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China’s Intellectuals and Chinese Culture in Hong Kong

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Hong Kong History

Part of the book series: Hong Kong Studies Reader Series ((HKSRS))

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Abstract

Chinese intellectuals have been visiting Hong Kong and sojourning in the city since its establishment as a British colony in 1842. Throughout the whole colonial period (1842–1997), these intellectuals had been dedicating themselves to the quest for Chinese national salvation. On some occasions, they also showed their affection for the beautiful sceneries of the city’s outskirts. However, these “south-coming intellectuals” (nanlai wenren 南來文人), as it is widely known, rarely assimilated into the local society. Many of them took shelter in Hong Kong to escape from political turbulence in the Chinese mainland. They would return to their homeland once stability was restored in China. Whenever there was a change of political regime, some loyalists of the former would reluctantly settle down in Hong Kong to show their opposition to the new one. They were at the same time defenders of Chinese tradition and culture. It was indeed difficult for them to assimilate into the local society, which was under heavy Western influence. Many of them, therefore, alienated themselves from Hong Kong society even though they spent the rest of their life in the city.

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Notes

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    Johnathan D. Spence, God’s Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan (New York: W.W. Norton 1996), pp. 268–273.

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    Cohen, Between Tradition and Modernity, pp. 57–83.

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    Wong Wang Chi 王宏志, “Nanlai wenhuaren: Wanng Tao moshi” 南來文化人:王韜模式 (South-coming intellectuals: The Wang Tao model), Ershiyi shiji 二十一世紀 (Twenty-first century), no. 91 (Oct 2005): 69–70.

  6. 6.

    Wong, “Nanlai wenhuaren,” p. 75.

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    See, for example, Hsiao Kung-chuan, A Modern China and a New World: K’ang Yu-wei, Reformer and Utopian, 1858–1927 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975); Philip C. Huang, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and Modern Chinese Liberalism (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972); Chang Hao, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and Intellectual Transition in China, 1890–1907 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971); Joseph R. Levenson, Liang Ch’i Ch’ao and the Mind of Modern China (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953); Zhang Pengyuan 張朋園, Liang Qichao yu Qing ji geming 梁啓超與淸季革命 (Liang Qichao and the late Qing revolution) (Taipei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo, 1964).

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    Huang Yuhe 黃宇和 (John Y. Wong), Sanshisui qian de Sun Zhongshan: Cuiheng, Tandao, Xianggang, 1866–1895 三十歲前的孫中山:翠亨、檀島、香港, 1866–1895 (Sun Yat-sen before the age of thirty: Cuiheng, Honolulu and Hong Kong, 1866–1895) (Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuju, 2011), pp. 251–442.

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    Mo Shixiang 莫世祥, Zhongshan geming zai Xianggang, 1895–1925 中山革命在香港 (1895–1925) (Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary activities in Hong Kong) (Hong Kong: Sanlian shudian, 2011).

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    Luo Xianglin 羅香林, Xianggang yu Zhong Xi wenhua zhi jiaoliu 香港與中西文化之交流 (Hong Kong and the cultural exchange between China and the West) (Hong Kong: Zhongguo xueshe, 1961), pp. 197–207.

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    Huang Junjie 黃俊傑, Dong Ya ruxue shiyu zhong de Xu Fuguan ji qi sixiang 東亞儒學視域中的徐復觀及其思想 (Xu Fuguan and his thought within East Asia’s Confucian horizons) (Taipei: Guoli Taiwan daxue chuban zhongxin, 2009).

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    Yan Binggang 顏炳罡, Zhenghe yu chongzhu: Dangdai daru Mou Zongsan xiansheng sixiang yanjiu 整合與重鑄:當代大儒牟宗三先生思想研究 (Integration and remoulding: a study of the thought of Mr. Mou Zongsan, the present-day Confucian) (Taipei: Taiwan xuesheng shuju, 1995).

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    Lo Wai Luen 盧瑋鑾, Xianggang wenxue sanbu 香港文學散步 (Taking a walk in Hong Kong literature) (Hong Kong: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1991).

