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Effective Distance: A Polish Dissident’s Encounter with Amnesty International and Its Western-Born Rules

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Abstract

Individual actors involved in defending human rights differ widely and have divergent views on goals and how ‘effective activism’ should be defined. In this chapter, two human rights actors meet, and their worldviews clash. Emil Morgiewicz, Polish dissident of the 1970s, had one main goal: liberating Poland from Soviet domination. As the first ever member of Amnesty International in his country, his attempt to further his goals through this worldwide movement was curtailed by strict rules within the movement, which were meant to safeguard the organisation’s effectiveness. While Morgiewicz was clear about his goals, he was flexible in terms of how to achieve them, as long as the method was effective. Amnesty had members with diverse goals within its ranks, but members were generally united around a shared vision regarding the need to be effective; a vision that was, however, not shared or attainable in Eastern Europe. This contribution explores the differences between the interpretation of human rights by an individual and an organisation; between the actor who acts on behalf of himself and the actor who acts on behalf of others.

This chapter draws upon arguments and text fragments from Miedema 2019—a research project carried out in the context of the Working Group Human Rights in the 20th Century funded by the Fritz Thyssen Foundation.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Referred to in the abbreviated form AI in some quotations.

  2. 2.

    Buchanan 2002; Benenson 1961.

  3. 3.

    Benenson 1961; Buchanan 2002, pp. 575–597.

  4. 4.

    Clark 2001, p. 9.

  5. 5.

    Moyn 2012, pp. 4–5, 130–132, 212–213; Eckel 2014, pp. 401–403 and 808.

  6. 6.

    Amnesty International 1963, pp. 5 and 11; Amnesty International 1964, p. 3.

  7. 7.

    Benenson 1961.

  8. 8.

    Baehr 1994, pp. 6, 10–11 and 20; Hopgood 2006, pp. 92–96 and 143.

  9. 9.

    Hopgood 2006, pp. 161 and 170–175.

  10. 10.

    [I]m Kern stellte Amnesty ein Produkt der gut situierten weißen Mittelschicht in Nordwesteuropa und Nordamerika dar: Eckel 2014, p. 349.

  11. 11.

    Interview Morgiewicz, 7 March 2016; Łątkowska and Borowski 2017.

  12. 12.

    AAN 842 38/38: Marian Kijowski, Notatka, Warszawa, dnia 27 sierpnia 1975 r.; AAN 842 38/38: Protokół przesłuchania podejrzanego, Dnia 29 sierpnia 1975 w Warszawie; IPN BU 0222/241 t 2: Emil Morgiewicz, Do sejmowej komisji wymiaru sprawiedliwości, 14.II. 1975; Interview Morgiewicz, 7 March 2016.

  13. 13.

    AIA mf 13: Milan to Martin Ennals, 11.9.75; AAN 842 38/38: Martin Ennals to Mr. Stanislaw Koraszewski, 16 July 1975.

  14. 14.

    IPN BU 2417/1 t1: Emil Morgiewicz to Amnesty International, Warsaw 19. Apr. 1975, 182; AAN 842 38/38: Protokół przesłuchania podejrzanego, Dnia 29 sierpnia 1975 w Warszawie; AAN 842 38/38: Protokół oględzin dokumentów, Warszawa, dnia 17 września 1975 r.; IPN BU 2417/1 t2: Martin Enthoven, Dear Mr Morgiewicz, 20 June 1975, 163; IPN BU 2417/1 t2: Emil Morgiewicz, Dear Mr Enthoven, Date 10 August 1975, 169.

  15. 15.

    AAN 842 38/38: Postanowienie o tymczasowym aresztowaniu, dnia 29 sierpnia 1975 r., DP Ds 18/75.

  16. 16.

    AIA mf 13: Andrzej to Milan, 28-11-75.

  17. 17.

    AIA mf 13: Adam Wojciechowski to Martin Enthoven.

  18. 18.

