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Comparison of Capitalist Parliamentary Systems

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A Comparative Study of Representative Systems

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Abstract

The study of the representative system can not be conducted in isolation from the representative system itself.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The data was collected in the mid-1990s.

  2. 2.

    Zha, Y. L. (1994) ‘Shenme shi moshilun?’ [What is a Pattern Theory?], Social Science Research, No.2.

  3. 3.

    See Morgan, H. (1877) Ancient Society, London: MacMillan & Company.

  4. 4.

    Smelser, N. (1976/2013) Comparative Methods in the Social Sciences, New Orleans: Quid Pro Books, p. 164.

  5. 5.

    This classification is advocated by most Chinese scholars. The influence of the capitalist parliamentary system on state organs discussed in Chap. 5 of this book is also grounded on this classification. However, it has a great flaw in that it mixes up the polity, organizational form of political power, executive organ system with the organizational system of political power that belongs to the category of the representative system. This classification has been included into different categories that are intrinsically different as mentioned above, so it is not merely a classification of parliamentary system in fact.

  6. 6.

    See Li, L. (1991) Lifa jiguan bijiao yanjiu [A Comparative Study of Legislative Bodies], Beijing: People’s Daily Press, Chapter 3.

  7. 7.

    Beetham, D. (1989) Makesi Weibo yu xiandai zhengzhi lilun [Max Weber and the Theory of Modern Politics], trans. Xu, H. B., Xu K. J. & Kang L. W., Hangzhou: Zhejiang People’s Publishing House, pp. 97–106. cf. Beetham, D. (1974) Max Weber and the Theory of Modern Politics, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., pp. 98–102.

  8. 8.

    Cao, P. L. et al. (1993) Bijiao zhengfu tizhi [A Comparison of Government System], Shanghai: Fudan University Press, p. 3.

  9. 9.

    Satou, I. (1984) Bijiao zhengzhi zhidu [Comparative Political System], trans. Liu, Q. L. and Zhang G. B., Beijing: Law Press·China, p. 112.

  10. 10.

    Yingguo zhengfu jigou [The British Government Institutions] (1973), Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House, p. 15.

  11. 11.

    ibid, p. 115.

  12. 12.

    ibid, p. 112.

  13. 13.

    Satou, I. (1984) Bijiao zhengzhi zhidu [Comparative Political System], trans. Liu, Q. L. and Zhang G. B., Beijing: Law Press·China, p. 113.

  14. 14.

    ibid.

  15. 15.

    Of course, some of the countries mentioned above have not announced explicitly that the monarch is one part of the parliament, like Japan. However, as their power structures and power relations are similar to the “monarchical parliamentary system”, the author also classifies them into this category.

  16. 16.

    Chapsal, J. et al. (1981) 1940 nian yilai de Faguo zhengzhi shenghuo [French Political Life Since 1940], trans. Quan, K. K. et al., Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, p. 144.

  17. 17.

    Cao, P. L. et al. (1993) Bijiao zhengfu tizhi [A Comparison of Government System], Shanghai: Fudan University Press, p. 179.

  18. 18.

    Li, D. K. (1990) Meiguo zhengfu he Meiguo zhengzhi [American Government and American Politics], Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, p. 391.

  19. 19.

    Satou, I. (1984) Bijiao zhengzhi zhidu [Comparative Political System], trans. Liu, Q. L. and Zhang G. B., Beijing: Law Press·China, p. 203.

  20. 20.

    Miller, D. and Bogdanor, V. (eds) (1992) The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Science, New York: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 561.

  21. 21.

    Yang, Z. G. et al. (1992) Xifang zhengzhi zhidu bijiao [A Comparison of Western Political Systems], Beijing: World Affairs Press, p. 292.

  22. 22.

    Cf. Article 49 of Constitution of October 4, 1958.

  23. 23.

    Cf. Article 50 of Constitution of October 4, 1958.

  24. 24.

    Chapsal, J. et al. (1981) 1940 nian yilai de Faguo zhengzhi shenghuo [French Political Life Since 1940], trans. Quan, K. K. et al., Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, p. 379.

  25. 25.

    Cf. Article 8 of Constitution of October 4, 1958.

  26. 26.

    Cf. Article 5 of Constitution of October 4, 1958.

  27. 27.

    Yang, Z. G. et al. (1992) Xifang zhengzhi zhidu bijiao [A Comparison of Western Political Systems], Beijing: World Affairs Press, p. 292.

  28. 28.

    Gong, X. R. (1985) Bijiao xianfa yu xingzhengfa [Comparative Constitutions and Administrative Laws], Beijing: Law Press·China, p. 28.

