Year in Review 2018

Roithmaier, Kilian; Tobjasz, Monika; Bove, Pauline

doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-343-6_6

Kilian Roithmaier¹⁰,
Monika Tobjasz¹¹ &
Pauline Bove¹²

Part of the book series: Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law ((YIHL,volume 21))

606 Accesses
1 Citations

Abstract

Throughout 2018 a number of noteworthy events with particular relevance to international humanitarian law (IHL) took place. The continuation of the conflict between governmental forces and non-state armed groups in Syria, including sieges, indiscriminate attacks and the use of prohibited, in particular chemical, weapons caused grave concerns. Also the war in Yemen did not come to an end and indiscriminate attacks by both sides of the conflict were witnessed throughout the year. In Israel and Palestine the security situations intensified again and led to clashes between Israeli security forces and Palestinians. Also terrorist activities remained a major concern in 2018, in particular in Afghanistan, Egypt, Iraq, Libya, Mali, Nigeria, Somalia and Syria. A number of decisions were rendered by international, hybrid, and national courts relating to the investigation and prosecution of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. This includes an acquittal of Jean-Pierre Bemba at the International Criminal Court, as well as the conviction of Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. The year was also marked by several events as well as expert and governmental meetings regarding arms control and disarmament. This chapter addresses a number of issues noteworthy to IHL. The Year in Review is not intended to be a comprehensive summary of all events that occurred in 2018, but rather a sampling of events with particular relevance to IHL.

Kilian Roithmaier LL.M. is Junior Researcher at the T.M.C. Asser Instituut and the Editorial Assistant of the Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2018 (Vol. 21). Monika Tobjasz LL.M. is a Project Coordinator at Coffey International Development, a former Legal Intern at the Special Tribunal for Lebanon and a former Research Assistant at the T.M.C. Asser Instituut. Pauline Bove LL.M. is a former Research Assistant at the T.M.C. Asser Instituut.

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Notes

1.
While divergent designations for non-state armed groups, such as “militants”, “rebels”, “insurgents” or “terrorists”, exist, for the purpose of this chapter, such actors are referred to by the most neutral term “non-state armed group”. Other designations are chosen only if deemed necessary and justified.
2.
Council on Foreign Relations 2019a.
3.
Al Jazeera (2018) Afghanistan peace conference kicks off in Moscow. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/11/afghanistan-peace-conference-kicks-moscow-181109083021481.html. Accessed 5 March 2019.
4.
UNAMA 2019, p. 1.
5.
UNAMA (2019) Civilian Deaths from Afghan Conflict in 2018 at Highest Record Level – UN Report. https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/24_february_2019_-_civilian_deaths_from_afghan_conflict_in_2018_at_highest_recorded_level_-_un_report_english.pdf. Accessed 5 March 2019.
6.
Human Rights Watch 2019a.
7.
UNAMA 2019, p. 2.
8.
Gossman P (2018) Kabul Hotel Attack a War Crime. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/01/22/kabul-hotel-attack-war-crime. Accessed 5 March 2019; Mashal M, Faizi F (2018) Siege at Kabul Hotel Caps a Violent 24 Hours in Afghanistan. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/21/world/asia/afghanistan-hotel-attack.html?ref=todayspaper. Accessed 5 March 2019.
9.
UN News (2018) Suicide attack killing dozens at prayer in Afghan mosque ‘may amount to war crimes,’ says top UN official. https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/08/1016352. Accessed 5 March 2019.
10.
BBC News (2018) Afghanistan mosque attack: At least 29 Shia worshippers killed in Gardez. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-45059701. Accessed 5 March 2019.
11.
Hashim A (2019) US envoy due in Islamabad as Afghan peace talks falter. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/envoy-due-islamabad-afghan-peace-talks-falter-190116092730823.html. Accessed 5 March 2019.
12.
Al Jazeera (2019) Afghan Taliban cancel peace talks with US officials in Qatar. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/afghan-taliban-hold-fourth-peace-talks-qatar-190108070441726.html. Accessed 5 March 2019.
13.
Qazi S (2018) Afghan president announces team to hold peace talks with Taliban. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/11/afghan-president-announces-team-hold-peace-talks-taliban-181128100114901.html. Accessed 5 March 2019.
14.
Al Jazeera (2018) Afghanistan peace conference kicks off in Moscow. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/11/afghanistan-peace-conference-kicks-moscow-181109083021481.html. Accessed 5 March 2019.
15.
For information on the conclusion of the peace agreement, see Lin et al. 2019, p. 259.
16.
Zanoletti 2018.
17.
Human Rights Watch 2019b.
18.
Kelly F (2018) Rival Central African Republic militias agree demands in ‘positive’ African Union meeting. https://thedefensepost.com/2018/08/31/central-african-republic-militias-agree-demands-african-union/. Accessed 6 March 2019.
19.
Kelly F (2019) African Union and UN relaunch Central African Republic peace talks. https://thedefensepost.com/2019/01/08/african-union-united-nations-relaunch-central-african-republic-peace-talks/. Accessed 6 March 2019.
20.
Ibid.
21.
Reuters (2018) France gives weapons to Central Africa, favors end to embargo. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-centralafrica/france-gives-weapons-to-central-africa-favors-end-to-embargo-idUSKBN1OA1ZH. Accessed 6 March 2019; Reuters (2018) Russia to send more military trainers, equipment to Central African Republic. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-russia/russia-to-send-more-military-trainers-equipment-to-central-african-republic-idUSKCN1MT28D. Accessed 6 March 2019.
22.
MINUSCA (2019) Facts and Figures. https://minusca.unmissions.org/en/facts-and-figures. Accessed 6 March 2019.
23.
MINUSCA (2019) Statement Attributable to the Spokesman for the Secretary-General on the Killing of a UN Peacekeeper in the Central African Republic. https://minusca.unmissions.org/en/statement-attributable-spokesman-secretary-general-killing-un-peacekeeper-central-african-republic-0. Accessed 6 March 2019.
24.
UN Peacekeeping 2019a.
25.
For details on the work of the Special Criminal Court in 2018, see also below, Sect. 6.2.2.4.
26.
Human Rights Watch 2019b.
27.
UNICEF 2018a, p. 5.
28.
Human Rights Watch 2019b.
29.
UNICEF 2018a, p. 5; UN News (2018) Restoring government control across Central African Republic is ‘key’ to lasting peace, stability—UN envoy. https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/06/1012752. Accessed 6 March 2019.
30.
UNICEF 2018a, p. 5; UN News (2018) Armed groups threaten every child in Central African Republic, UNICEF warns. https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/11/1027051. Accessed 6 March 2019; CARE 2018, p. 2.
31.
It is estimated that 1 400 former members of FARC are organized in dissident non-state armed groups. See Human Rights Watch 2019c.
32.
Ibid.
33.
Asmann P (2018) Wave of Violence Strikes Colombia After ELN Ceasefire Ends. https://www.insightcrime.org/news/brief/wave-violence-strikes-colombia-after-eln-ceasefire/. Accessed 12 March 2019.
34.
United Nations (2018) Security Council Press Statement on Colombia. https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/sc13160.doc.htm. Accessed 12 March 2019.
35.
InSight Crime (2018) ELN. https://www.insightcrime.org/colombia-organized-crime-news/eln-profile/. Accessed 12 March 2019.
36.
Human Rights Watch 2019c; Colombia Reports (2018) Gaitanista Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AGC)/Gulf Clan. https://profiles.colombiareports.com/agc-gulf-clan/. Accessed 12 March 2019.
37.
Human Rights Watch 2019c.
38.
OHCHR (2018) DRC: UN reports hundreds of human rights violations as security situation in North Kivu deteriorates. https://ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24030&LangID=E. Accessed 5 April 2019.
39.
UN News (2018) Ebola in DR Congo: UN chief ‘outraged’ by recent killings of civilians and health workers. https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/10/1023792. Accessed 5 April 2019.
40.
MONUSCO (2018) MONUSCO repels deadly attack by suspected ADF in Mamundioma; reinforcements deployed to secure the location. https://monusco.unmissions.org/en/monusco-repels-deadly-attack-suspected-adf-mamundioma-reinforcements-deployed-secure-location. Accessed 5 April 2019.
41.
Marcucci 2019, p. 6; UN News (2018) Despite unrest, DR Congo must press ahead with preparations for credible elections, says UN envoy. https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/03/1004482. Accessed 5 April 2019.
42.
Marcucci 2019, p. 6; Human Rights Watch 2019d; Reuters (2018) All sides committed war crimes in Congo’s Kasai region: U.N. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-violence-un/all-sides-committed-war-crimes-in-congos-kasai-region-u-n-idUSKBN1JM19K. Accessed 5 April 2019.
43.
MONUSCO (2018) FARDC and MONUSCO launch joint operations against ADF. https://monusco.unmissions.org/en/fardc-and-monusco-launch-joint-operations-against-adf. Accessed 5 April 2019.
44.
Clowes W (2018) Congo’s Jean-Pierre Bemba Nominated as Presidential Candidate. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-07-14/congo-s-jean-pierre-bemba-nominated-as-presidential-candidate. Accessed 5 April 2019.
45.
See below, Sect. 6.2.1.1, Cases in the Appeal Phase, Central African Republic.
46.
Mwanamilongo S (2018) https://www.foxnews.com/world/congo-says-former-vp-bemba-cannot-run-for-president. Accessed 5 April 2019.
47.
UN News (2018) DR Congo elections: ‘historic opportunity’ for ‘peaceful transfer of power’ says Security Council. https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/12/1028991. Accessed 5 April 2019; UN News (2018) DR Congo elections: ‘Excessive use of force’ in campaign must be avoided, says Bachelet. https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/12/1028561. Accessed 5 April 2019.
48.
UNHCR (2018) Democratic Republic of the Congo. https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/democratic-republic-of-the-congo.html. Accessed 5 April 2019; UNHCR (2019) Refugees and asylum seekers from DRC. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/drc. Accessed 5 April 2019.
49.
WHO 2019.
50.
