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Representative System and Popular Sovereignty

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A Comparative Study of Representative Systems

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Abstract

Since the representative system emerged, it has quickly spread to various countries in the world and become an important part of the political system of different countries, in spite of different objective historical reasons for its emergence. However, the representative system is not necessarily equal to democracy. “Only when the representative system has succeeded in ensuring that the government acts in accordance with the will and demands of the people, is it justifiable to call it a representative democracy.” Therefore, the representative system is often criticized by people both in theory and in practice. Taking a survey of different views, we can find that the key problem lies in how to understand and deal with the relationship between the representative system and popular sovereignty.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Law Institute of Shanghai Academy of Social Science (ed.) (1982) Constitution, Shanghai: Knowledge Press, p. 148.

  2. 2.

    Makesi Engesi quanji [Marx and Engels Collected Works] (1962), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 12, p. 733. cf. Marx, K. (1857) Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy (Rough Daft).

  3. 3.

    Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 3, p. 356. cf. Engels, F. (1880) Socialism: Utopian and Scientific.

  4. 4.

    Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 3, p. 447. cf. Engels, F (1877) Anti-Dühring.

  5. 5.

    Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 3, p. 607. cf. Engels, F. (1880) Socialism: Utopian and Scientific.

  6. 6.

    Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 3, p. 119. cf. Engels, F. (1880) Socialism: Utopian and Scientific.

  7. 7.

    Makesi Engesi quanji [Marx and Engels Collected Works] (1956), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 1, p. 279. cf. Marx, K. (1843) Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right.

  8. 8.

    Makesi Engesi quanji [Marx and Engels Collected Works] (1961), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 6, p. 305. cf. Marx, K. (1849) Speech at The Trial of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats.

  9. 9.

    Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 3, p. 482. cf. Engels, F. (1877) Anti-Dühring.

  10. 10.

    Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1959), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 8, p. 524. cf. Lenin, V. (1905) ‘Three Constitutions or Three Systems of Government’.

  11. 11.

    Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 2, p. 13. cf. Marx, K. (1871) The Civil War in France.

  12. 12.

    Scharf, C. (1988) Minzhu deguo de zhengzhi yu biange [Politics and Change in East Germany], trans. Qin G., Beijing: Chunqiu chubanshe [Spring and Autumn Publishing House], pp. 37–38. cf. Scharf, C. (1984/2019) Politics and Change in East Germany, New York: Routledge, p. 36.

  13. 13.

    Scharf, C. (1988) Minzhu deguo de zhengzhi yu biange [Politics and Change in East Germany], trans. Qin G., Beijing: Chunqiu chubanshe [Spring and Autumn Publishing House], p. 38. cf. Scharf, C. (1984/2019) Politics and Change in East Germany, New York: Routledge, p. 36.

  14. 14.

    Miller, D. and Bogdanor, V. (eds) (1992) The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Science, New York: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 563.

  15. 15.

    Huntington, S. (1988) Biange shehui zhong de zhengzhi zhixu [Political Order in Changing Societies], trans. Li S. P., Hua Xia Publishing House, p. 35. cf. Huntington, S. (1968) Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 35.

  16. 16.

    Wisti, F. (ed.) (1990) Beioushi minzhu [Nordic Democracy], trans. Zhao, Z. Q. et al., Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, p. 121.

  17. 17.

    Yamaguchi, Y. (1991) Zhengzhi tizhi [Political System], trans. Han, T. Y., Beijing: The Economic Daily Press, pp. 62–63; cf. Miller, D. and Bogdanor, V. (eds) (1992) The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Science, New York: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 564.

  18. 18.

    Makesi Engesi quanji [Marx and Engels Collected Works] (1956), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 1, pp. 389–390. cf. Marx, K. (1843) Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right.

  19. 19.

    Makesi Engesi quanji [Marx and Engels Collected Works] (1956), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 1, p. 316. cf. Marx, K. (1843) Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right.

  20. 20.

    Wang, Z. H. (1989) Minzhu yu zhongguoren [Democracy and Chinese], Beijing: China Radio Film & TV Press, p. 75.

  21. 21.

    Wisti, F. (ed.) (1990) Beioushi Minzhu [Nordic Democracy], trans. Zhao, Z., Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, p. 121.

  22. 22.