  29. 29.

    Satou, I. (1984) Bijiao zhengzhi zhidu [Comparative Political System], trans. Liu, Q. L. and Zhang G. B., Beijing: Law Press·China, p. 183.

  30. 30.

    Chapsal, J. et al. (1981) 1940 nian yilai de Faguo zhengzhi shenghuo [French Political Life Since 1940], trans. Quan K. K. et al., Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, pp. 4&129.

  31. 31.

    Hong, B. (1993) Faguo zhengzhi zhidu bianqian [The Evolution of the Political System in France], Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, p. 198.

  32. 32.

    Satou, I. (1984) Bijiao zhengzhi zhidu [Comparative Political System], trans. Liu Q. L. and Zhang G. B., Beijing: Law Press·China, p. 55.

  33. 33.

    Cao, S. L. (1989). Lun Meiguo de minzhu [On American Democracy], Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, p. 158.

  34. 34.

    Satou, I. (1984) Bijiao zhengzhi zhidu [Comparative Political System], trans. Liu, Q. L. and Zhang G. B., Beijing: Law Press·China, p. 205.

  35. 35.

    Satou, I. (1984) Bijiao zhengzhi zhidu [Comparative Political System], trans. Liu Q. L. and Zhang G. B., Beijing: Law Press·China, p. 207.

  36. 36.

    ibid, p. 205.

  37. 37.

    Satou, I. (1984) Bijiao zhengzhi zhidu [Comparative Political System], trans. Liu, Q. L. and Zhang G. B., Beijing: Law Press·China, p. 205.

  38. 38.

    de Gaulle, C. (1973) Xiwang huiyilu [Memoires d’espoir], Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Press, vol.1, p. 289.

  39. 39.

    Cf. Almond, G. and J. Coleman (eds) (1960) The Politics of the Developing Areas, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

  40. 40.

    Dong, C. S. (1986) Zhengti Lun [On Forms of Government], Beijing: China Expectation Press, pp. 123–124.

  41. 41.

    Yang, B. H. and Ming X. (1984) Zibenzhuyi guojia zhengzhi zhidu [Political Systems in Capitalist Countries], Beijing: World Affairs Press, p. 128.

  42. 42.

    Hong, B. (1993) Faguo zhengzhi zhidu bianqian [The Evolution of the Political System in France], Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, pp. 117–121.

  43. 43.

    Hong, B. (1993) Faguo zhengzhi zhidu bianqian [The Evolution of the Political System in France], Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, pp. 128–129.

  44. 44.

    Li, L. (1991) Lifa Jiguan Bijiao Yanjiu [A Comparative Study of Legislature], Beijing: People’s Daily Press, p. 121.

  45. 45.

    Li, L. (1991) Lifa jiguan bijiao yanjiu [A Comparative Study of Legislature], Beijing: People’s Daily Press, p. 120.

  46. 46.

    Li, L. (1991) Lifa jiguan bijiao yanjiu [A Comparative Study of Legislature], Beijing: People’s Daily Press, p. 118.

  47. 47.

    ibid, pp. 118–120.

  48. 48.

    Li, L. (1991) Lifa jiguan bijiao yanjiu [A Comparative Study of Legislature], Beijing: People’s Daily Press, p. 162.

  49. 49.

    Vile, M. (1988) Meiguo zhengzhi [Politics in the USA], trans. Wang, H. et al., Beijing: The Commercial Press, pp. 142–143.

  50. 50.

    Wilson, W. (1885/2011) Congressional Government, Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, p. 9.

  51. 51.

    Wilson, W. (1885/2011) Congressional Government, Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, p. 52.

  52. 52.

    Cited in Zuo, L. S. (1981) Geguo guohui zhidu [Parliamentary System in different Countries], Taiwan: Taiwan Cheng Chung Bookstore, p. 28.

  53. 53.

    Li, L. (1991). Lifa Jiguan Bijiao Yanjiu [A Comparative Study of Legislature], Beijing: People’s Daily Press, pp. 173–180.

  54. 54.

    Cao, P. L. et al. (1993) Bijiao zhengfu tizhi [A Comparison of Government System], Shanghai: Fudan University Press, p. 502.

  55. 55.

    Li, L. (1991). Lifa Jiguan Bijiao Yanjiu [A Comparative Study of Legislature], Beijing: People’s Daily Press, p. 98.

  56. 56.

    Cecil, H. (1986) Baoshou zhuyi [Conservatism], trans. Du, N. J., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 148. cf. Cecil, H. (1912) Conservatism, London: Williams & Norgate, p. 234.

  57. 57.