Abdel Fattah al-Sisi was re-elected in March, following the arrest, prosecution and intimidation of a number of critics and opponents. See ABC News (2018) Egypt’s President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi sworn in for second term amid crackdown on critics. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-03/egypt-president-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-sworn-in-for-second-term/9828824. Accessed 1 May 2019.
51.
Egyptian State Information Service (2018) Communiqué number 2. Army: Operation Sinai 2018 continues to end terrorism. http://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/124495?lang=en-us. Accessed 1 May 2019; Dentice G 2018. The campaign involved Egypt’s armed forces, navy, air force, border patrol and police. See Burke J (2018) Egypt launches massive operation targeting Islamic militants in Sinai. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/09/egyptian-military-offensive-targets-islamic-militants-sinai. Accessed 1 May 2019. See also Al Jazeera (2018) Egypt launches military operation in Sinai, Nile Delta. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/egypt-launches-military-operation-sinai-nile-delta-180209064926285.html. Accessed 1 May 2019.
52.
AP (2018) Egypt: Military has killed 450 militants since February. https://www.apnews.com/968f61adc4aa4df99f65ddeebc1234b0. Accessed 1 May 2019; Reuters (2018) Egypt says 3 soldiers killed in campaign against militants. https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1G30RR-OZATP. Accessed 1 May 2019.
53.
See, e.g., AFP News (2018) Egyptian troops hit by deadly jihadist attack in Sinai: army. https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/egyptian-troops-hit-by-deadly-jihadist-attack-in-sinai-army-20190217. Accessed 1 May 2019; Reuters (2018) Islamic State claims responsibility for Egypt’s Sinai attack. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-security/islamic-state-claims-responsibility-for-egypts-sinai-attack-idUSKCN1LB09O. Accessed 1 May 2019.
54.
Human Rights Watch 2018a; Al Jazeera (2018) Egypt army intensifies Sinai home demolitions: HRW. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/egypt-army-intensifies-sinai-home-demolitions-hwr-180522105706738.html. Accessed 1 May 2019.
55.
Human Rights Watch (2018) Egypt: Looming Humanitarian Crisis in Sinai. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/04/23/egypt-looming-humanitarian-crisis-sinai. Accessed 1 May 2019.
56.
Reuters (2018) Egypt sentences 21 to death for planning attacks. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-court/egypt-sentences-21-to-death-for-planning-attacks-idUSKCN1G61PT?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews. Accessed 1 May 2019.
57.
Feingold S (2018) Egypt’s President Sisi ratifies new internet control law. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/19/middleeast/egypt-sisi-internet-cyber-law-terrorism/index.html. Accessed 1 May 2019.
58.
Reuters (2018) Egypt extends state of emergency for three months. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-security-emergency/egypt-extends-state-of-emergency-for-three-months-idUSKCN1MV0MI. Accessed 1 May 2019.
59.
See Lin et al. 2019, pp. 265 f.
60.
European Asylum Support Office 2018, p. 18. Iraqi Thoughts (2018) DA’ISH goes underground (literally) in Iraq as Peace persists. http://1001iraqithoughts.com/2018/06/04/daish-goes-underground-literally-in-iraq-as-peace-persists/. Accessed 11 April 2019.
61.
UNAMI (2019) UN Casualty Figures for Iraq for the Month of December 2018. http://www.uniraq.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=10269:un-casualty-figures-for-iraq-for-the-month-of-december-2018&Itemid=633&lang=en. Accessed 11 April 2019.
62.
Human Rights Watch 2019e.
63.
El-Ghobashy T, Sonne P (2018) U.S. disbands command overseeing American ground forces in Iraq, as major combat against ISIS ends. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/us-shuts-down-ground-forces-office-in-iraq-as-combat-against-islamic-state-ends/2018/04/30/2c7b3fcc-4c61-11e8-af46-b1d6dc0d9bfe_story.html?utm_term=.7cd575c7a191. Accessed 6 May 2019.
64.
US Central Command (2018) July 9: Operation Roundup targets Daesh remnants. https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/1569329/july-9-operation-roundup-targets-daesh-remnants/. Accessed 6 May 2019.
65.
Human Rights Watch 2019e.
66.
Al Jazeera (2018) Rockets hit Iranian Kurdish opposition offices in Iraq’s Koya. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/rockets-hit-iranian-kurdish-opposition-offices-iraq-koya-180908090605503.html. Accessed 11 April 2019.
67.
Middle East Eye (2018) Iraqi political candidate assassinated near Mosul, IS claims responsibility. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iraqi-political-candidate-assassinated-near-mosul-claims-responsibility. Accessed 6 May 2019.
68.
See, e.g., Abdul-Zahra Q (2018) Car bomb claimed by Islamic State kills 7 in western Iraq. https://www.wpxi.com/news/iraq-official-suicide-bomber-kills-6-at-checkpoint-in-anbar/822849180. Accessed 6 May 2019; Al Jazeera (2018) Iraq: Deadly car bomb hits market near Mosul. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/10/iraq-car-bomb-blast-kills-wounds-15-mosul-181023080243163.html. Accessed 6 May 2019.
69.
BBC News (2018) IS conflict: Up to 30,000 fighters in Syria and Iraq - UN. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-45181501. Accessed May 2019.
70.
UN Security Council (2017) Resolution 2379 (2017), UN Doc. S/RES/2379.
71.
Nichols M (2018) U.N. Team, Approved a Year Ago, Starts Work on Islamic State Crimes in Iraq. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-08-23/un-team-approved-a-year-ago-starts-work-on-is-crimes-in-iraq. Accessed 11 April 2019.
72.
UN Security Council (2018) Letter dated 15 November 2018 from the Special Adviser and Head of the United Nations Investigative Team to Promote Accountability for Crimes Committed by Da’esh/Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant addressed to the President of the Security Council, UN Doc. S/2018/1031, Summary.
73.
Ibid., para 118.
74.
The Telegraph (2018) More than 200 mass graves found in Iraq as authorities gather evidence of Isil war crimes. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/11/06/200-mass-graves-found-iraq-authorities-gather-evidence-isil/?fbclid=IwAR3wr_DjMdmwXKVimUZXs3D_HW8SwRlIl9jJyAujoZcVqzhW4XYEgZrQ9M8. Accessed 11 April 2019.
75.
Human Rights Watch 2018b; Al Jazeera (2018) Iraq executes 12 ISIL members on death row: PM’s office. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/06/iraq-executes-12-isil-members-death-row-pm-office-180629075413083.html. Accessed 6 May 2018.
76.
Council on Foreign Relations 2019b.
77.
Alaaldin R (2018) Iraq’s Next War. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/2018-09-13/iraqs-next-war. Accessed 11 April 2019.
78.
OCHA 2018; OCHA 2019, p. 5.
79.
Hussein R (2018) Coalition Admits 1K-plus Civilian Deaths From Airstrikes in Iraq, Syria. https://www.voanews.com/a/us-led-coalition-admits-more-than-1-000-civilian-deaths-from-its-airstrikes-in-iraq-syria-/4501565.html. Accessed 6 May 2019.
80.
See Lin et al. 2019, pp. 26 f.
81.
Reuters (2018) In Photos // The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Through the Lens in 2018. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/year-end/MAGAZINE-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict-through-the-lens-in-2018-1.6748985. Accessed 15 April 2019.
82.
Council on Foreign Relations 2019c.
83.
Al Jazeera (2018) Hamas-Israel ceasefire holds after night of violence. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/hamas-agrees-gaza-ceasefire-israel-reciprocates-180530053108954.html. Accessed 15 April 2019.
84.
BBC News (2018) Gaza begins to bury its dead after deadliest day in years. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44116340. Accessed 15 April 2019; Human Rights Watch 2019f.
85.
Human Rights Watch 2019f.
86.
ICC (2018) Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, regarding the worsening situation in Gaza. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=180408-otp-stat. Accessed 15 April 2019; i24NEWS/AFP (2018) ICC prosecutor vows to ‘take any action warranted’ over Gaza unrest. https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/174776-180515-icc-prosecutor-vows-to-take-any-action-warranted-over-gaza-unrest. Accessed 15 April 2019.
87.
UN General Assembly (2018) Report of the Human Rights Council on its twenty-eighth special session, UN Doc. A/HRC/S-28/2, para 5.
88.
UN Human Rights Council (2019) The United Nations Commission of Inquiry on the 2018 protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. https://www.ohchr.org/En/HRBodies/HRC/CoIOPT/Pages/OPT.aspx. Accessed 15 April 2019; Reuters (2018) U.N. picks American to lead investigation into Gaza protest killings. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-palestinans-un/u-n-picks-american-to-lead-investigation-into-gaza-protest-killings-idUSKBN1KF244. Accessed 15 April 2019.
89.
BBC News (2018) Israel-Gaza violence erupts after covert op killings. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46185653. Accessed 15 April 2019.
90.
Zitun Y, Levy E (2018) IDF attacks at least 160 targets in Gaza. https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5399809,00.html. Accessed 15 April 2019; Kershner I, Halbfinger DM (2018) A Battle in Gaza Neither Side Wanted Ends Quickly. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/13/world/middleeast/gaza-israel-palestinians-battle.html. Accessed 15 April 2019.
91.
Al-Mughrabi N, Heller J (2018) Gaza-Israel Frontier Calms as Enemies Warily Cease Fire. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-11-13/israel-gaza-border-ignites-in-most-serious-fighting-since-2014-war. Accessed 15 April 2019; Yaniv Kubovich, Landau N, Khoury J, Zikri AB (2018) Live Updates Gaza // Cease-fire: Israel, Hamas Agree to Return to 2014 Deal, Source Tells Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/gaza-on-the-brink-security-cabinet-to-convene-as-israeli-army-strikes-hamas-targets-1.6651674. Accessed 15 April 2019.
92.
Human Rights Watch 2019g; International Crisis Group 2018.
93.
Al Jazeera (2018) Libya: Armed groups vie for control in deadly Tripoli clashes. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/08/libya-deadly-clashes-erupt-tripoli-180827102927474.html. Accessed 6 May 2019.
94.