    Makesi Engesi quanji [Marx and Engels Collected Works] (1956), Beijing, People’s Publishing House, vol. 1, p. 396. cf. Marx, K. (1843) Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right.

  23. 23.

    Cf. Pan, H. F. (1987) Dangdai shijie zhengzhi sichao [Contemporary World Political Thoughts], Harbin: Heilongjiang People’s Publishing House, pp. 36–39.

  24. 24.

    Miller, D. and Bogdanor, V. (eds) (1992). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Science, New York: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 204.

  25. 25.

    Rousseau, J. (1982) Shehui qiyue lun [The Theory of Social Contract], trans. He Z. W., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 116. cf. Dunn, S. (ed.) (2002) The Social Contract and First and Second Discourses by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 221.

  26. 26.

    Lei, J. X. (1989) Xuanju zhidu [Electoral System], Taipei: Taiwan Dongcha Press, p. 18.

  27. 27.

    Lei, J. X. (1989) Xuanju zhidu [Electoral System], Taipei: Taiwan Dongcha Press, pp. 19–20.

  28. 28.

    Rousseau, J. (1982) Shehui qiyue lun [The Theory of Social Contract], trans. He Z. W., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 88. cf. Dunn, S. (ed.) (2002) The Social Contract and First and Second Discourses by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 201.

  29. 29.

    Rousseau, J. (1982) Shehui qiyue lun [The Theory of Social Contract], trans. He Z. W., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 118. cf. Dunn, S. (ed.) (2002) The Social Contract and First and Second Discourses by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 222.

  30. 30.

    Kawamura, M. (1934) Zhijie minzhu zhengzhi [Direct Democracy], Tokyo: Nippon Hyoron Sha Co. Ltd., p. 395.

  31. 31.

    Miller, D. and Bogdanor, V. (eds) (1992) The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Science, New York: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 563.

  32. 32.

    Rousseau, J. (1982) Shehui qiyue lun [The Theory of Social Contract], trans. He Z. W., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 39. cf. Dunn, S. (ed.) (2002) The Social Contract and First and Second Discourses by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 172.

  33. 33.

    Rousseau, J. (1982) Shehui qiyue lun [The Theory of Social Contract], trans. He Z. W., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 135. cf. Dunn, S. (ed.) (2002) The Social Contract and First and Second Discourses by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 227.

  34. 34.

    Rousseau, J. (1982) Shehui qiyue lun [The Theory of Social Contract], trans. He Z. W., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 135. cf. Dunn, S. (ed.) (2002) The Social Contract and First and Second Discourses by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 170.

  35. 35.

    Skinner, Q. (1989) Xiandai zhengzhi sixiang de jichu [The Foundations of Modern Political Thought], trans. Duan S. W., Beijing: Qiushi Chubanshe [Truth Seeking Publishing House], p. 66. cf. Skinner, Q. (1978) The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: The Renaissance, London: Cambridge University Press, p. 63.

  36. 36.

    Skinner, Q. (1989) Xiandai zhengzhi sixiang de jichu [The Foundations of Modern Political Thought], trans. Duan S. W., Beijing: Qiushi Chubanshe [Truth Seeking Publishing House], p. 67. cf. Skinner, Q. (1978) The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: The Renaissance, London: Cambridge University Press, p. 65.

  37. 37.

    Bernadiner, B. (1981) Lusuo de shehui zhengzhi ahexue [Social and Political Philosophy of Rousseau], trans. Jiao, S. A. & Che, M. Z., Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, p. 152.

  38. 38.

    Rousseau, J. (1982) Shehui qiyue lun [The Theory of Social Contract], trans. He Z. W., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 125. cf. Dunn, S. (ed.) (2002) The Social Contract and First and Second Discourses by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 221.

  39. 39.

    Kawamura, M. (1934) Direct Democracy, Tokyo: Nippon Hyoron Sha Co. Ltd., p. 397.

  40. 40.

    Rousseau, J. (1982) Shehui qiyue lun [The Theory of Social Contract], trans. He Z. W., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 35. cf. Dunn, S. (ed.) (2002) The Social Contract and First and Second Discourses by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 277–278.

  41. 41.

    Cf. Mastellone, S. (1992) Ouzhou zhengzhi sixiang shi: Cong shiwu shiji dao ershi shiji [History of European Political Thoughts: from 15th Century to 20th Century], trans. Huang, H. G., Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, p. 449.