    AIA mf 13: Janusz Kryszewski to Martin Enthoven, Warsaw, April 1976; AIA mf 13: Andrzej Woźnicki, Dear Sir; AIA mf 13: Krystian Brodacki to Amnesty International, Warszawa, 10.2.1976; AIA mf 13: Jacek Wegner, Dear Mr Enthoven, Warszawa, 20 stycznia 1976 roku; AIA mf 13: Jacek Bierezin, Ewa Sułkowska-Bierezin, to the international secretariat of Amnesty International, 16 May 1977; AIA mf 13: Zbigniew Sekulski, to the International Secretariat of Amnesty International, Lodz, 7 January 1977; IPN BU 0222-241 t 1: Meldunek operacyjny 005449/77, 10.03.78; IPN BU 0222/241 t1: Meldunek operacyjny, 005449/77, 31.01.78.

  19. 19.

    Interview Morgiewicz, 7 March 2016.

  20. 20.

    Interview Morgiewicz, 7 March 2016: ‘Powód najistotniejszy, że możemy coś stworzyć niezależnego od władzy, i to był główny motyw. […] Każda inicjatywa, wie Pani, która osłabiała ten system, była bardzo istotna’.

  21. 21.

    ‘Ja, znając więzienie, wiedziałem, że jest to bardzo surowa kara, i też napisałem taką petycję, pod którą zbierałem podpisy. To nie było łatwe, bo to były czasy, że się ludzie bali, zwłaszcza w takiej sytuacji, jeśli ktoś jest posądzony o terroryzm. Ale ja nie zajmowałem się czynem, tylko zajmowałem się karą’. Interview Morgiewicz, 7 March 2016; IPN (2017) Nie żyje Ryszard Kowalczyk. W PRL skazany na 25 lat więżenia za sprzeciw wobec uczczenia komunistycznych zbrodniarzy, https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/42339,Nie-zyje-Ryszard-Kowalczyk-w-PRL-skazany-na-25-lat-wiezienia-za-sprzeciw-wobec-u.html (accessed 31 January 2020).

  22. 22.

    AIA mf 13: Emil Morgiewicz to President Bordaberry, Warsaw, April 1976; AIA mf 13: Text of telegram sent to the Polish authorities on 12 October 1977; Personal Archive Emil Morgiewicz: Emil Morgiewicz do Amnesty International, Warszawa, dnia 23 kwietnia 1976; IPN BU 0222/241 t 1: Meldunek Operacyjny 005449/77, 08.12.77; Wojciechowski 1977.

  23. 23.

    Interview Morgiewicz, 7 March 2016; Wojciechowski 1977.

  24. 24.

    AIA mf 13: Peter von Bethlenfalvy to Martin Enthoven, Memo, 26 October 1977; AIA mf 13: Martin Enthoven to Martin Ennals, 9 November 1977; AAN 842 38/30: Bo Lindblom to Lucjan Czebinski, Stockholm, 17 October 1977; Interview Morgiewicz, 7 March 2016; IPN BU 01228/307/J: 342-343, Serwis Nasłuchu Polskiego Radia z d. 2.XI.77.

  25. 25.

    Interview Morgiewicz, 7 March 2016; IPN BU 01228/307/J: Meldunek Operacyjny 005449/77, 26.09.78; IPN BU 01228/307/J: Tłumaczenie, 3 marca 1978, 387–388; IPN BU 2417/1 t1: [Letter] Adam, Drogi Przyjacielu, 8.III.76r., pp. 295–298.

  26. 26.

    IPN BU 0222/241 t1: Meldunek operacyjny, 005449/77, 08.12.77; IPN BU 0222/241 t1: Notatka, Warzawa, dnia 15 listopada 1977 r. OE-I-02537/77; IPN BU 01228/307/J: Meldunek operacyjny 005449/77, 04.05.85; IPN BU 0365-34 t 1: Informaca dot. udziału obywateli polskich w działalności ‘Amnesty International’, Warszawa, dnia 8. VI, 1977r. ‘popularyzacji antysocjalistycznych haseł i idei, które byłyby wysuwane pod legendą działalności w ramach AI’: IPN BU 01228/307/J: Warszawa, dnia 8 stycznia 1978 r., 401.