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    Cheng Shu Sum 鄭樹森, Wong Kai Chi 黃繼持 and Lo Wai Luen 盧瑋鑾, “Zaoqi Xianggang xinwenxue zuopin sanrentan” 早期香港新文學作品三人談 (Forum on the works of early Hong Kong new literature), in Zaoqi Xianggang xinwenxue zuopinxuan 早期香港新文學作品選 (Selected works of early Hong Kong new literature), eds. Zheng Shusen, Huang Jichi, and Lu Weiluan (Hong Kong: Tiandi tushu youxian gongsi, 1998), pp. 22–32.

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    Xiao Yonghong 蕭永宏, “Wang Tao yu jindai zaoqi Xianggang huawen baokanye: Xunhuan ribao chuangban yuanqi kao” 王韜與近代早期香港華文報刊業:《循環日報》創辦緣起考 (Wang Tao and Chinese journalism in early Hong Kong: a study of the origins of Xunhuan ribao), Renwen Zhongguo xuebao 人文中國學報 (Sino-Humanitas), no. 19 (Oct 2013): 297–344.

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    Jiang Yinghao 蔣英豪, “Huang Zunxian’s Xianggang ganhuai yu Wang Tao Xianggang luelun” 黃遵憲〈香港感懷〉與王韜〈香港略論〉 (Huang Zunxian’s “Reflections on Hong Kong” and Wang Tao’s “Hong Kong: A Sketchy Discussion”), Zhongguo wenhua yanjiusuo xuebao 中國文化研究所學報 (Journal of Chinese studies), no. 6 (Jan 1997): 583–591.

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    Lau Chi Pang 劉智鵬, Xianggang huaren jingyin de maoqi 香港華人菁英的冒起 (The rise of Chinese elite in Hong Kong) (Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuju, 2013), pp. 132–147.

  20. 20.

    Ching May Bo 程美寶, “Gengzi peikuan yu Xianggang daxue de Zhongwen jiaoyu” 庚子賠款與香港大學的中文教育 (The boxer indemnity and the education of Chinese culture in Hong Kong University), Zhongshan daxue xuebao 中山大學學報 (社會科學版) (Journal of Sun Yat-sen University [social science edition]), no. 6 (1998): 61–73.

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    Yau Chi On 游子安, “Zhu Ruzhen yu Xianggang kongjiao xueyuan” 朱汝珍與香港孔教學院 (Zhu Ruzhen and the Hong Kong Confucian Academy), Huanan yanjiu zhiliu zhongxin tongxun 華南研究資料中心通訊 (South China Research Centre Newsletter), no. 21 (Oct 2000): 7–11.

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    Wong Oi Ling 黃愛玲 and Lee Pui Tak 李培德 eds., Lengzhan yu Xianggang dianying 冷戰與香港電影 (Cold War and Hong Kong cinema) (Hong Kong: Xianggang dianying ziliaoguan, 2009).

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    Lee Pui Tak, “Zuoyou keyi fengyuan: lengzhan shiqi de Xianggang dianyingjie” 左右可以逢源:冷戰時期的香港電影界 (Taking advantage from both the left and the right: Hong Kong cinema in the Cold War era), in Lengzhan yu Xianggang dianying, eds. Wong and Lee, pp. 83–97.

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    Luo Ka 羅卡, “Lengzhan shidai Zhongguo xuesheng zhoubao de wenhua jiaose yu xindianying wenhua de yansheng” 冷戰時代《中國學生周報》的文化角色與新電影文化的衍生 (Cultural role of Chinese student weekly and the birth of new cinematic culture in the Cold War era), in Lengzhan yu Xianggang dianying, eds. Wong and Lee, pp. 111–123.

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    Rong Shicheng 容世誠, “Weidu xiehang, zhenghe lianheng: yazhou chubanshe/yazhou yingye gongsi chutan” 圍堵頡頏, 整合連橫:亞洲出版社/亞洲影業公司初探 (A preliminary study of Asia Press/Asia Pictures Limited), in Lengzhan yu Xianggang dianying, eds. Wong and Lee, pp. 125–137.