UN News (2018) Ceasefire agreement reached in Libyan capital, announces UN mission. https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/09/1018312. Accessed 15 April 2019.
95.
Al Jazeera (2018) Death toll in Libya’s Tripoli rises as fighting rages on. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/death-toll-libya-tripoli-rises-fighting-rages-180904101134305.html. Accessed 15 April 2019.
96.
Elumami A (2018) Tripoli clashes leave 115 dead, 383 injured-health ministry. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security/tripoli-clashes-leave-115-dead-383-injured-health-ministry-idUSKCN1M30PO. Accessed 6 May 2019.
97.
Rubin AJ (2018) Libyan Factions Agree to Elections Despite Deep Divisions. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/29/world/middleeast/libya-macron-factions-elections.html. Accessed 15 April 2019.
98.
Al Jazeera (2018) Libya election to take place in early 2019: UN envoy. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/11/libya-election-place-early-2019-envoy-181109073902372.html. Accessed 15 April 2019.
99.
UN Security Council (2018) Resolution 2420 (2018), UN Doc. S/RES/2420, para 1.
100.
UNHCR 2018a; Human Rights Watch 2019g.
101.
Council on Foreign Relations 2019d; Al-Warfalli A (2018) Haftar’s forces say they have captured Libyan city of Derna. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-derna/haftars-forces-say-they-have-captured-libyan-city-of-derna-idUSKBN1JO339. Accessed 15 April 2019.
102.
See, e.g., Reuters (2018) Islamic State says it killed six members of east Libyan LNA force near Sabha. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-islamic-state/islamic-state-says-it-killed-six-members-of-east-libyan-lna-force-near-sabha-idUSKCN1RN2LZ. Accessed 15 April 2019.
103.
AP (2018) Islamic State claims attack on Libya’s Foreign Ministry. https://www.apnews.com/0fd1e0564f0d4862b1037eec15dc5c10. Accessed 15 April 2019.
104.
Walsh D, Schmitt E (2018) U.S. Strikes Qaeda Target in Southern Libya, Expanding Shadow War There. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/25/world/middleeast/us-bombs-qaeda-libya.html. Accessed 6 May 2019.
105.
For the conclusion of the Algiers Peace Accord, see Boutin et al. 2016, p. 233. See further Nyirabikali 2015.
106.
UN Security Council (2018) Letter dated 8 August 2018 from the Panel of Experts established pursuant to resolution 2374 (2017) on Mali addressed to the President of the Security Council, UN Doc. S/2018/581; McVeigh K (2018) Mali peace deal jeopardised by armed groups linked to terrorism, UN warns. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/sep/05/mali-peace-deal-jeopardised-armed-groups-terrorism-un-security-council-warns. Accessed 16 April 2019.
107.
OHCHR (2018) Press briefing notes on Nicaragua, Mali and Kashmir. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23383&LangID=E. Accessed 16 April 2019; Amoroso 2019, p. 115.
108.
See, e.g., UN News (2018) Mali: Two peacekeepers dead after dawn attack, several injured – UN Mission. https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/10/1024312. Accessed 16 April 2019.
109.
UN Security Council (2018) Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Mali, UN Doc. S/2018/273, paras 35 ff.; Sangare I, Diarra A (2018) Al Qaeda-linked group claims deadly attack at Mali resort. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-security-idUSKBN1990TY. Accessed 16 April 2019.
110.
Reuters (2018) Islamist militants attack African military base in Mali, at least six dead. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-violence/islamist-militants-attack-base-of-african-military-force-in-mali-idUSKBN1JP23F. Accessed 16 April 2019; Congressional Research Service 2018, p. 2.
111.
Menastream (2019) Attacks Claimed by the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS). http://menastream.com/attacks-islamic-state-greater-sahara/. Accessed 16 April 2019.
112.
OHCHR (2018) Press briefing notes on Nicaragua, Mali and Kashmir. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23383&LangID=E. Accessed 16 April 2019.
113.
Human Rights Watch 2019h; Reuters (2018) Fifteen civilians killed in ethnic attack on Mali village. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-security/fifteen-civilians-killed-in-ethnic-attack-on-mali-village-idUSKBN1O70MJ. Accessed 16 April 2019.
114.
Human Rights Watch 2019h.
115.
Reuters (2018) U.N. says Malian forces executed 12 civilians at a market. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mali-security-un/u-n-says-malian-forces-executed-12-civilians-at-a-market-idUKKBN1JM2LA. Accessed 16 April 2019.
116.
UN Security Council (2018) Resolution 2423 (2018), UN Doc. S/RES/2423, para 24.
117.
UN Peacekeeping 2019b; UN News (2018) ‘They are always in our hearts’ says Guterres, leading remembrance of UN peacekeepers who made the ultimate sacrifice. https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/06/1011201. Accessed 16 April 2019.
118.
Kontao F, Diallo T (2018) Mali president Keita wins landslide election; faces uphill struggle. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-election-idUSKBN1L10ZK. Accessed 16 April 2019.
119.
Ibid.
120.
Human Rights Watch 2019i; Lin et al. 2019, pp. 269 ff.
121.
For its creation, see Lin et al. 2019, p. 271.
122.
UN General Assembly (2018) Human Rights Council: Report of the detailed findings of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, UN Doc. A/HRC/39/CRP.2.
123.
Ibid., p. 1, Summary.
124.
Ibid., paras 1620 ff., 1651 ff.
125.
Ibid., para 1441; Al Jazeera (2018) UN documents ‘shocking crimes’ by Myanmar army. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/08/report-calls-genocide-charges-myanmar-officials-180827062244502.html. Accessed 7 April 2019.
126.
Al Jazeera (2018) Myanmar rejects UN findings in Rohingya genocide report. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/08/myanmar-rejects-findings-rohingya-genocide-report-180829070211806.html. Accessed 17 April 2019.
127.
UN General Assembly (2018) Human Rights Council: Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council on 27 September 2018, UN Doc. A/HRC/RES/39/2, para 22.
128.
Al Jazeera (2018) UN sets up body to prepare Myanmar atrocity evidence. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/sets-body-prepare-myanmar-atrocity-evidence-180927195401864.html. Accessed 17 April 2019.
129.
Amnesty International 2018b.
130.
Human Rights Watch (2018) Burma: Scores of Rohingya Villages Bulldozed. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/23/burma-scores-rohingya-villages-bulldozed. Accessed 17 April 2019.
131.
Human Rights Watch and Fortify Rights 2018, p. 1.
132.
Dwyer C (2018) Myanmar And Bangladesh Agree To 2-Year Timeframe For Rohingya Return. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/16/578330574/myanmar-and-bangladesh-agree-to-2-year-timeframe-for-rohingya-return. Accessed 18 April 2019.
133.
Ellis-Petersen H (2018) Myanmar willing to take back fewer than 400 Rohingya refugees. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/15/myanmar-willing-to-take-back-fewer-than-400-rohingya-refugees-bangladesh. Accessed 18 April 2019.
134.
Chaity AJ (2018) ‘Only those with Myanmar residency will be taken back’. http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2018/04/11/myanmar-residency-will-taken-back/. Accessed 18 April 2019.
135.
Quadir S (2018) Myanmar not ready for return of Rohingya Muslims, says UNHCR. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-un/myanmar-not-ready-for-return-of-rohingya-muslims-says-unhcr-idUSKBN1HJ1RB?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews. Accessed 18 April 2019.
136.
AP (2018) UN Agencies Agree to Help in Return of Rohingya to Myanmar. https://www.voanews.com/a/un-agencies-agree-to-help-in-return-of-rohingya-to-myanmar/4418183.html. Accessed 18 April 2019.
137.
Ellis-Petersen H, Rahman SA (2018) Rohingyas to be repatriated despite UN genocide warning. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/30/bangladesh-and-myanmar-agree-to-start-rohingya-repatriation-in-mid-november. Accessed 18 April 2019; Al Jazeera (2018) Rohingya in Bangladesh will not be forced back to Myanmar. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/11/mounting-confusion-forced-rohingya-repatriation-myanmar-181115013128968.html. Accessed 18 April 2019.
138.
Human Rights Watch 2019i.
139.
BBC News (2018) Rohingya crisis: Military build-up on Myanmar border with Bangladesh. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43248015. Accessed 17 April 2019; DhakaTribune (2018) Myanmar defends troop deployment at flag meeting with BGB. https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/03/02/myanmar-sends-soldiers-tambru-border. Accessed 18 April 2019.
140.
Lone W, Soe OOK, Lewis S, Slodkowski A (2018) How Myanmar forces burned, looted and killed in a remote village. https://uk.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/myanmar-rakhine-events/. Accessed 17 April 2019. Seven members of the Myanmar armed forces were later convicted to ten years imprisonment for their participation in the massacre. See The Guardian (2018) Myanmar soldiers jailed for 10 years over massacre of Rohingya Muslims. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/10/myanmar-rohingya-muslims-massacre-burma-soldiers-sentenced-jailed. Accessed 17 April 2019; The Guardian (2018) Myanmar military admits to murder of 10 Rohingya Muslims. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/11/myanmar-military-admits-murder-rohingya-muslims. Accessed 17 April 2019.
141.
Beech H, Nang S (2018) Reuters Reporters Are Charged in Myanmar With Obtaining State Secrets. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/10/world/asia/myanmar-reuters-reporters.html. Accessed 17 April 2019; Naing S, Thant AM (2018) Myanmar court jails Reuters reporters for seven years in landmark secrets case. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-journalists/myanmar-court-jails-reuters-reporters-for-seven-years-in-landmark-secrets-case-idUSKCN1LJ09E. Accessed 17 April 2019.
142.
Aung TT, Slodkowski A (2019) Myanmar policeman who detailed Reuters reporters’ entrapment freed from jail. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-journalists-policeman/myanmar-policeman-who-detailed-reuters-reporters-entrapment-freed-from-jail-idUSKCN1PQ3GN. Accessed 17 April 2019.
143.
Campbell and Harwood 2018.
144.