  27. 27.

    IPN BU 01228/307/J: Informacja dot. Amnesty International, Warszawa, dnia 16 listopada 1981 r., 288–290; IPN BU 01228/307/J: Meldunek operacyjny 005449/77, 04.05.85.

  28. 28.

    IPN BU 0222/241 t 1: Meldunek Operacyjny 005449/77, 08.12.77; Waligóra and Gąsowski 2005, pp. 47 and 96–97.

  29. 29.

    AIA 170: Very rough translation of letter from Poland AI, 29 February 1980; AIA mf 260: AI development in Eastern Europe, International meeting on Eastern Europe 1983; IPN BU 0222/241 t 1: Meldunek Operacyjny 000181/79 17.01.79.

  30. 30.

    AIA mf 260: AI development in Eastern Europe, International meeting on Eastern Europe 1983; AIA 163: Creation of AI structures in ‘communist-socialist’ countries, ORG 03/IEC 04/80; Interview Morgiewicz, 7 March 2016.

  31. 31.

    AIA 163: Creation of AI structures in “communist-socialist” countries, ORG 03/IEC 04/80.

  32. 32.

    Miedema 2019, pp. 61–84.

  33. 33.

    AIA 12: Amnesty International Dutch Section, Is Amnesty impartial enough? 25 August 1972; AIA 12: Huib Leeuwenberg, Considerations, August 1972; AIA 25: Report of the International Council Meeting held at the stichting Woudschoten Conference Centre, Zeist, Utrecht, Holland from 8 to 10 September 1972.

  34. 34.

    AIA mf 557: Dirk Börner to Members of the IEC, Martin Ennals, 13 August 1974; AIA mf 562: Andrew Blane to Martin Ennals, Memorandum on Soviet Group’s Application for Recognition by A.I. as a National section, 27 December 1973; AIA mf 562: Irmgard Hutter to the members of the IEC, Vienna, 7 January 1974; Hurst 2016, p. 167.

  35. 35.

    AIA mf 563: JW [Jane Ward]/hh, Notes on the application by 11 individuals to form a national section in the USSR, 3 January 1974; also see: AIA mf 562: Leonid Rigerman, to Martin Ennals, 12 February 1974.

  36. 36.

    AIA mf 563: JW [Jane Ward]/hh, Notes on the application by 11 individuals to form a national section in the USSR, 3 January 1974; AIA mf 562: Irmgard Hutter to the members of the IEC, Vienna, 7 January 1974; Nathans 2015, p. 6.

  37. 37.

    AIA mf 13: Irmgard Hutter to IEC, Proposal of AI-Mission to Poland, Vienna, 1975 10 09; AIA 97: Eastern Europe—general policy, IEC/November 1975.

  38. 38.

    AIA mf 562: Andrew Blane to Martin Ennals, Memorandum on Soviet Group’s Application for Recognition by A.I. as a National section, 27 December 1973; AIA mf 562: Irmgard Hutter to the members of the IEC, Vienna, 7 January 1974; AIA mf 557: Dirk Börner to Members of the IEC, Martin Ennals, 13 August 1974.

  39. 39.

    AIA mf 562: Peter Reddaway, to Dirk Börner, 9 Feb. 1974; AIA mf 562: Leonid Rigerman, to Martin Ennals, 12 February 1974; AIA mf 562: Andrew Blane to Martin Ennals, Memorandum on Soviet Group’s Application for Recognition by A.I. as a National section, 27 December 1973; AIA mf 562: Irmgard Hutter to the members of the IEC, Vienna, 7 January 1974.

  40. 40.

    AIA mf 13: PvB [Peter von Bethlenfalvy]/ET, The aftermath of the workers’ strike in Poland, 1976.

  41. 41.