    Miller, D. and Bogdanor, V. (eds) (1992) The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Science, New York: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 640.

  58. 58.

    Man, Y. L. (1990) ‘Hunhe zhengfu xueshuo yu guizu zhengzhi’ [The Doctrine of Mixed Government and Aristocracy], World History, (6).

  59. 59.

    Hong, B. (1993) Faguo zhengzhi zhidu bianqian [The Evolution of the Political System in France], Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, p. 134.

  60. 60.

    de Montesquieu (1982) Lun fa de jingshen [The Spirit of Laws], trans. Zhang Y. S., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 158. cf. de Montesquieu (1777) The Spirit of Laws, The Online Library of Liberty © 2004 Liberty Fund, Inc., p. 189.

  61. 61.

    Zeng, F. (1993) Bijiao Xianfa [Comparative Constitutions], Taiwan: Sanmin Book Co., Ltd., p. 275.

  62. 62.

    Mill, J. (1861/2008). Considerations on Representative Government, London: The Electric Book Company, p. 97.

  63. 63.

    Wu, D. Y. et al. (1992) Bijiao lifa zhidu [A Comparison of Legislative Systems], Beijing: The Masses Press, p. 289.

  64. 64.

    Locke, J. (1982) Zhengfu lun [On Government], trans. Qu J. N. & Ye Q. F., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 86. cf. Locke, J. (1690/1988) Two Treatises of Government, London: Cambridge University Press, p. 360.

  65. 65.

    Hamilton, A. et al. (1980) Lianbang dangren wenji [The Federalist Papers], trans. Cheng F. R., Zai H. & Shu X., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 145. cf. Hamilton, A., J. Madison and J. Jay (2008) The Federalist Papers, New York: Oxford University Press Inc., p. 194.

  66. 66.

    Locke, J. (1982) Zhengfu lun [On Government], trans. Qu J. N. & Ye Q. F., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 88. cf. Locke, J. (1690/1988) Two Treatises of Government, London: Cambridge University Press, p. 362.

  67. 67.

    Cf. Zhong, X. (1990) ‘Lun zichanjieji de yihui zhiquan lilun’ [On the Power of Capitalist Parliaments], Journal of Capital Norman University, (4).

  68. 68.

    Mill, J. (1982) Daiyizhi zhengfu [Representative Government], trans. Wang X., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 80. cf. Mill, J. (1861/2008) Considerations on Representative Government, London: The Electric Book Company, p. 103.

  69. 69.

    Locke, J. (1982) Zhengfu lun [On Government], trans. Qu J. N. & Ye Q. F., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 94. cf. Locke, J. (1690/1988) Two Treatises of Government, London: Cambridge University Press, p. 362.

  70. 70.

    Jennings, I. (1959) Yingguo yihui [The British Parliament], trans. Peng B., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p123. cf. Jennings, I. (1957) Parliament, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 103–104.

  71. 71.

    Interrogation, also referred to as “great interpellation”, is a system of Germany and France, similar to the no confidence vote of the United Kingdom.

  72. 72.

    Almond, G. et al. (1987) Bijiao zhengzhixue [Comparative Politics], trans. Cao P. L. et al., Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, p. 303. cf. Almond, G. et al. (1911/1978) Comparative Politics: System, Process, and Policy, Boston: Little, Brown, p. 257.

  73. 73.

    de Gaulle, C. (1973) Xiwang huiyilu [Memoires d’espoir], Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Press, vol.1, p. 289.

  74. 74.

    Kelman, S. (1990) Zhiding gonggong zhengce [Making Public Policy], trans. Shang Z., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 38. cf. Kelman, S. (1987) Making Public Policy: A Hopeful View of American Government, New York: Basic Books, p. 44.

  75. 75.

    Hu, K. D. (1993) Yingguo de zhengzhi zhidu [The British Political System], Beijing: Social Science Academic Press.

  76. 76.

    See also Li, L. (1991) Lifa jiguan bijiao yanjiu [A Comparative Study of Legislature], Beijing: People’s Daily Press, pp. 81–82.

  77. 77.

    Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 1, p. 675. cf. Marx, K. (1852) The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte.

  78. 78.

    Kelman, S. (1990) Zhiding gonggong zhengce [Making Public Policy], trans. Shang Z., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 39. cf. Kelman, S. (1987) Making Public Policy: A hopeful View of American Government, New York: Basic Books, p. 45.

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    Yezhong Zhou

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Zhou, Y. (2024). Comparison of Capitalist Parliamentary Systems. In: A Comparative Study of Representative Systems. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4186-5_8

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