  42. 42.

    Hobhouse, L. (1935) Shehui jinhua yu zhengzhi xueshuo [Social Evolution and Political Theory], trans. Liao K. S., Beijing: The Commercial Press, p. 215. cf. Hobhouse, L. (1911/1922) Social Evolution and Political Theory, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 196.

  43. 43.

    Dahl, R. (1989) Duoyuan zhuyi minzhu de kunjing: zizhi yu kongzhi [(1982). Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy: Autonomy VS. Control, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 9.

  44. 44.

    Cf. Pan, H. F. et al. (eds) (1987) Dangdai shijie zhengzhi sichao [Contemporary World Political Thoughts], Harbin: Heilongjiang People’s Publishing House, p. 17.

  45. 45.

    Sa, M. W. (1986) Zhengzhi xue [Political Science], Taipei: San Min Book Co., Ltd., pp. 168–169.

  46. 46.

    Liening xuanji [Lenin Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 2, p. 276. cf. Lenin, V. (1910) Differences in the European Labour Movement.

  47. 47.

    Liening xuanji [Lenin Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 2, p. 276. cf. Lenin, V. (1910) Differences in the European Labour Movement.

  48. 48.

    Makesi Engesi quanji [Marx and Engels Collected Works] (1956), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 1, p. 463. cf. Marx, K. (1843) Introduction to Critique of Philosophy of Right.

  49. 49.

    Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 3, p. 213. cf. Marx. K and Engels, F. (1848) Manifesto of the Communist Party.

  50. 50.

    Makesi Engesi quanji [Marx and Engels Collected Works] (1956), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 1, p. 427. cf. Marx, K. (1844) ‘On the Jewish Question’.

  51. 51.

    Makesi Engesi quanji [Marx and Engels Collected Works] (1957), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 2, p. 647. cf. Engels, F. (1846) The Condition of Germany.

  52. 52.

    Makesi Engesi quanji [Marx and Engels Collected Works] (1956), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 1, p. 664. cf. Engels, F. (1844) The Condition of England.

  53. 53.

    Makesi Engesi quanji [Marx and Engels Collected Works] (1957), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 2, p. 648. cf. Engels, F. (1846) The Condition of Germany.

  54. 54.

    Parenti, M. (1991) Meiguo de minzhu [American Democracy], trans. Han J. Z et al., Zhengzhou: Henan People’s Publishing House, p. 215. cf. Parenti, M. (1974/2011) Democracy for the Few, Wadsworth: Cengage Learning, p. 186.

  55. 55.

    Li, D. K. (1990) Meiguo zhengfu he Meiguo zhengzhi [American Government and American Politics], Beijing: China social Sciences Press, p. 334.

  56. 56.

    Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1959), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 18, p. 398. cf. Lenin, V. (1912) The Results and Significance of the U.S. Presidential Elections.

  57. 57.

    Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 1, p. 284. cf. Mark, K. and Engels, F. (1848) Manifesto of the Communist Party.

  58. 58.

    Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1958), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 22, p. 319. cf. Lenin, V. (1916) ‘The Discussion on Self-Determination Summed Up’.

  59. 59.

    Rong, J. et al. (1998) Minzhu lun [On Democracy], Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House, pp. 273–274.

  60. 60.

    Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1956), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 28, p. 350. cf. Lenin, V. (1918) “Democracy” and Dictatorship.

  61. 61.

    Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 1, p. 293. cf. Marx, K. and F. Engels (1848) Manifesto of the Communist Party.

  62. 62.

    Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1956), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 29, p. 87. cf. Lenin, V. (1919) Draft Programme of the R.C.P (B).

  63. 63.

    Makesi Engesi xuanji [Marx and Engels Selected Works] (1995), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 1, p. 293. cf. Marx, K. and F. Engels (1848) Manifesto of the Communist Party.

  64. 64.

    Liening quanji [Lenin Collected Works] (1959), Beijing: People’s Publishing House, vol. 26, p. 314. cf. Lenin, V. (1917) Draft Decree on the Right of Recall.

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    Yezhong Zhou

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Zhou, Y. (2024). Representative System and Popular Sovereignty. In: A Comparative Study of Representative Systems. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4186-5_3

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