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Representative System and Party System

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A Comparative Study of Representative Systems

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Abstract

In my view, the fundamental problem that the representative system faces concerns the relationship between the representation of the minority and the interests and rights of the majority. The entrustment by the people, the consent of the people, or the “general will” is the power base of the representative organ system with the representative organs as the core, but how does the general will affect and shape our social life through the representative organs? I believe that it is of little significance to confine our study to some concepts of the representative system.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Naoki, K. (1981) Xianfa jiangyi [The Constitutional Lectures], Tokyo: Tokyo University Press, pp. 78–79.

  2. 2.

    Yang, S. (1985) Xianggang shehui gaige [Social Reform in Hong Kong], Hong Kong: Wide Angle Press, p. 255.

  3. 3.

    Cited in Miller, D. and Bogdanor, V. (eds) (1992). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Science, New York: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 512.

  4. 4.

    Cited in Miller, D. and Bogdanor, V. (eds) (1992). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Science, New York: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 512.

  5. 5.

    Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 3, p. 296. cf. Marx, K. (1875) Critique of the Gotha Programme.

  6. 6.

    Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1959), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 10, p. 58. cf. Lenin, V. (1905) ‘The Socialist Party and Non-Party Revolutionism’.

  7. 7.

    Huntington, S. (1988) Biange shehui zhong de zhengzhi zhixu [Political Order in Changing Societies], trans. Li S. P., Beijing: Hua Xia Publishing House, p. 90. cf. Huntington, S. (1968) Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 91.

  8. 8.

    Miller, D. and Bogdanor, V. (eds) (1992). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Science, New York: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 520–521.

  9. 9.

    ibid.

  10. 10.

    He, H. H. (1988). Bijiao xianfaxue [Comparative Constitutional Law], Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, pp. 321–323.

  11. 11.

    Bryce, J. (1921) Modern Democracies, New York: The Macmillan Company, p. 114.

  12. 12.

    Cf. Mastellone, S. (1990) Ouzhou minzhu shi: cong Mengdesijiu dao Kaiersen [History of Democracy in Europe: From Montesquieu to Kelsen], trans. Huang, H. G, Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, pp. 399–400.

  13. 13.

    Cited in Goodnow, F. (1987) Zhengzhi yu xingzheng [Politics and Administration], trans. Wang Y. & Yang B. P., Beijing: Hua Xia Publishing House, p. 8. cf. Goodnow, F. (1900/2017) Politics and Administration: A Study in Government, New York: Routledge of Taylor and Francis Group, p. 150.

  14. 14.

    Goodnow, F. (1987) Zhengzhi yu xingzheng [Politics and Administration], trans. Wang Y. & Yang B. P., Beijing: Hua Xia Publishing House, p. 57. cf. Goodnow, F. (1900/2017) Politics and Administration: A Study in Government, New York: Routledge of Taylor and Francis Group, pp. 104–105.

  15. 15.

    GosnEll, H. and Smolka, G. (1980) Meiguo zhengdang he xuanju [American Political Parties and Elections], trans. Fudan University International Politics Department, Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, p. 2.

  16. 16.

    Gollan, J. (1952) Yingguo zhengzhi zhidu [The British Political System], trans. Xi M., Beijing: People’s Publishing House, p. 81. cf. Gollan, J. (1954) The British Political System, London: Lawrence & Wishart Ltd, p. 76.

  17. 17.

    It was renamed as the Association of Conservative and Liberal Unionist Groups in 1912 and National Union of conservative and Unionist Associations in 1924.

  18. 18.

    Wu, J. et al. (1991) Minzhu yu zhengdang [Democracy and Political Parties], Beijing: Party School Press of the Central Committee of CPC, p. 17.

  19. 19.

    Wu, J. et al. (1991) Minzhu yu zhengdang [Democracy and Political Parties], Beijing: Party School Press of the Central Committee of CPC, p. 8.

  20. 20.

    Lipset, S. (1993) Zhengzhi ren [Political Man], trans. Liu G. M. & Nie R., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 58. cf. Lipset, S. (1960) Political Man: The social bases of politics, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., p. 83.

  21. 21.

    Cf. Miller, D. and Bogdanor, V. (eds) (1992) The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Science, New York: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 512.

  22. 22.

    Cf. Gosnell, H. and Smolka, R. (1980). American Parties and Elections, trans. Fudan University International Politics Department, Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, pp. 7–8.

  23. 23.

    Cf. Huntington, S. (1988) Biange shehui zhong de zhengzhi zhixu [Political Order in Changing Societies], trans. Li, S. P., Beijing: Hua Xia Publishing House, Chapter 7: Political parties and political stability.

  24. 24.

    Huntington, S. (1988) Biange shehui zhong de zhengzhi zhixu [Political Order in Changing Societies], trans. Li S. P., Beijing: Hua Xia Publishing House, p. 387. cf. Huntington, S. (1968) Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 398.

  25. 25.

    Zhang, Y. Y. (1982) Xuexi xin xianfa [Learning the New Constitution], Tianjin: Tianjin People’s Publishing House, p. 15.

  26. 26.

    Cf. Nie, Y. L. (1988) Zhongguo shehuizhuyi minzhu zhidu de fazhan he xianzhuang [The Development and Present Situation of China’s Socialist Democratic System], Wuhan: Hebei People’s Publishing House, pp. 191–195.

  27. 27.

    Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 1, p. 273. cf. Marx, K. and F. Engels (1848) Manifesto of the Communist Party.

  28. 28.

    Cf. Gao, F. (1992) ‘Zhengdang zhidu’ [Political Party System], in Encyclopedia of China: Politics, Beijing: Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, pp. 477–478.

  29. 29.

    Mastellone, S. (1992) Ouzhou zhengzhi sixiang shi: cong shiwu shiji dao ershi shiji [History of European Political Thoughts: From 15th Century to 20th Century], trans. Huang, H. G, Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, p. 156.

  30. 30.

    Rawls, J. (1999) Zhengyi lun [A Theory of Justice], trans. He H. H, He B. G. & Liao S. B., Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, p. 213. cf. Rawls, J. (1999) A Theory of Justice, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, p. 196.

  31. 31.

    Cf. Gong, B. S. & Yang, S. W. (1990) ‘Zichanjieji duodangzhi wokui: jianlun zai Zhongguo weishenme buneng gao Xifang shi de Duodangzhi’ [Bourgeois Multiparty System and Why China Cannot Implement Western Multiparty System], Politics in China (1):101.

  32. 32.

    Cf. Makesi Engesi quanji [Marx and Engels Collected Works] (1962), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 11, p. 399.

  33. 33.

    Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 3, p. 12. cf. Engels, F. (1891) On the 20th Anniversary of the Paris Commune.

  34. 34.

    Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1959), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 18, p. 398. cf. Lenin, V. (1912) ‘The Results and Significance of the U.S. Presidential Elections’.

  35. 35.

    Cao, P. L. et al. (1993) Bijiao zhengfu tizhi [A Comparison of Government System], Shanghai: Fudan University Press, p. 15.

  36. 36.

    Fedorov, S. (1959) Xiandai Yingguo guojia jigou zhong de liangdangzhi [The Two-party System in Modern British State Institutions], trans. He Y. M., Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House, pp. 19–20.

  37. 37.

    Xiong, F. (ed.) (1986) Shijie zengdang cidian [Dictionary of World Political Parties], Beijing: Hongqi Publishing House, p. 622.

  38. 38.

    Cf. Gosnell, H. and R. Smolka (1992) Meiguo zhengdang yu xuanju [American Parties and Elections], trans. Fudan University International Politics Department, Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, pp. 19–20. cf. Sorauf, Frank J. (1980) Party Politics in America, Boston & Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, p. 237.

  39. 39.

    Cf. Wilson, James Q. et al. (1980) American Government: Institutions and policies, Boston: Cengage Learning, p. 134.

  40. 40.

    Saye, Albert B., F. A. John and B. P. Merrit (1950/1990) Principles of American Government, Englewood Cliffs of New Jersey: Prentice Hall, p. 119.

  41. 41.

    Sorauf, F. J. (1968) Party Policies in America, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, p. 330.

  42. 42.

    Ibid, p. 335.

  43. 43.

    Dye, T. R. (1980) Shui zhangguan Meiguo [Who is Running America], trans. Mei S. & Wang D. C., Beijing: World Affairs Press, p. 334. cf. Dye, T. R. (1934/1983) Who Is Running America: The Reagan years, Englewood Cliffs of New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., p. 106.

  44. 44.

    Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1958), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 31, p. 40. cf. Lenin, V. (1920) “Left-Wing” Communism: An Infantile Disorder.

  45. 45.

    Makesi Engesi quanji [Marx and Engels Collected Works] (1964), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 18, p. 179. cf. Marx, K. (1972) ‘La Liberte Speech’.

  46. 46.

    Kardelj, E. (1981) Minzhu yu shehuizhuyi [Democracy and Socialism], trans. Qiu Y. J. and Zhou X. B., Beijing: People’s Publishing House, pp. 34–35.

  47. 47.

    Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1957), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 30, p. 241. cf. Lenin, V. (1919) The Constituent Assembly Elections and The Dictatorship of the Proletariat.

  48. 48.

    Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1956), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 28, p. 228. cf. Lenin, V. (1918) The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky.

  49. 49.

    Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1958), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 25, p. 476. cf. Lenin, V. (1918) The State and Revolution.

  50. 50.

    Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 1, p. 239. cf. Engels, F. (1847) The Principles of Communism.

  51. 51.

    Liening xuanji [Lenin Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 3, p. 770. cf. Lenin, V. (1919) ‘Report on the Party Programme’.

  52. 52.

    Gu, X. R. et al. (1990) Dangzhi zhi zheng [Debate on Party Systems], Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House, p. 21.

  53. 53.

    Makesi Engesi quanji [Marx and Engels Collected Works] (1963), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 17, p. 455. cf. Marx, K. (1871) ‘Resolution on Working Class Political Action’.

  54. 54.

    Chirkin, S. (1988) Xianfa yu zhengzhi zhidu [Constitution and Political System], trans. Zhou, W. et al., Chengdu: Sichuan University Press, p. 58.

  55. 55.

    Gu, X. R. et al. (1990) Dangzhi zhi zheng [Debate on Party Systems], Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House, p. 23.

  56. 56.

    Cf. He, H. H. (1992) Renmin daibiao dahui zhidu de Lilun yu shijian [Theory and Practice of the System of People’s Congress], Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, pp. 33–36.

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    Yezhong Zhou

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Zhou, Y. (2024). Representative System and Party System. In: A Comparative Study of Representative Systems. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4186-5_6

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