Skip to main content

IoT Architecture: Challenges and Open Research Issues

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Smart Computing and Cyber Security (SMARTCYBER 2021)

Abstract

Over the past two decades, the number of connected devices has increased dramatically and resulted in profound changes in the world through delivering new services that shift the way people and businesses interact with their surroundings and improve the overall quality of life. Although many applications of IoT, to some extent, have become reality including smart car, smart home, smart city, smart grid, smart health, smart industry, smart agriculture, etc., IoT is still in its infancy stage. There are still many obstacles that need to be addressed for fully implementation of IoT applications and services. The biggest challenge associated with the IoT is building architecture that can deal with heterogeneous smart devices, networks, operating systems, protocols, applications, etc. in a dynamic environment. This paper presents the most common existing IoT architecture models and highlights the most significant challenges that IoT is currently facing from the architectural standpoint. The paper also discussed the open issues that are of high value to researchers and can guide them for future works in IoT architecture domain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. 1.

    https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com.

References

  1. I. Cisco Systems (2019) Cisco visual networking index: forecast and trends, 2017–2022 white paper. Cisco Forecast Methodol 2017–2022 [Online]. http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-481360_ns827_Networking_Solutions_White_Paper.html

  2. Hanes D, Salgueiro G, Grossetete P, Barton R, Henry J (2017) IoT fundamentals: networking technologies, protocols, and use cases for the internet of things. Cisco Press

    Google Scholar 

  3. Aman AHM, Yadegaridehkordi E, Attarbashi ZS, Hassan R, Park YJ (2020) A survey on trend and classification of internet of things reviews. IEEE Access 8:111763–111782. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3002932

  4. Lin J, Yu W, Zhang N, Yang X, Zhang H, Zhao W (2017) A survey on internet of things: architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy, and applications. IEEE Int Things J 4(5):1125–1142. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2683200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Ray PP (2018) A survey on internet of things architectures. J King Saud Univ Comput Inf Sci 30(3):291–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2016.10.003

  6. Shah SH, Yaqoob I (2016) A survey: internet of things (IOT) technologies, applications and challenges. In: 2016 4th IEEE international conference on smart energy grid engineering SEGE 2016, vol i, pp 381–385. https://doi.org/10.1109/SEGE.2016.7589556

  7. Tan J, Koo SGM (2014) A survey of technologies in internet of things. In: Proceedings—IEEE international conference on distributed computing in sensor systems, pp 269–274. https://doi.org/10.1109/DCOSS.2014.45

  8. Nikoui TS, Rahmani AM, Balador A, Haj H, Javadi S (2021) internet of things architecture challenges: a systematic review. Int J Commun Syst 34(4):1–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.4678

  9. Burhanuddin MA, Mohammed AAJ, Ismail R, Basiron H (2017) Internet of things architecture: current challenges and future direction of research. Int J Appl Eng Res 12(21):11055–11061

    Google Scholar 

  10. Salman A (2020) Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications: a survey. Int J Comput Appl 175(21):22–27. https://doi.org/10.5120/ijca2020919916

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Al-Qaseemi SA, Almulhim HA, Almulhim MF, Chaudhry SR (2017) IoT architecture challenges and issues: lack of standardization. In: FTC 2016—Proceedings of Future Technologies Conference (FTC) 2016, December, pp 731–738. https://doi.org/10.1109/FTC.2016.7821686

  12. El Hakim A (2018) Internet of Things (IoT) system architecture and technologies, March, pp 0–5. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17046.19521

  13. Razzaque MA, Milojevic-Jevric M, Palade A, Cla S (2016) Middleware for internet of things: a survey. IEEE Int Things J 3(1):70–95. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2015.2498900

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Gupta BB, Quamara M (2020) An overview of internet of things (IoT): architectural aspects, challenges, and protocols. Concurr Comput 32(21):1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.4946

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kearney P, Asal R (2019) ERAMIS: a reference architecture-based methodology for IoT systems. In: Proceedings—2019 IEEE world congress on services, vol 2642–939X, pp 366–367. https://doi.org/10.1109/SERVICES.2019.00106

  16. Firouzi F, Chakrabarty K, Nassif S, Device F (2020) Intelligent internet of things

    Google Scholar 

  17. Silva BN, Khan M, Han K (2018) Internet of things: a comprehensive review of enabling technologies, architecture, and challenges. IETE Tech Rev (Institution Electron Telecommun Eng India) 35(2):205–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/02564602.2016.1276416

  18. Al-Fuqaha A, Guizani M, Mohammadi M, Aledhari M, Ayyash M (2015) Internet of things: a survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials 17(4):2347–2376. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2015.2444095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Shaikh FK, Zeadally S, Member S, Exposito E (2015) Enabling technologies for green internet of things. IEEE Syst J 1–12

    Google Scholar 

  20. Giri A, Dutta S, Neogy S, Dahal K, Pervez Z (2017) Internet of things (IoT): a survey on architecture, enabling technologies, applications and challenges. In: ACM’s international conference proceedings series 2017. https://doi.org/10.1145/3109761.3109768