Ibid. See, e.g., Aksar (2018) Suspected Boko Haram attack in Niger kills at least four soldiers. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-security/suspected-boko-haram-attack-in-niger-kills-at-least-four-soldiers-idUSKBN1F726X. Accessed 6 May 2019; BBC News (2018) Boko Haram faction kills second aid worker in Nigeria. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45871361. Accessed 6 May 2019.
145.
See, e.g., Kingimi A, Lanre O (2018) Suspected Boko Haram militants kill 15 in Nigeria’s Maiduguri-emergency services. https://af.reuters.com/article/africaTech/idAFKCN1H90KY-OZATP. Accessed 6 May 2019; The Defense Post (2018) Nigeria troops repel Boko Haram attack on base in Arege, Borno state. https://thedefensepost.com/2018/10/13/nigeria-boko-haram-attack-base-arege-borno/. Accessed 6 May 2019.
146.
BBC News (2018) Nigeria Dapchi abductions: Schoolgirls finally home. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43535872. Accessed 19 April 2019.
147.
UN General Assembly and UN Security Council (2018) Children and armed conflict: Report of the Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/72/865-S/2018/465, para 7.
148.
Human Rights Watch 2019j.
149.
Amnesty International 2018a.
150.
UNHCR (2018) Nigeria emergency. https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/nigeria-emergency.html. Accessed 18 April 2019.
151.
Felbab-Brown 2018.
152.
BBC News (2018) Who are Somalia’s al-Shabab?. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15336689. Accessed 26 April 2019.
153.
Haysom 2019, p. 3.
154.
Burke J, Mumin AA (2018) Al-Shabaab attack kills dozens of Ugandan soldiers in Somalia. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/01/al-shabaab-attack-kills-ugandan-soldiers-in-somalia. Accessed 29 April 2019; AMISOM (2018) AMISOM troops successfully repulse Al Shabaab terrorists following simultaneous attacks on three AU bases in the Lower Shabelle region. http://amisom-au.org/2018/04/amisom-troops-successfully-repulse-al-shabaab-terrorists-following-simultaneous-attacks-on-three-au-bases-in-the-lower-shabelle-region/. Accessed 26 April 2019.
155.
Sheikh A, Omar, F (2018) Three die after Somalia car bomb strikes EU convoy: police. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-somalia-security/somalia-car-bomb-strikes-eu-convoy-no-casualties-police-idUSKCN1MB258. Accessed 29 April 2019.
156.
Human Rights Watch (2018) Somalia: Al-Shabab Demanding Children. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/01/14/somalia-al-shabab-demanding-children. Accessed 26 April 2019.
157.
Sheik A, Omar F (2018) Death toll from Somalia blasts rises to 45: government official. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-somalia-blast/death-toll-from-somalia-blasts-rises-to-45-government-official-idUSKCN1G720U. Accessed 29 April 2019.
158.
UN Security Council (2018) Report of the Secretary-General on Somalia, UN Doc. S/2018/1149, paras 16–18.
159.
Haysom 2019, p. 3; UN Security Council (2018) Report of the Secretary-General on Somalia, UN Doc. S/2018/1149, para 15.
160.
Felbab-Brown 2018.
161.
Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights 2019, Classification.
162.
UN Security Council (2018) Report of the Secretary-General on Somalia, UN Doc. S/2018/1149, para 11; Haysom 2019, pp. 3 ff.; Felbab-Brown 2018.
163.
UN Security Council (2018) Report of the Secretary-General on Somalia, UN Doc. S/2018/1149, para 11; Garowe Online (2018) Somalia: ISIL claims raid in Bosaso that killed 3 Ethiopians. https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/puntland/somalia-isil-claims-bosaso-attack-that-killed-3-ethiopians. Accessed 26 April 2019.
164.
UN Security Council (2018) Resolution 2431 (2018), UN Doc. S/RES/2431, para 5; Felbab-Brown 2018.
165.
VOA News (2018) AU Peacekeepers Accused of Killing 4 Somali Civilians. https://www.voanews.com/a/au-peacekeepers-accused-of-killing-4-somali-civilians/4646975.html. Accessed 29 April 2019.
166.
Human Rights Watch 2019k.
167.
UN Security Council (2018) Report of the Secretary-General on Somalia, UN Doc. S/2018/1149, para 79; Human Rights Watch 2019k.
168.
Haysom 2019, p. 5.
169.
Council on Foreign Relations 2019e.
170.
Marcucci 2019, p. 119; Al Jazeera (2018) South Sudan rivals meet in Khartoum for peace talks. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/06/south-sudan-rivals-meet-khartoum-peace-talks-180625204313778.html. Accessed 25 April 2019; Sudan Tribune (2018) South Sudan peace parties sign Khartoum Declaration of Agreement. https://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article65744. Accessed 25 April 2019; Reuters (2018) South Sudan rebel leader to attend talks with president in Addis Ababa. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-talks/south-sudan-rebel-leader-to-attend-talks-with-president-in-khartoum-idUSKBN1J91PB. Accessed 25 April 2019.
171.
Reuters (2018) South Sudan’s warring sides accuse each other of attacks, 18 killed. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-war/south-sudans-warring-sides-accuse-each-other-of-attacks-18-killed-idUSKBN1JS1LY. Accessed 25 April 2019; Reuters (2018) South Sudan rebels reject peace deal reinstating Machar. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-southsudan-unrest/south-sudan-rebels-reject-peace-deal-reinstating-machar-idUKKBN1JZ0VO?il=0. Accessed 25 April 2019.
172.
Maasho A (2018) South Sudan’s president, rebel leader sign peace deal. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-unrest/south-sudans-president-rebel-leader-sign-peace-deal-idUSKCN1LS2PW. Accessed 25 April 2019; Mbah F (2018) What next for South Sudan’s peace agreement? https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/06/south-sudan-peace-agreement-180627194714644.html. Accessed 25 April 2019.
173.
Tanza J (2018) Rebel Group Claims South Sudan Ceasefire Has Been Violated. https://www.voanews.com/a/south-sudan-ceasefire/4623371.html. Accessed 25 April 2019.
174.
Sudan Tribune (2018) President Kiir pardons SPLM-IO leader Riek Machar. https://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article66015. Accessed 25 April 2019.
175.
Marcucci 2019, pp. 119 f.
176.
Al Jazeera (2018) South Sudan rebel leader Machar back in Juba after two years. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/10/south-sudan-rebel-leader-machar-juba-years-181031070920662.html. Accessed 25 April 2019.
177.
Reuters (2018) South Sudan violence blocking food aid, says U.N.’s WFP. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-unrest/south-sudan-violence-blocking-food-aid-says-u-n-s-wfp-idUSKCN1N31LB. Accessed 26 April 2019.
178.
UN Security Council (2018) Resolution 2428 (2018), UN Doc. S/RES/2428, paras 4 ff., 11 ff.,
179.
AFP (2018) UN report finds violations of South Sudan arms embargo. https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/un-report-finds-violations-of-south-sudan-arms-embargo-20181113. Accessed 26 April 2019.
180.
VOA News (2018) South Sudan War Has Killed 382,000, Says New Study. https://www.voanews.com/a/report-says-nearly-400-000-excess-deaths-in-south-sudan/4587912.html. Accessed 25 April 2019.
181.
Al Jazeera (2018) South Sudan close to another famine: Aid groups. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-sudan-close-famine-aid-groups-180226111150948.html. Accessed 25 April 2019; Phiri T (2018) 8 things worth knowing about South Sudan’s food crisis. https://insight.wfp.org/eight-things-worth-knowing-about-south-sudans-food-crisis-b9f93a585fb7. Accessed 25 April 2019.
182.
CARE 2018, p. 2; Norwegian Refugee Council (2018) South Sudan declared most violent for aid workers for third straight year. https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-declared-most-violent-aid-workers-third-straight-year. Accessed 25 April 2019.
183.
Moor J, Specia M (2018) 10 South Sudan Aid Workers Are Abducted, U.N. Says. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/26/world/africa/south-sudan-aid-workers-abduction.html. Accessed 25 April 2019.
184.
Sulce 2019, pp. 130 f.
185.
UN General Assembly (2018) Human Rights Council: The siege and recapture of eastern Ghouta, UN Doc. A/HRC/38/CRP.3, p. 1, Summary.
186.
Ibid.
187.
Shaheen K (2018) ‘It’s not a war. It’s a massacre’: scores killed in Syrian enclave. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/20/its-not-a-war-its-a-massacre-scores-killed-in-syrian-enclave-eastern-ghouta. Accessed 2 May 2019.
188.
Ibid.; BBC News (2018) Syria conflict: Air strike cripples underground hospital. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42908711. Accessed 2 May 2019; AFP News (2018) ‘War of extermination’ in Eastern Ghouta. https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/war-of-extermination-in-eastern-ghouta-1.2176457. Accessed 2 May 2019.
189.
BBC News (2018) Syria war: UN plea to end ‘hell on earth’ Eastern Ghouta crisis. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-43146042. Accessed 2 May 2019.
190.
UN Security Council (2018) Resolution 2401 (2018), UN Doc. S/RES/2401, para 1. The resolution, in para 2, explicitly exempts from this ceasefire operations against IS, Al-Qaeda and the Al-Nusra Front.
191.
Reuters (2018) Aid reaches Ghouta but retreats after shelling; Syria presses assault. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria/syria-lets-aid-reach-ghouta-but-blocks-medical-supplies-presses-assault-idUSKBN1GH1HN. Accessed 2 May 2019.
192.
Al Jazeera (2018) Russia-sponsored truce begins in Syria’s Eastern Ghouta. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/russia-sponsored-truce-begins-syria-eastern-ghouta-180227073026027.html. Accessed 2 May 2019.
193.
Shaheen K (2018) Syrian forces attacking eastern Ghouta ‘have surrounded rebels in Douma’. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/10/eastern-ghouta-syrian-forces-attacking-surrounded-rebels-douma. Accessed 2 May 2019; BBC News (2018) Syria war: First rebels leave defeated Eastern Ghouta town. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-43500234. Accessed 2 May 2019.
194.