    AIA mf 563: Peter Reddaway, to Dirk Börner, 9 Feb. 1974; AIA mf 563: Leonid Rigerman, to Martin Ennals, 12 February 1974; Nathans 2015, pp. 5–6; AIA mf 557: Lothar Belck, Proposed recognition of an Adoption Group in the USSR, 15 July 1974; AIA mf 557: Lothar Belck to Eric Baker, Discussions with Prof. Brishchenko, 20 June 1974.

  42. 42.

    AIA mf 246: Irmgard Hutter, Eastern Europe. Comment on a Mission which did not take place, 7-3-1976; AAN 842 38/40: B. Majewski, Protokół, Warszawa, dnia 23 lutego 1976 r.; AAN 285 7/731: Polmission Wiedeń, Minister Sprawiedliwości Tow. T. Skóra Wiedeń, dnia 24.2.1976 r.; AAN 285 7/731: P. Maćkowiak, Notatka [maart 1976]; IPN BU 0222-241 t1: Notatka, Dotyczy: Irmgard Hutter z Amnesty International, Warszawa, dnia […] marca 1976 r.

  43. 43.

    : ‘I ci przedstawiciele Amnesty nie chcieli doprowadzić do naszego uwięzienia w przypadku stworzenia sekcji, grupy takiej formalnej. […] Ostrożni byli’: Interview Morgiewicz, 7 March 2016.

  44. 44.

    AIA mf 13: Martin Enthoven to Andrzej Koraszewski, 25 September 1975.

  45. 45.

    AIA 170: 6 July 1980, Warsaw. Note on a conversation with Mrs. Halina Mikolajska, Adam Wojciechowski and Mr. Emil Morgiewicz.

  46. 46.

    Interview Morgiewicz, 7 March 2016; AIA mf 246: Eastern Europe: Poland, IEC September 1976; AIA mf 13: Emil Morgiewicz, Dear Mr. Enthoven, Warszawa, sierpnia, 1976 r.; AIA 128: List of places, other than countries where there are national sections, where there are AI members, ORG 03/IEC 78.

  47. 47.

    Interview Morgiewicz, 7 March 2016: ‘Ja nie mogę rozstrzygnąć, czy oni obawiali się o własnych kontaktów, że mogą im zaszkodzić, czy rzeczywiście chodziło o to, żeby nam nie zaszkodzić, i nie stworzyć sekcji. Ja tego nie mogę rozstrzygnąć. Mogło być w zupełności tak, że zależało im na tym, żeby nas nie narażać. […] ten argument do nas przemawiał, że się obawiają. No, mają prawo się obawiać, że nas mogą potraktować władze tutaj, jak w Moskwie Kowalowa’.

  48. 48.

    AIA mf 561: Development program [1976]; IPN BU 2417/1 t2: Martin Enthoven, Dear Mr Morgiewicz, 20 June 1975, 163; AIA 170: 6 July 1980, Warsaw. Note on a conversation with Mrs. Halina Mikolajska, Adam Wojciechowski and Mr. Emil Morgiewicz.

  49. 49.

    AIA mf 246: Development in Eastern Europe, IEC January 1977; AIA 126: jw/12 December 1977, Notes on preliminary discussion on development in Europe held on Wednesday 23 November 1977; AIA 129: Minutes of IEC meeting on development, IEC March 1978.

  50. 50.

    AIA 56: Note for the International Executive Committee concerning resolution 9 (c) proposed by the Italian section and approved by the International Council, 14 January 1972.

  51. 51.

    AIA 107: Arlette Laduguie to International Executive Committee, Summary Report on trip to South Korea, (17–20 March 1976) IEC June 1976.

  52. 52.

    AIA mf 563: JW [Jane Ward]/hh, Notes on the application by 11 individuals to form a national section in the USSR, 3 January 1974.

  53. 53.

    AIA mf 557: Martin Ennals to V.R. Turchin, A.N. Tverdokhlebov, Moscow, 11 July 1974.

  54. 54.

    AIA mf 561: Development program [1976].

  55. 55.

    AIA 93: Development of Amnesty International, IEC July 1975; AIA mf 561: Dirk Börner to Irmgard Hutter, 23 December 1976.

  56. 56.