  21. Palattella MR et al (2016) Internet of things in the 5G era: enablers, architecture, and business models. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 34(3):510–527. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2016.2525418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Khan R, Khan SU, Zaheer R, Khan S (2012) Future internet: the internet of things architecture, possible applications and key challenges. In: Proceedings—international conference on frontiers of information technology FIT 2012, April 2017, pp 257–260. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIT.2012.53

  23. Chen P (2016) Standard for an architectural framework for the Internet of Things (IoT)—IEEE P2413. In: Proceedings of international instrumentation symposium, pp 67–75

    Google Scholar 

  24. dos Santos MG, Ameyed D, Petrillo F, Jaafar F, Cheriet M (2020) Internet of things architectures: a comparative study, April [Online]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.12936

  25. Wu M, Lu TJ, Ling FY, Sun J, Du HY (2010) Research on the architecture of internet of things. In: ICACTE 2010—2010 3rd international conference on advanced computer theory and engineering proceedings, vol 5, September 2010. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACTE.2010.5579493

  26. Atzori L, Iera A, Morabito G (2011) SIoT: giving a social structure to the internet of things. IEEE Commun Lett 15(11):1193–1195. https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2011.090911.111340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Singh SP, Kumar V, Singh AK, Singh S (2020) A survey on internet of things (IoT): layer specific vs. domain specific architecture. In: Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies, vol 44, July, pp 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37051-0_39

  28. Alaba FA, Othman M, Hashem IAT, Alotaibi F (2016) Internet of things security: a survey. J Netw Comput Appl 88:10–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2017.04.002

  29. Tawalbeh L, Muheidat F, Tawalbeh M, Quwaider M (2020) IoT privacy and security: challenges and solutions. Appl Sci 10(12):1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/APP10124102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Jing Q, Vasilakos AV, Wan J, Lu J, Qiu D (2014) Security of the internet of things: perspectives and challenges. Wirel Netw 20(8):2481–2501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-014-0761-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Minoli D, Occhiogrosso B (2018) Blockchain mechanisms for IoT security. Int Things (Netherlands) 1–2:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2018.05.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Dorri A, Kanhere SS, Jurdak R, Gauravaram P (2017) Blockchain for IoT security and privacy: the case study of a smart home. In: 2017 IEEE international conference on pervasive computing and communications: workshops PerCom Work, pp 618–623. https://doi.org/10.1109/PERCOMW.2017.7917634

  33. Altmann J, Al-Athwari B, Carlini E, Coppola M, Dazzi P, Ferrer AJ, Violos J (2017) BASMATI: an architecture for managing cloud and edge resources for mobile users. In: Lecture notes in computer science (including subseries lecture notes in artificial intelligence and lecture notes in bioinformatics), vol 10537 LNCS, pp 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68066-8_5

  34. Al-athwari B, Azam HM (2020) Resource allocation in the integration of IoT, fog, and cloud computing: state-of-the-art and open challenges. In: Proceedings of international conference on smart computing and cyber security, pp 247–259

    Google Scholar 

  35. Violos J, de Lira VM, Dazzi P, Altmann J, Al-Athwari B, Schwichtenberg A, Tserpes K (2017) User behavior and application modeling in decentralized edge cloud infrastructures. In: Lecture notes in computer science (including subseries lecture notes in artificial intelligence and lecture notes in bioinformatics), vol 10537 LNCS, pp 193–203, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68066-8_15

  36. Kakhani MK, Kakhani S, Biradar SR (2013) Research issues in big data analytics. Int J Appl Innov Eng Manag 2(8):228–232 [Online]. www.ijaiem.org

  37. Messaoud S, Bradai A, Bukhari SHR, Quang PTA, Ahmed OB, Atri M (2020) A survey on machine learning in internet of things: algorithms, strategies, and applications. Int Things (Netherlands) 12:100314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2020.100314

  38. Adi E, Anwar A, Baig Z, Zeadally S (2020) Machine learning and data analytics for the IoT. Neural Comput Appl 32(20):16205–16233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-020-04874-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Greengard S (2015) The internet of things. MIT Press

    Google Scholar 

  40. Muthulakshmi P, Udhayapriya S (2018) A survey on big data issues and challenges. Int J Comput Sci Eng 6(6):1238–1244. https://doi.org/10.26438/ijcse/v6i6.12381244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Ghaleb SM, Subramaniam S, Zukarnain ZA, Muhammed A (2016) Mobility management for IoT: a survey. Eurasip J Wirel Commun Netw 1:2016. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-016-0659-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Adege AB, Lin HP, Wang LC (2020) Mobility predictions for IoT devices using gated recurrent unit network. IEEE Int Things J 7(1):505–517. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2019.2948075

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Baseem Al-athwari .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Al-athwari, B., Hossain, M.A. (2022). IoT Architecture: Challenges and Open Research Issues. In: Pattnaik, P.K., Sain, M., Al-Absi, A.A. (eds) Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Smart Computing and Cyber Security. SMARTCYBER 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 395. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9480-6_39

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics