Abstract
The key to the bilateral relationship between Confucianism and Daoism’s evolution to the trilateral relationship among Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism lies with the entry, spread, and flourishing of Indian Buddhism. According to the account in Mouzi’s Lihuolun [Removal of Doubts], Buddhism was introduced to mainland China during the reign of Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han, and this is the mainstream view. However, according to Pei Songshi’s annotation of Yu Huan’s Weilue [A Brief History of Wei] in Sanguozhi [Records of the Three Kingdoms], in the first year of Emperor Ai of the Western Han, a messenger named Yin Cun from Dayuezhi tribe dictated The Sutra Buddha to Jinglu, a student of the imperial academy.
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Notes
- 1.
(Song Dynasty) Fan Ye. (Tang Dynasty) Annotated by Li Xian et al. The Book of the Later Han. Zhonghua Book Company, 1965, p. 1428.
- 2.
(Southern Liang Dynasty) Seng You. (Tang Dynasty) Dao Xuan. The Collection for the Propagation and Clarification of Buddhism·Extended Collection for the Propagation and Clarification of Buddhism. Shanghai Classics Publishing House, 1991, p. 5.
- 3.
(Song Dynasty) Fan Ye. (Tang Dynasty) Annotated by Li Xian et al. The Book of the Later Han. Zhonghua Book Company, 1965, p. 1081.
- 4.
(Song Dynasty) Fan Ye. (Tang Dynasty) Annotated by Li Xian et al. The Book of the Later Han. Zhonghua Book Company, 1965, p. 1082.
- 5.
(Song Dynasty) Fan Ye. (Tang Dynasty) Annotated by Li Xian et al. The Book of the Later Han. Zhonghua Book Company, 1965, p. 1084.
- 6.
(Jin Dynasty) Chen Shou. (Song Dynasty) Annotated by Pei Songzhi. Records of the Three Kingdoms. Zhonghua Book Company, 2005, p. 637.
- 7.
(Song Dynasty) Fan Ye. (Tang Dynasty) Annotated by Li Xian et al. The Book of the Later Han. Zhonghua Book Company, 1965, p. 1082.
- 8.
Tang Yongtong. A History of Buddhism in the Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties. Peking University Press, 2011, p. 35.
- 9.
(Jin Dynasty) Chen Shou. (Song Dynasty) Annotated by Pei Songzhi. Records of the Three Kingdoms. Zhonghua Book Company, 2005, p. 876.
- 10.
Tang Yongtong. Complete Works of Tang Yongtong, Volume 5. Hebei People’s Publishing House, 2000, p. 281.
- 11.
Tang Yongtong. A History of Buddhism in the Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties. Peking University Press, 2011, pp. 44, 45, 71.
- 12.
(Southern Liang Dynasty) Seng You. (Tang Dynasty) Dao Xuan. The Collection for the Propagation and Clarification of Buddhism Extended Collection for the Propagation and Clarification of Buddhism. Shanghai Classics Publishing House, 1991, pp. 2–7.
- 13.
The Wei and Jin Dynasties were an era of transformation. The Northern and Southern Dynasties were the two regimes divided by the Yangtze River during the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
- 14.
Feng Youlan claims that the spirit of metaphysics in the Wei and Jin Dynasties can be found in the “Contemporary Records of New Discourses”. He suggests that metaphysics can be translated into “romantic metaphysics” and “无同 (三语椽)” can be translated into “difference without distinction”.
See Feng Youlan. On Romantic. San Songtang Academic Treatises, Peking University Press, 1984, pp. 609–617.
See Feng Youlan. A Short History of Chinese Philosophy. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2015, pp. 424–441.
- 15.
Feng Youlan. A Short History of Chinese Philosophy. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2015, p. 398.
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Mou, Z. (2023). Emergence of the Relationship Between Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism (By the End of the Han Dynasty). In: A Brief History of the Relationship Between Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7206-5_3
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