BBC News (2018) Syria war: Fall of Eastern Ghouta pivotal moment for Assad. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-43631838. Accessed 2 May 2019; AP (2018) Syrian government now in control of last town in rebel enclave of eastern Ghouta, Russia says. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/?post_type=news&p=1391428#.Ws957Pnwa71. Accessed 2 May 2019.
195.
UN General Assembly (2018) Human Rights Council: The siege and recapture of eastern Ghouta, UN Doc. A/HRC/38/CRP.3, paras 38 ff., 75–78 ff.; Human Rights Watch 2019l; Amnesty International (2018) Syria: Relentless bombing of civilians in Eastern Ghouta amounts to war crimes. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/02/syria-relentless-bombing-of-civilians-in-eastern-ghouta-amounts-to-war-crimes/. Accessed 3 May 2019.
196.
OHCHR (2018) UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria: The siege and recapture of eastern Ghouta marked by war crimes, crimes against humanity. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23226&LangID=E. Accessed 3 May 2019.
197.
Besheer M (2018) UN Chief Fears ‘Humanitarian Catastrophe’ in Syria’s Idlib. https://www.voanews.com/a/un-chief-fears-humanitarian-catastrophe-in-syria-idlib/4549609.html. Accessed 2 May 2019.
198.
Wintour P (2018) UN Syria envoy offers to negotiate ceasefire in last rebel stronghold. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/30/syrian-war-un-warns-russia-iran-and-turkey-against-battle-in-idlib. Accessed 2 May 2019.
199.
Al Jazeera (2018) Fighter jets hit Syria’s Idlib targets as fears of battle mount. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/syria-war-warplanes-hit-idlib-targets-fears-battle-mount-180904095502071.html. Accessed 2 May 2019.
200.
BBC News (2018) Syria war: UN seeks inquiry into ‘Russian’ Idlib air strikes. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44437718. Accessed 2 May 2019.
201.
NPR (2018) Russia And Turkey Agree On A Demilitarized Zone In Syria’s Last Rebel Stronghold. https://www.npr.org/2018/09/17/648849808/russia-and-turkey-agree-on-a-demilitarized-zone-in-syrias-last-rebel-stronghold. Accessed 2 May 2019.
202.
Human Rights Watch 2019l; Sulce 2019, p. 132; BBC News (2018) Syria war: Rebels ‘withdraw heavy weapons from Idlib buffer zone’. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-45783491. Accessed 2 May 2019.
203.
BBC News (2018) Syria war: At least 70 killed in suspected chemical attack in Douma. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-43686157. Accessed 2 May 2019.
204.
OPCW (2018) OPCW Will Deploy Fact-Finding Mission to Douma, Syria. https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/news/2018/04/opcw-will-deploy-fact-finding-mission-douma-syria. Accessed 2 May 2019; Human Rights Watch 2019l; Wintour P, Borger J (2018) Syria: chemical weapons inspectors barred from Douma site. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/16/syria-chemical-attack-inspectors-unable-to-access-douma-site. Accessed 2 May 2019.
205.
CBS News (2018) Syria chemical weapons probe stalled after U.N. team shot at https://www.cbsnews.com/news/syria-gas-attack-inspectors-opcw-douma-un-bashar-assad-russia/. Accessed 2 May 2019.
206.
OPCW (2018) Report of the Fact-Finding Mission Regarding the Incident of Alleged Use of Toxic Chemicals as a Weapon in Douma, Syrian Arab Republic, on 7 April 2018, Doc. S/1731/2019, para 2.17.
207.
Tass (2018) Russian top brass reports it has proof of UK’s involvement in Douma chemical incident. http://tass.com/defense/999641. Accessed 2 May 2019.
208.
UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic (2018) Chemical Weapons Attacks (as at 12 March 2019). https://www.ohchr.org/SiteCollectionImages/Bodies/HRCouncil/IICISyria/COISyria_CW_12.03.2019_web.jpg. Accessed 3 May 2019; Nebehay S (2018) U.N. documents further Syrian government use of banned chemical weapons. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-warcrimes/u-n-war-crimes-team-documents-further-syrian-government-use-of-banned-chlorine-idUSKCN1LS1JH. Accessed 3 May 2019; Human Rights Watch 2019l. A visualisation of the chemical attacks can be found at Human Rights Watch (2018) Syria: A Year On, Chemical Weapons Attacks Persist. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/04/04/syria-year-chemical-weapons-attacks-persist. Accessed 3 May 2019.
209.
Human Rights Watch 2019l.
210.
CARE 2018, p. 2.
211.
Human Rights Watch 2019l; Al Jazeera (2018) Syrian civilians ‘killed in Turkey’s Afrin operation’. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/syrian-civilians-killed-turkey-afrin-operation-180129060647369.html. Accessed 2 May 2018.
212.
Reuters (2018) Turkey begins assault on Kurdish-held enclave in Syria. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/19/turkey-begins-assault-kurdish-enclave-in-syria. Accessed 2 May 2019; Al Jazeera (2018) Syria threatens to ‘destroy’ Turkish warplanes. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/syria-threatens-destroy-turkish-warplanes-180118205307974.html. Accessed 2 May 2018.
213.
Reuters (2018) Syria seeks to crush insurgent pocket, denies evacuation deal. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria/syria-seeks-to-crush-insurgent-pocket-denies-evacuation-deal-idUSKCN1IL06X. Accessed 2 May 2019; Yeranian E (2018) Syria Says Capital Is Free of Militants after Defeat of IS. https://www.voanews.com/a/syrian-government-resumes-anti-is-offensive-in-damascus/4402881.html. Accessed 2 May 2019; Reuters (2018) Syrian government forces and allies close to capturing entire southwest. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-southwest/syrian-government-forces-and-allies-close-to-capturing-entire-southwest-idUSKBN1KK1UQ. Accessed 2 May 2019; Shaheen K (2018) Syrian government forces seal victory in southern territories. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/31/syrian-government-forces-seal-victory-in-southern-territories. Accessed 2 May 2019; Reuters (2018) Syrian army says Islamic State cleared from southeastern desert. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria/syrian-army-says-islamic-state-cleared-from-southeastern-desert-idUSKCN1NO25N. Accessed 2 May 2019.
214.
See, e.g., AFP (2018) IS attacks advancing US-backed forces in Syria’s east: monitor. https://www.france24.com/en/20181010-attacks-advancing-us-backed-forces-syrias-east-monitor. Accessed 2 May 2019.
215.
Hubbard B (2018) ISIS Bombings Shatter Quiet in Southern Syria, Killing More Than 200 People. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/25/world/middleeast/isis-bombings-syria.html. Accessed 2 May 2019.
216.
Amnesty International 2018c.
217.
Sulce 2019, pp. 130 ff.
218.
Al Jazeera (2018) New US-backed Syria force: Five things you should know. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/backed-syria-force-180116073210610.html. Accessed 2 May 2018; Al Jazeera (2018) Tillerson denies US plans to form Syria border force. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/tillerson-denies-plans-form-syria-border-force-180118070914231.html. Accessed 2 May 2018.
219.
Saine C (2018) Syria Responds to Tillerson’s US Military Engagement Pledge. https://www.voanews.com/a/syria-us-engangement/4213203.html. Accessed 2 May 2019.
220.
He made this announcement via Twitter. See Trump DJ (2018) Tweet from 19 December 2018. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1075397797929775105. Accessed 2 May 2019.
221.
Landler M, Cooper H, Schmitt E (2018) Trump to Withdraw U.S. Forces From Syria, Declaring ‘We Have Won Against ISIS’. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/19/us/politics/trump-syria-turkey-troop-withdrawal.html. Accessed 2 May 2019.
222.
Al Jazeera (2018) Syria’s Assad offers amnesty to army deserters. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/10/syria-assad-offers-amnesty-army-deserters-181009090035909.html. Accessed 2 May 2019.
223.
AP (2018) UN Syria Envoy: Work Ongoing for Constitutional Committee. https://www.voanews.com/a/un-syria-envoy-work-ongoing-for-constitutional-committee/4694263.html. Accessed 2 May 2019.
224.
UNHCR 2018b.
225.
Council on Foreign Relations 2019h.
226.
UN General Assembly (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 21 December 2016, UN Doc. A/RES/71/248, para 5.
227.
For its 2018 report that mainly deals with establishing an environment that allows it to fulfil its mandate, see UN General Assembly (2018) Report of the International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism to Assist in the Investigation and Prosecution of Persons Responsible for the Most Serious Crimes under International Law Committed in the Syrian Arab Republic since March 2011, UN Doc. A/73/295.
228.
Middle East Eye (2018) UN judge set to open war crimes cases over Syrian civil war. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/un-judge-set-open-war-crimes-cases-over-syrian-civil-war. Accessed 3 May 2019.
229.
OHCHR (2018) Human Rights Council discusses oral update on the human rights situation in Ukraine. https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23320&LangID=E. Accessed 29 April 2019. See also Council on Foreign Relations 2019f.
230.
RFE/RL (2018) Ukraine, Russia Views ‘Far Apart,’ As Berlin Hosts Peace Talks. https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-conflict-normandy-meeting-/29282544.html. Accessed 29 April 2019. See also Council on Foreign Relations 2019f.
231.
See, e.g., DW (2018) Several killed amid surge in violence in Ukraine. https://www.dw.com/en/several-killed-amid-surge-in-violence-in-ukraine/a-43872111. Accessed 29 April 2019; RFE/RL (2018) Kyiv Says Ukrainian Soldier Killed In East. https://www.rferl.org/a/kyiv-says-ukrainian-soldier-killed-in-east/29435222.html. Accessed 29 April 2019; RFE/RL (2018) Kyiv Says Ukrainian Soldier, Two Separatist Fighters Killed In East. https://www.rferl.org/a/kyiv-says-ukrainian-soldier-two-separatist-fighters-killed-in-east/29546116.html. Accessed 29 April 2019.
232.
Jasutis 2019b, p. 149.
233.
BBC News (2018) Ukraine crisis: Kiev defines Russia as ‘aggressor’ state. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-42741778. Accessed 29 April 2019.
234.
