41.
Article 11 of the Interpretative Opinion: Smuggling goods or articles prohibited from import or export by the State with any of the following circumstances shall, in accordance with Article 151(3) of the Criminal Law, be subjected to a fixed-term imprisonment of less than five years or criminal detention, and be concurrently or separately subject to a fine: … (6) smuggling the used motor vehicles, cut-up cars, used electromechanical products or any other goods or articles of which the import or export is prohibited, with the quantity of not less than 20 tons but less than 100 tons or with the value of not less than CNY 200,000 but less than CNY 1 million… Any of the following circumstances shall be deemed to be “serious circumstances” under Article 151(3) of the Criminal Law: (1) the quantity or value of the smuggled goods or articles exceed the standards (1)–(6) in the above paragraph.
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Zhao, D. (2024). Export Control Enforcement. In: Contemporary Export Control Law of China. Modern China and International Economic Law. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9825-8_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9825-8_7
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