    AIA mf 115: National sections’ activities concerning their own countries, 8 August 1977, ACT 01/07/77; AIA mf 118: Final report of the IEC committee established to consider national sections’ activities concerning their own countries, ICM 13/01/78; AIA mf 127: Guidelines on national sections’ activities concerning violations of human rights in their own countries, ORG 04/01/81.

  57. 57.

    AIA mf 115: National sections’ activities concerning their own countries, 8 August 1977, ACT 01/07/77; AIA mf 118: Final report of the IEC committee established to consider national sections’ activities concerning their own countries, ICM 13 January 1978; AIA mf 127: Guidelines on national sections’ activities concerning violations of human rights in their own countries, ORG 04/01/81; AIA 199: AI development in countries with an active research program, ORG 03/IEC 15/83, January 1983.

  58. 58.

    AIA mf 561: Resolution passed at the St. Gallen council of 1975; AIA 93: Development of Amnesty International, IEC July 1975; AIA 95: Individual membership, IEC/September 1975; AIA mf 116: Report of the “Crash Committee” on Growth and Development of Amnesty International, Cambridge, 17–19 June 1977, ORG 53/08/77; AIA 13: International Secretariat, Development of Amnesty International, International Council Meeting 1973.

  59. 59.

    Interview Morgiewicz, 7 March 2016: “My rozumieliśmy w czym rzecz, chodzi o pewien obiektywizm, to wiadomo. Ale ... skąd Amnesty ma się dowiedzieć, co się dzieje w Polsce?”

  60. 60.

    AIA 170: Very rough translation of letter from Poland AI, 29 February 1980; Interview Morgiewicz, 7 March 2016.

  61. 61.

    AIA 170: 6 July 1980, Warsaw. Note on a conversation with Mrs. Halina Mikolajska, Adam Wojciechowski and Mr. Emil Morgiewicz.

  62. 62.

    AIA 170: Very rough translation of letter from Poland AI, 29 February 1980; Interview Morgiewicz, 7 March 2016; IPN BU 0222/241 t 1: Meldunek Operacyjny 005449/77, 21.11.78; IPN BU 0222/241 t 1: Meldunek Operacyjny 005449/77, 04.11.78; IPN BU 01228/307/J: Warzawa, dnia 19 grudnia 1978 r., 386-387; Żukowski, Oddech.

  63. 63.

    IPN BU 01228/307/J: Meldunek operacyjny 005449/77, 04.05.85; IPN BU 01228/307/J: Plan działań operacyjnych w związku z naistniałym zagrożeniem utworzenia polskiej sekcji “Amnesty International”, Warszawa, 12 stycznia 1979 r., 89–93.

  64. 64.

    IPN BU 0365-43 t 1: Notatka, Warszawa dnia 21 czerwca 1977 roku; IPN BU 2417/1 t1: Do rady państwa polskiej rzeczypospolitej ludowej, 363; Interview Morgiewicz, 7 March 2016.

  65. 65.

    AIA 170: 6 July 1980, Warsaw, Note on a conversation with Mrs. Halina Mikolajska, Adam Wojciechowski and Mr. Emil Morgiewicz.

  66. 66.

    E.g. IPN BU 01228/307/J: 229, OE-V-0265/80, Warszawa, dnia 15 lutego 1980r.

  67. 67.

    AIA 170: 6 July 1980, Warsaw, Note on a conversation with Mrs. Halina Mikolajska, Adam Wojciechowski and Mr. Emil Morgiewicz.

  68. 68.

    Lipski 1985, pp. 70–71.

  69. 69.

    Morgiewicz and the other Ruch prisoners had not been accepted as prisoners of conscience despite calls to do so from the Polish emigrant community: AIA mf 13: Jane Ward to Thomas Hammarberg, 22 January 1973; AIA mf 13: Milan Hauner to Wolfgang Heinz; AIA mf 13: Jane Ward to Thomas Hammarberg, 22 January 1973; AIA mf 13: T. Prokopowicz, S. Wasik, to Martin Ennals, 29 November 1972.

  70. 70.