UNIAN (2018) “Easter ceasefire” in Donbas fails on its first day with attacks on Ukrainian positions. https://www.unian.info/war/10062323-easter-ceasefire-in-donbas-fails-on-its-first-day-with-attacks-on-ukrainian-positions.html. Accessed 29 April 2019.
235.
OSCE (2018) Latest from the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM), based on information received as of 19:30, 11 July 2018. https://www.osce.org/special-monitoring-mission-to-ukraine/387692/. Accessed 29 April 2019.
236.
Nienaber M (2018) Ukraine, Russia fail to agree on U.N. peacekeeping mission. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis/ukraine-russia-fail-to-agree-on-un-peacekeeping-mission-idUSKBN1J726I. Accessed 29 April 2019.
237.
Human Rights Watch 2019m.
238.
OHCHR (2018) Human Rights Council discusses oral update on the human rights situation in Ukraine. https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23320&LangID=E. Accessed 29 April 2019; RFE/RL (2018) Ukraine, Russia Views ‘Far Apart,’ As Berlin Hosts Peace Talks. https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-conflict-normandy-meeting-/29282544.html. Accessed 29 April 2019.
239.
OHCHR (2018) Human Rights Council discusses oral update on the human rights situation in Ukraine. https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23320&LangID=E. Accessed 29 April 2019.
240.
BBC News (2018) Ukraine conflict: Russia completes Crimea security fence. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46699807. Accessed 29 April 2019.
241.
BBC News (2018) Russia-Ukraine tensions rise after Kerch Strait ship capture. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46340283. Accessed 29 April 2019.
242.
Reuters (2018) Ukraine resumes grain shipments from Azov Sea. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-ukraine-crisis-russia-azov/kiev-says-russia-has-partially-unlocked-ukrainian-azov-sea-ports-idUKKBN1O30M5?il=0. Accessed 29 April 2019; Osborn A, Polityuk P (2018) Russia fires on and seizes Ukrainian ships near annexed Crimea. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-russia/ukraine-says-russia-seized-its-ships-near-annexed-crimea-after-firing-on-them-idUSKCN1NU0DL. Accessed 29 April 2019; Jasutis 2019a, pp. 72 f.
243.
Borger J, Henley J (2018) Putin ‘seriously concerned’ after Ukraine votes to impose martial law. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/26/nato-calls-for-calm-after-boats-seized-in-russia-ukraine-clashes-kerch-strait. Accessed 29 April 2019; Karmanau Y, Isachenkov V (2018) Ukraine calls up reservists amid rising tensions with Russia. https://www.apnews.com/1875590b2cee4b60908b9ec658116e32. Accessed 29 April 2019.
244.
Borger J, Henley J (2018) Putin ‘seriously concerned’ after Ukraine votes to impose martial law. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/26/nato-calls-for-calm-after-boats-seized-in-russia-ukraine-clashes-kerch-strait. Accessed 29 April 2019.
245.
Reuters (2018) Ukraine resumes grain shipments from Azov Sea. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-ukraine-crisis-russia-azov/kiev-says-russia-has-partially-unlocked-ukrainian-azov-sea-ports-idUKKBN1O30M5?il=0. Accessed 29 April 2019; Roth A (2018) Ukraine president warns Russia tensions could lead to ‘full-scale war’. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/27/russia-to-charge-ukrainian-sailors-as-kerch-crisis-deepens. Accessed 29 April 2019.
246.
Reuters (2018) Ukraine resumes grain shipments from Azov Sea. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-ukraine-crisis-russia-azov/kiev-says-russia-has-partially-unlocked-ukrainian-azov-sea-ports-idUKKBN1O30M5?il=0. Accessed 29 April 2019.
247.
BBC News (2018) Martial laws comes to an end in Ukraine after 30 days. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46684602. Accessed 29 April 2019.
248.
Reuters (2018) Russia to deploy new S-400 missiles on Crimea: Ifax. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-russia-missiles/russia-to-deploy-new-s-400-missiles-on-crimea-ifax-idUSKCN1NX0KO. Accessed 29 April 2019; Unian (2019) Russia completes rearming air defense forces in Crimea with S-400 missile systems – Russian media. https://www.unian.info/war/10383033-russia-completes-rearming-air-defense-forces-in-crimea-with-s-400-missile-systems-russian-media.html. Accessed 29 April 2019.
249.
DW (2018) MH17 was downed by Russian military missile: international investigators. https://www.dw.com/en/mh17-was-downed-by-russian-military-missile-international-investigators/a-43908911. Accessed 29 April 2019.
250.
RFE/RL (2018) Investigators: Buk Missile From Russian Antiaircraft Brigade Downed MH17. https://www.rferl.org/a/mh17-criminal-probe-to-appeal-to-the-public-for-help/29246988.html. Accessed 29 April 2019.
251.
Also Western states, such as the US, the UK, France and others have provided training and/or weaponry to the coalition. See Human Rights Watch 2019n.
252.
Council on Foreign Relations 2019g; Gambrell J (2018) Saudi-led forces open assault on Yemen port city of Hodeida. https://apnews.com/7dbf0973d01d4ebd8cd9279b6f029c80. Accessed 30 April 2019; Reuters (2018) U.N. envoy says Yemen’s parties offer ‘concrete ideas’ for peace. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-un/u-n-envoy-says-yemens-parties-offer-concrete-ideas-for-peace-idUSKBN1JU1QA. Accessed 30 April 2019.
253.
DW (2018) Saudi airstrikes in Yemen hit facilities providing water to hundreds of thousands facing cholera epidemic. https://www.dw.com/en/saudi-airstrikes-in-yemen-hit-facilities-providing-water-to-hundreds-of-thousands-facing-cholera-epidemic/a-44872095. Accessed 30 April 2019.
254.
Kalfood MA, Coker M (2018) Saudis Escalate Siege of Port in Yemen, Alarming Aid Groups. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/02/world/middleeast/yemen-saudi-hudaydah-missiles.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FYemen&action=click&contentCollection=world&region=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=4&pgtype=collection. Accessed 30 April 2019.
255.
McKernan B (2018) Battle rages in Yemen’s vital port as showdown looms. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/07/yemen-hodeidah-airstrikes-saudi-led-coalition-ceasefire-calls. Accessed 30 April 2019. The fighting also escalated in other parts of the country. See Kalfood MA, Walsh D (2018) As Famine Looms in Yemen, Saudi-Led Coalition Redoubles Attacks. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/06/world/middleeast/famine-yemen-saudi-arabia-hudaydah.html. Accessed 30 April 2019.
256.
Ghobari M, Yaakoubi AE (2018) Yemen talks set to start in Sweden after wounded Houthis evacuated. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security/yemen-foes-set-to-attend-sweden-peace-talks-after-coalition-allows-wounded-evacuation-idUSKBN1O10V3. Accessed 30 April 2019; Middle East Eye (2018) Yemen’s Houthis say they hope to attend peace talks next week in Sweden. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/yemens-houthis-say-they-hope-attend-peace-talks-next-week-sweden. Accessed 30 April 2019.
257.
Walsh D (2018) Yemen Peace Talks Begin With Agreement to Free 5,000 Prisoners. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/06/world/middleeast/yemen-peace-talks.html. Accessed 30 April 2019.
258.
Alkhshali H (2018) Yemen ceasefire goes into effect in strategic port city of Hodeidah. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/12/17/world/yemen-ceasefire-takes-effect-hodeidah/index.html. Accessed 30 April 2019.
259.
BBC News (2018) Yemen war: Ceasefire takes effect in Hudaydah after skirmishes. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46600430. Accessed 30 April 2019.
260.
Trew B, Hall R, Daragahi B (2018) Yemen peace talks: Glimmer of hope for Yemenis as ceasefire agreed for embattled city of Hodeidah. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/yemen-peace-talks-ceasefire-hodeidah-sweden-antonio-guterres-civil-war-famine-a8681541.html. Accessed 30 April 2019.
261.
Vera A, Robertson N (2018) Saudi Arabia: 7 missiles fired from Yemen, 1 killed from falling debris. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/25/middleeast/saudi-arabia-intercepts-missile/index.html. Accessed 30 April 2019.
262.
For an overview of some of these attacks, see Human Rights Watch 2019n.
263.
Reuters (2018) Five killed, 22 wounded by Houthi missile in Yemen’s city of Marib. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security/five-killed-20-wounded-by-houthi-missile-in-yemens-city-of-marib-idUSKCN1IN01J. Accessed 30 April 2019.
264.
UN Secretary General (2018) Statement attributable to the Spokesman for the Secretary-General on Yemen. https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2018-08-09/statement-attributable-spokesman-secretary-general-yemen. Accessed 30 April 2019; Borger J (2018) US supplied bomb that killed 40 children on Yemen school bus. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/19/us-supplied-bomb-that-killed-40-children-school-bus-yemen. Accessed 30 April 2019.
265.
For the full report, see UN General Assembly (2018) Human Rights Council: Situation of human rights in Yemen, including violations and abuses since September 2014, UN Doc. A/HRC/39/43.
266.
Al Jazeera (2018) UAE-backed separatists launch ‘coup’ in southern Yemen. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/separatists-government-headquarters-aden-180128073439998.html. Accessed 30 April 2019.
267.
Human Rights Watch 2019n.
268.
US Central Command (2018) CENTCOM updates counterterrorism strikes in Yemen. https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/1523709/centcom-updates-counterterrorism-strikes-in-yemen/. Accessed 30 April 2019.
269.
The Guardian (2018) Yemen attack: at least 14 killed in raid on Aden counter-terrorism headquarters. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/24/two-car-bombs-kill-at-least-six-and-wound-43-in-yemen-city-of-aden. Accessed 30 April 2019.
270.
UNICEF 2018b, pp. 1 f.
271.
Human Rights Watch 2019n.
272.
OHCHR (2018) Bachelet urges States with the power and influence to end starvation, killing of civilians in Yemen. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23855&LangID=E. Accessed 30 April 2019.
273.
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, opened for signature 17 July 1998, 2187 UNTS 3 (entered into force 1 July 2002).