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    Chiu Yu Lok 趙雨樂, Jindai nanlai wenren de Xianggang yinxiang yu guozu yishi 近代南來文人的香港印象與國族意識 (National consciousness and Hong Kong Impression of the south-coming intellectuals during the modern times) (Hong Kong: Sanlian shudian, 2016).

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    Chan Hok Yin 陳學然, Wusi zai Xianggang: zhimin qingjing, minzu zhuyi ji bentu yishi 五四在香港:殖民情境、民族主義及本土意識 (The May Fourth in Hong Kong: colonial context, nationalism and localist consciousness) (Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuju, 2014).

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    Grace Ai-ling Chou, Confucianism, Colonialism, and the Cold War: Chinese Cultural Education at Hong Kong’s New Asia College, 1949–63 (Leiden: Brill, 2011).

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    Chen Zhengmao 陳正茂, Wuling niandai Xianggang disan shili yundong shiliao soumi 五零年代香港第三勢力運動史料蒐秘 (Exploring the secrets of the Third Force Movement in Hong Kong in the 1950s) (Taipei: Xiuwei zixun keji gufen youxian gongsi, 2011).

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    Lin Hsiao-ting 林孝庭, Taihai lengzhan jiemi dang’an 台海冷戰解密檔案 (Declassified documents of the Cold War in the Taiwan Strait) (Hong Kong: Sanlian shudian, 2015), pp. 73–105.

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    Yung Kai Chung 容啟聰, “Minzhu shehui zhuyi zai lengzhan Xianggang: cong lilun chanshu dao shehui guanzhu” 民主社會主義在冷戰香港:從理論闡述到社會關注 (Democratic socialism in Hong Kong during the Cold War era: from theoretical exploration to social concern), Zhongguo wenhua yanjiusuo xuebao 中國文化研究所學報 (Journal of Chinese studies), no. 67 (Jul 2018): 229–249.

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    Au Chi Kin 區志堅, “Yi Xianggang wei guancha de kuadiyu biaoshu: 1950 niandai Ziyou zhenxian piping Guo Gong ji Ou Mei zhengce de yanlun” 以香港為觀察的跨地域表述:1950 年代《自由陣線》批評國共及歐美政策的言論 (Transregional discourse as seen from Hong Kong: Criticisms of the Nationalists, the Communists and the European and American policy in Ziyou zhenxian in the 1950s), in Zhongguo yu shijie zhi duoyuan lishi tanlun 中國與世界之多元歷史探論 (China and the world: a study of history from multiple perspectives), eds. Chen Ming Kau 陳明球, Bao Siu Lam 鮑紹霖, Mak King Sang 麥勁生, and Au Chi Kin 區志堅 (Hong Kong: City University Press, 2019), pp. 345–372.

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    Wang Meixiang 王梅香, “Yinbi quanli: Meiyuan wenyi tizhi xia de Tai Gang wenxue (1950–1962)” 隱蔽權力:美援文藝體制下的臺港文學 (1950–1962) (Hidden power: Literature in Taiwan and Hong Kong under the American-aid system) (PhD diss., National Tsing Hua University, 2015); Wu Zhaogang 吳兆剛, “Wushi niandai Zhongguo xuesheng zhoubao wenyiban yanjiu” 五十年代《中國學生周報》文藝版研究 (A study of the literary section of Chinese student weekly in the 1950s) (MPhil. thesis, Lingnan University, 2007); Lin Siqing 林思晴, “Xianggang youlian kanwu zhi Qiong Yao wenben yanjiu (1950–1970)” 香港友聯刊物之瓊瑤文本研究 (1950–1970) (A textual study of Qiong Yao’s works in the Union Press’ publications in Hong Kong, 1950–1970) (M.A. thesis, National Tsing Hua University, 2018).

  35. 35.