    IPN BU 2417/1 t1: Letter Emil Morgiewicz to Amnesty International, Warsaw 19. Apr. 1975, 182; IPN BU 2417/1 t2: Emil Morgiewicz, Dear Mr. Enthoven, Date 10 August 1975, p. 169.

  71. 71.

    AIA 170: 6 July 1980, Warsaw. Note on a conversation with Mrs. Halina Mikolajska, Adam Wojciechowski and Mr. Emil Morgiewicz.

  72. 72.

    IPN BU 0222/241 t 1: Meldunek Operacyjny 000181/79 17.01.79; IPN BU 01228/307/J: Meldunek Operacyjny 005449/77, 21.02.78, 47–48; interview Morgiewicz, 7 March 2016.

  73. 73.

    AIA 170: 6 July 1980, Warsaw. Note on a conversation with Mrs. Halina Mikolajska, Adam Wojciechowski and Mr. Emil Morgiewicz; AIA 170: Melanie Anderson to Martin Ennals, 23 June 1980.

  74. 74.

    AIA 170: 6 July 1980, Warsaw. Note on a conversation with Mrs. Halina Mikolajska, Adam Wojciechowski and Mr. Emil Morgiewicz.

  75. 75.

    Orlov 1991, p. 168.

  76. 76.

    Voinovich 2007: ‘этo был вызoв coвeтcкoй влacти’.

  77. 77.

    Wong 2008, pp. 106–107; Sakharov 1990, p. 449.

  78. 78.

    Voinovich 2007: ‘Цeнтpaльнaя Amnesty International нac пpизнaлa, и coвeтcкoй влacти yжe былo cлoжнee pacпpaвлятьcя c нaми. Mы yжe были нe пpocтo диccидeнты, a yчacтники мeждyнapoднoгo движeния, филиaл извecтнoй opгaнизaции’.

  79. 79.

    Voinovoch 2007: ‘этo глyпo — caм cидишь в клeткe и пишeшь пиcьмo, чтoбы кoгoтo ocвoбoдили’.

  80. 80.

    Stahl 2015.

  81. 81.

    Radziwon 2017, p. 168. Quoted as: “Istomin pytał mnie nawet, czy moje członkostwo w Amnesty International to nie jest taki wybieg, żeby samemu uniknąć odpowiedzialności. […] “No, jak Pan widzi, nie uniknąłem odpowiedzialności”—mruknałem. Co miałem mu jeszcze powiedieć?”.

  82. 82.

    Orlov 1991, pp. 168, 176 and 185.

  83. 83.

    Turchin 1981, pp. 283–284.

  84. 84.

    Hurst 2016, p. 147; Radziwon 2017, p. 168; Orlov 1991, p. 168; interview Czaputowicz, 20 October 2014 and 7 March 2016; AIA mf 113: open letter to L.I. Brezhnev from Mykola Rudenko, 23 June 1975.

  85. 85.

    Interview Czaputowicz, 20 October 2014 and 7 March 2016; interview Chojecki, 14 November 2014.

  86. 86.

    Sakharov 1990, pp. 448–449.

  87. 87.

    Hopgood 2006, p. 200; AIA 257: Notes on Program meeting, Friday 22 August 1986.

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    • Archiwum Akt Nowych (AAN), Warsaw

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    1. Duitsland Instituut Amsterdam, Oude Hoogstraat 24, 1012 CE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

      Christie Miedema

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    1. Christie Miedema
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    Correspondence to Christie Miedema .

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    1. Faculty of Law, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

      Claire Boost

    2. Faculty of Law, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

      Andrea Broderick

    3. Faculty of Law, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

      Fons Coomans

    4. Faculty of Law, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

      Roland Moerland

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    Miedema, C. (2021). Effective Distance: A Polish Dissident’s Encounter with Amnesty International and Its Western-Born Rules. In: Boost, C., Broderick, A., Coomans, F., Moerland, R. (eds) Myth or Lived Reality. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-447-1_3

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    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-447-1_3

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    • Publisher Name: T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague

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