274.
The Global Campaign for Ratification and Implementation of the Kampala Amendments on the Crime of Aggression 2019.
275.
ICC (2018) Following Mr. Bemba’s acquittal, Trust Fund for Victims at the ICC decides to accelerate launch of assistance programme in Central African Republic. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=180613-TFVPR. Accessed 2 May 2019; ICC The Office of the Prosecutor 2018, para 109.
276.
ICC (2018) New ICC Presidency elected for 2018–2021. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1367. Accessed 3 May 2019.
277.
ICC (2018) Peter Lewis elected as ICC Registrar. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1374. Accessed 2 May 2019.
278.
ICC (2018) ICC’s new Registrar Peter Lewis takes oath. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1382. Accessed 2 May 2019.
279.
ICC (2018) Peter Lewis elected as ICC Registrar. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1374. Accessed 2 May 2019.
280.
ICC The Office of the Prosecutor 2018, para 46; BBC News (2018) Philippines drugs war: Duterte to withdraw from ICC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43397837. Accessed 2 May 2019.
281.
ICC The Office of the Prosecutor 2018.
282.
Ibid., para 290.
283.
Ibid.
284.
ICC 2018c.
285.
Ibid.
286.
Ibid.
287.
Human Rights Watch (2018) Venezuela: Six States Request ICC Investigation. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/26/venezuela-six-states-request-icc-investigation. Accessed 22 March 2019; Doug Criss (2018) International Criminal Court urged to investigate Venezuela for alleged crimes against humanity. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/09/27/americas/venezuela-icc/index.html. Accessed 22 March 2019.
288.
ICC 2018d.
289.
Ibid.
290.
AP (2018) Experts: Probable ‘crimes against humanity’ in Venezuela. https://wtop.com/latin-america/2018/05/experts-probable-crimes-against-humanity-in-venezuela/. Accessed 30 April 2019.
291.
ICC 2018a.
292.
ICC (2018) Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Fatou Bensouda, on opening a Preliminary Examination concerning the alleged deportation of the Rohingya people from Myanmar to Bangladesh. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=180918-otp-stat-Rohingya. Accessed 2 May 2019.
293.
BBC News (2018) ICC opens Myanmar Rohingya crimes probe. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-45568946. Accessed 30 April 2019.
294.
ICC, Request under Regulation 64(3) of the Regulations of the Court, Decision on the “Prosecution’s Request for a Ruling on Jurisdiction under Article 19(3) of the Statute”, 6 September 2018, Case No. ICC-RoC46(3)-01/18.
295.
ICC (2018) Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Fatou Bensouda, on opening a Preliminary Examination concerning the alleged deportation of the Rohingya people from Myanmar to Bangladesh. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=180918-otp-stat-Rohingya. Accessed 2 May 2019.
296.
Al Jazeera (2018) Full text of John Bolton’s speech to the Federalist Society. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/full-text-john-bolton-speech-federalist-society-180910172828633.html. Accessed 5 March 2019. This move was also a response to the announcement of the ICC to preliminarily examine the violence at the border between Israel and the Gaza Strip. See Steve Holland (2018) Trump administration takes aim at International Criminal Court, PLO. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-icc/trump-administration-to-take-tough-stance-against-international-criminal-court-idUSKCN1LQ076. Accessed 22 March 2019.
297.
ICC (2018) The ICC will continue its independent and impartial work, undeterred. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1406. Accessed 5 March 2019.
298.
For an overview of the conflict in Israel/Palestine, see above, Sect. 6.1.7.
299.
ICC (2018) Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, regarding the worsening situation in Gaza. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=180408-otp-stat. Accessed 2 May 2019.
300.
Ibid.
301.
BBC News (2018) Khan al-Ahmar: The West Bank village facing demolition. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-middle-east-45555534/khan-al-ahmar-the-west-bank-village-facing-demolition. Accessed 22 March 2019.
302.
Al Bawaba (2018) Israeli Farmers in Hague File Complaint of Torching Land From Hamas Fire Kites, Balloons. https://www.albawaba.com/news/israeli-farmers-hague-file-complaint-torching-land-hamas-fire-kites-balloons-1181450. Accessed 30 April 2019.
303.
ICC 2018b.
304.
Harper B, Sonneland HK (2018) Explainer: Colombia’s Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP). https://www.as-coa.org/articles/explainer-colombias-special-jurisdiction-peace-jep. Accessed 30 April 2019. For an overview of the work of the JEP in 2018, see below, Sect. 6.2.3.5.
305.
Harper B, Sonneland HK (2018) Explainer: Colombia’s Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP). https://www.as-coa.org/articles/explainer-colombias-special-jurisdiction-peace-jep. Accessed 30 April 2019.
306.
Alsema A (2018) Colombia’s congress weakens war crimes tribunal even further. https://colombiareports.com/colombias-congress-weakens-war-crimes-tribunal-even-further/. Accessed 3 May 2019.
307.
ICC The Office of the Prosecutor 2018, para 165.
308.
Reuters (2018) Russian military veterans seek ICC investigation of mercenary deployments. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-military-mercenaries/russian-military-veterans-seek-icc-investigation-of-mercenary-deployments-idUSKCN1NE2G7. Accessed 30 April 2019; RFE (2018) Russian veterans appeal to ICC over Moscow’s alleged use of mercenaries. https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-veterans-appeal-to-icc-over-moscow-s-alleged-use-of-mercenaries/29609013.html. Accessed 13 June 2019.
309.
Reuters (2018) Russian military veterans seek ICC investigation of mercenary deployments. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-military-mercenaries/russian-military-veterans-seek-icc-investigation-of-mercenary-deployments-idUSKCN1NE2G7. Accessed 30 April 2019.
310.
Human Rights Watch (2018) Japan: Protect Victims Enticed to North Korea. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/08/21/japan-protect-victims-enticed-north-korea. Accessed 22 March 2019; Reuters (2018) Families of missing Japanese to urge prosecution of North Korean leader at Hague court. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-abductees-northkorea/families-of-missing-japanese-to-urge-prosecution-of-north-korean-leader-at-hague-court-idUSKBN1F80AV. Accessed 22 March 2019.
311.
AP/Kyodo (2018) International Criminal Court refuses to prosecute North Korean leader Kin Jong-un ‘for abducting Japanese citizens’. https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/diplomacy/article/2140684/international-criminal-court-rejects-petition-prosecute-north. Accessed 30 April 2019; ICC (2017) ICC President meets with Prime Minister Abe, praises Japan’s commitment to the Court. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1291. Accessed 22 March 2019.
312.
ICC (2018) Situation in Mali: Al Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz Ag Mohamed Ag Mahmoud surrendered to the ICC on charges of crimes against humanity and war crimes in Timbuktu. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1376. Accessed 2 May 2019.
313.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Al Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz Ag Mohamed Ag Mahmoud, Warrant of Arrest, 27 March 2018, Case No. ICC-01/12-01/18, para 1.
314.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Al Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz Ag Mohamed Ag Mahmoud, Decision Postponing the Date of the Confirmation Hearing, 20 July 2018, Case No. ICC-01/12-01/18, para 28.
315.
ICC (2018) Situation in Central African Republic II: Alfred Yekatom surrendered to the ICC for crimes against humanity and war crimes. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1418. Accessed 30 March 2019.
316.
ICC (2018) Situation in Central African Republic II: Patrice-Edouard Ngaïssona arrested for crimes against humanity and war crimes. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=PR1425. Accessed 2 May 2019.
317.
Ibid.
318.
ICC, Situation in the Central African Republic II, Public Redacted Version of “Warrant of Arrest for Patrice-Edouard Ngaïssona”, 7 December 2018, No. ICC-01/14-02/18, p. 37.
319.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Mahmoud Mustafa Busayf Al-Werfalli, Second Warrant of Arrest, 4 July 2018, Case No. ICC-01/11-01/17.
320.
Ibid., para 2.
321.
Ibid., para 5.
322.
Lewis A (2018) U.N. alarmed at reports of summary executions in Libya’s Benghazi. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-benghazi/u-n-alarmed-at-reports-of-summary-executions-in-libyas-benghazi-idUSKBN1FD30H. Accessed 22 March 2019.
323.
ICC (2018) Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Fatou Bensouda, following the second arrest warrant for Mr. Mahmoud Mustafa Busayf Al-Werfalli: “The suspect must be arrested and immediately surrendered to the Court.”. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=180706-otp-stat-al-werfalli. Accessed 22 March 2019.
324.
Middle East Eye (2018) Libyan commander wanted by ICC over war crimes escapes Haftar prison: LNA. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/libyan-commander-wanted-icc-over-war-crimes-escapes-haftar-prison-lna. Accessed 30 April 2019.
325.
ICC 2019a.
326.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, Decision under article 87(7) of the Rome Statute on the non-compliance by Jordan with the request by the Court for the arrest and surrender or Omar Al-Bashir, 11 December 2017, Case No. ICC-02/05-01/09, para 55.
327.
ICC (2018) Al Bashir case: ICC Appeals Chamber invites submissions from Sudan and Mr. Al Bashir on legal questions raised by Jordan. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1385. Accessed 30 March 2019.
328.
Ibid.
329.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, Order on the conduct of the hearing before the Appeals Chamber in the Jordan Referral re Al-Bashir Appeal, 27 August 2018, Case No. ICC-02/05-01/09 OA2.
330.
ICC (2019) ICC Trial Chamber I acquits Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé from all charges. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1427. Accessed 3 May 2019.
331.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, Version corrigée de la “Requête de la Défense de Laurent Gbagbo afin qu’un jugement d’acquittement portant sur toutes les charges soit prononcé en faveur de Laurent Gbagbo et que sa mise en liberté immédiate soit ordonnée” [Corrected version of the Defence Motion for acquittal and immediate release], 25 September 2018, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/15.
332.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé, Public Redacted Version of “Corrigendum to the ‘Blé Goudé Defence No Case to Answer Motion’ (ICC-02/11-01/15-1198-Conf), 23 July 2018,” 3 August 2018, ICC02/11-01/15-1198-Conf-Corr, No Case to Answer Motion, 28 September 2018, Case No. ICC-02/11-01/15.