    Lo Wai Luen 盧瑋鑾 and Hung Chi Kam 熊志琴, Xianggang wenhua zhongshengdao 香港文化眾聲道 (Multilingual Hong Kong culture), vol. 1 (Hong Kong: Joint Publishing, 2014); Lo Wai Luen and Hung Chi Kam, Xianggang wenhua zhongshengdao, vol. 2 (Hong Kong: Joint Publishing, 2017).

  36. 36.

    Democratic Self-Government Party of Hong Kong, Declaration of the Democratic Self-Government Party of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Democratic Self-Government Party of Hong Kong, 1964).

  37. 37.

    An incomplete collection of Xinshehui is available at the University of Hong Kong library. For Ma Man Fai’s booklet, see Ma Man Fai 馬文輝, Minzhu luntan 民主論壇 (Forum on democracy) (Hong Kong: Xian Guochi, 1990).

  38. 38.

    See “Democratic Self-government Party, H.K. – NC,” HKRS70-6-389; “Hong Kong Democratic Self-government Party (and Labor Party of Hong Kong),” HKMS158-1-288, Government Records Service, Hong Kong.

  39. 39.

    Mark Chi-kwan, Hong Kong and the Cold War: Anglo-American Relations 1949–1957 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).

  40. 40.

    Jin Yaoru 金堯如, Zhonggong Xianggang zhengce miwen shilu: Jin Yaoru wushinian Xiangjiang yiwang 中共香港政策秘聞實錄: 金堯如五十年香江憶往 (Secret of the Chinese Communist Party’s Hong Kong policy: Jin Yaoru’s memoir of his fifty years in Hong Kong) (Hong Kong: Tianyuan shuwu, 1998).

  41. 41.

    Liang Muxian 梁慕嫻, Wo yu Xianggang dixiadang 我與香港地下黨 (The underground party in Hong Kong and I) (Hong Kong: Kaifang chubanshe, 2012).

  42. 42.

    Mak Yan Yan 麥欣恩, Xianggang dianying yu Xinjiapo: Lengzhan shidai Xing Gang wenhua lianxi 香港電影與新加坡 冷戰時代星港文化連繫, 1950–1965 (Hong Kong cinema and Singapore: A cultural ring between two cities, 1950–1965) (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2018).

  43. 43.

    Kenneth Kai-chung Yung, “Personal Sympathy and National Interests: The Formation and Evolution of Congressman Walter H. Judd’s Anti-communism, 1925–1963” (MPhil. thesis., University of Hong Kong, 2008), pp. 198–206.

  44. 44.

    Madeline Y. Hsu, “Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals, Inc. and the Political Uses of Humanitarian Relief, 1952–1962,” Journal of Chinese Overseas 10, no. 2 (Nov 2014): 137–164; Laura Madokoro, “Surveying Hong Kong in the 1950s: Western Humanitarians and the ‘Problem’ of Chinese Refugees,” Modern Asian Studies 49, no. 2 (Mar 2015): 493–524.

  45. 45.

    Situ Hua 司徒華, Dajiang dongqu: Situ Hua huiyilu 大江東去:司徒華回憶錄 (The great river flows east: The memoirs of Szeto Wah) (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press 2011).

  46. 46.

    Mark Chi-kwan, “To ‘Educate’ Deng Xiaoping in Capitalism: Thatcher’s visit to China and the Future of Hong Kong in 1982,” Cold War History 17, no. 2 (Dec 2015): 161–180; Mark Chi-kwan, “Crisis or Opportunity? Britain, China, and the Decolonization of Hong Kong in the Long 1970s,” in China, Hong Kong, and the Long 1970s: Global Perspectives, eds. Priscilla M. Roberts and Odd Arne Westad (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), pp. 257–277.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong

    Kenneth Kai-Chung Yung

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  1. Kenneth Kai-Chung Yung
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Correspondence to Kenneth Kai-Chung Yung .

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  1. Department of History, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong

    Man-Kong Wong

  2. Department of History, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong

    Chi-Man Kwong

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Yung, K.KC. (2022). China’s Intellectuals and Chinese Culture in Hong Kong. In: Wong, MK., Kwong, CM. (eds) Hong Kong History. Hong Kong Studies Reader Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2806-1_6

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