333.
ICC (2019) ICC Trial Chamber I acquits Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé from all charges. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1427. Accessed 3 May 2019.
334.
ICC (2018) ICC Trial Chamber VI to deliberate on the case against Bosco Ntaganda. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1402. Accessed 3 May 2019.
335.
Ibid.
336.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Bosco Ntaganda, Warrant of Arrest, 22 August 2006, Case No. ICC-01/04‐02/06; ICC, The Prosecutor v Bosco Ntaganda, Second Warrant of Arrest, 13 July 2012, Case No. ICC-01/04‐02/06.
337.
ICC (2018) ICC Trial Chamber VI to deliberate on the case against Bosco Ntaganda. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1402. Accessed 2 May 2019.
338.
ICC, Situation in Uganda, Warrant of Arrest for Dominic Ongwen, 8 July 2005, No. ICC-02/04.
339.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Dominic Ongwen, Notice of the Prosecution’s completion of evidence presentation, 13 April 2018, Case No. ICC-02/04-01/15.
340.
UN General Assembly (2018) Report of the International Criminal Court, UN Doc. A/73/334, para 11.
341.
Ibid., para 12.
342.
ICC 2019b.
343.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Judgment on the appeal of Mr. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo against Trial Chamber III’s “Judgment pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute”, 8 June 2018, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/08 A (Bemba 2018).
344.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Judgment pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, 21 March 2016, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/08 (Bemba 2016).
345.
Ibid.
346.
International Justice Monitor 2019.
347.
Ibid.; Bemba 2016, above n 344, p. 80.
348.
Bemba 2016, above n 344, p. 80.
349.
ICC (2018) ICC Appeals Chamber acquits Mr. Bemba from charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=PR1390. Accessed 2 May 2019.
350.
Bemba 2018, above n 343, paras 194, 196. For the whole Appeals Chamber determination, see paras 166–194.
351.
Bemba 2018, above n 343, para 175; Bemba 2016, above n 344, para 733.
352.
Bemba 2018, above n 343, para 175.
353.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Judgment on the appeal of Mr. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo against Trial Chamber III’s “Judgment pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute”, Dissenting Opinion of Judge Sanji Mmasenono Monageng and Judge Piotr Hofmański, 8 June 2018, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/08 A, para 4.
354.
Ibid., para 1.
355.
ICC (2018) Bemba et al. case: Trial Chamber VII orders interim release for Mr. Bemba following Appeals Chamber acquittal. https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=PR1393. Accessed 2 April 2019.
356.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Aimé Kilolo Musamba, Jean-Jacques Mangenda Kabongo, Fidèle Babala Wandu and Narcisse Arido, Judgment on the appeals of Mr. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Mr. Aimé Kilolo Musamba, Mr. Jean-Jacques Mangenda Kabongo, Mr. Fidèle Babala Wandu and Mr. Narcisse Arido against the decision of Trial Chamber VII entitled “Judgment pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute”, 8 March 2018, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/13 A A2 A3 A4 A5, para 1631.
357.
Ibid., para 1631.
358.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Aimé Kilolo Musamba, Jean-Jacques Mangenda Kabongo, Fidèle Babala Wandu and Narcisse Arido, Judgment on the appeals of the Prosecutor, Mr. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Mr. Fidèle Babala Wandu and Mr. Narcisse Arido against the decision of Trial Chamber VII entitled “Decision on Sentence pursuant to Article 76 of the Statute”, 8 March 2018, Case. No. ICC-01/05-01/13 A6 A7 A8 A9, para 359, 361.
359.
Ibid., para 357. The sentences remain as determined in ICC, The Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Aimé Kilolo Musamba, Jean-Jacques Mangenda Kabongo, Fidèle Babala Wandu and Narcisse Arido, Decision on Sentence pursuant to Article 76 of the Statute, 22 March 2017, Case. No. ICC-01/05-01/13, p. 98.
360.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Aimé Kilolo Musamba, Jean-Jacques Mangenda Kabongo, Fidèle Babala Wandu and Narcisse Arido, Decision Re-sentencing Mr. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Mr. Aimé Kilolo Musamba and Mr. Jean-Jacques Mangenda Kabongo, 17 September 2018, Case. No. ICC-01/05-01/13, pp. 50 f.
361.
Ibid., para 138.
362.
Ibid., p. 50.
363.
Ibid., pp. 50 f.
364.
Ibid.
365.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Notice of Appeal against Trial Chamber II’s “Décision fixant le montant des réparations auxquelles Thomas Lubanga est tenu” of 15 December 2017 [Notice of Appeal against Trial Chamber II’s “Determination of the amount of the reparations for which Thomas Lubanga Dyilo is liable” of 15 December 2017], 15 January 2018, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06; ICC, The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Acte d’appel de la Défense de M. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo à l’encontre de la “Décision fixant le montant des réparations auxquelles Thomas Lubanga Dyilo est tenu” rendue par la Chambre de première instance II le 15 décembre 2017 et modifiée par décisions des 20 et 21 décembre 2017 [Defence Notice of the Defence of Thomas Lubanga Dyilo against the “Determination of the amount of the reparations for which Thomas Lubanga Dyilo is liable” by Trial Chamber II on 15 December 2017 and modified by decisions of 20 and 21 December 2017], 15 January 2018, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06. This is appealing ICC, The Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Corrected version of the “Decision Setting the Size of the Reparations Award for which Thomas Lubanga Dyilo is Liable”, 21 December 2017, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/06, para 281.
366.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Germain Katanga, Order for Reparations pursuant to Article 75 of the Statute, 24 March 2017, Case. No. ICC-01/04-01/07.
367.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Germain Katanga, Order for Reparations pursuant to Article 75 of the Statute, 8 March 2018, Case. No. ICC-01/04-01/07 A3 A4 A5, paras 92, 127, 149, 191, 220.
368.
Ibid., para 6.
369.
Ibid., para 72.
370.
Ibid., para 260.
371.
Ibid.
372.
Ibid., para 223.
373.
ICC, The Prosecutor v Germain Katanga, Decision on the Matter of the Transgenerational Harm Alleged by Some Applicants for Reparations Remanded by the Appeals Chamber in its Judgment of 8 March 2018, 19 July 2018, Case. No. ICC-01/04-01/07, p. 31.
374.
ICC, Prosecutor v Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, Judgment on the appeal of the victims against the “Reparations Order”, 8 March 2018, Case No. ICC-01/12-01/15A (Al Mahdi 2018), p. 4.
375.
Ibid., para 1.
376.
Al Mahdi 2018, above n 374, p. 4.
377.
Ibid.
378.
Ibid.
379.
Ibid.
380.
Ibid.
381.
UN General Assembly (2018) Report of the International Criminal Court, UN Doc. A/73/334, para 35.
382.
Hsu C (2018) Ratko Mladić appeals war crimes conviction. https://www.jurist.org/news/2018/03/ratko-mladic-appeals-war-crimes-conviction/. Accessed 22 March 2019.
383.
MICT 2018b.
384.
MICT, Prosecutor v Ratko Mladić, Defence Motion to Vacate Judgment and Impose Stay of Proceedings, 31 January 2018, Case No. MICT-13-56-A; MICT, Prosecutor v Ratko Mladić, Urgent Defence Request for Review of Registrar’s Rejection to Provide Sufficient Funding for Appeal Phase I and Concurrent Motion for Enlargement of Time to File The Notice of Appeal (confidential with confidential and ex parte annexes), 23 February 2018, Case No. MICT-13-56-A; MICT, Prosecutor v Ratko Mladić, Decision on a Further Motion for an Extension of Time to File a Notice of Appeal, 9 March 2018, Case No. MICT-13-56-A. See also Džidić D (2018) Mladic seeks conviction annulment due to ‘mild dementia’. https://balkaninsight.com/2018/02/05/mladic-seeks-conviction-annulment-due-to-mild-dementia-02-05-2018/. Accessed 22 March 2019.
385.
ICTY, Prosecutor v Radovan Karadžić, Judgment, 24 March 2016, Case No. IT-95-5/18-T, para 6072.
386.
MICT, Prosecutor v Radovan Karadžić, Radovan Karadžić’s Appeal Brief, 23 December 2016, Case No. MICT-13-55-A, paras 446, 857.
387.
Ibid., para 391.
388.
MICT 2018a.
389.
MICT, Prosecutor v Vojislav Šešelj, Judgment, 11 April 2018, Case No. MICT-16-99-A (Šešelj 2018), para 181. For the acquittal in the initial judgement, see ICTY, Prosecutor v Vojislav Šešelj, Judgment, 31 March 2016, Case No. IT-03-67-T, p. 109.
390.
Šešelj 2018, above n 389, para 71.
391.
Grebo L (2018) Hague Prosecutor: Croatian Govt ‘Blocking’ War Crime Cases. https://balkaninsight.com/2018/12/11/hague-prosecutor-croatian-govt-blocking-war-crime-cases-12-11-2018/. Accessed 22 March 2019.
392.
Ibid.
393.
Ibid.
394.
UN Security Council (2010) Resolution 1966 (2010), UN Doc. S/RES/1966, Annex 1 Statute of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, Article 26.
395.
McGreal C (2018) Rwanda appalled at chance of early release for genocide criminals. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/06/rwanda-appalled-at-chance-of-early-release-for-genocide-criminals. Accessed 30 April 2019.
396.
Ibid.
397.
Ibid.
398.
Ibid.
399.
Trahan J (2018) Unpacking the request for early release by three Rwanda genocide prisoners. https://theconversation.com/unpacking-the-request-for-early-release-by-three-rwanda-genocide-prisoners-101743. Accessed 30 April 2019.
400.
EULEX (2018) EULEX New Mandate. https://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/?page=2,10,836. Accessed 30 April 2019.
401.
EULEX (2018) EULEX and FBI Tackling Sexual Abuse and Domestic Violence in Kosovo. https://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/?page=2,11,766. Accessed 30 April 2019.
402.
EULEX (2018) EULEX Hold War Crimes Training for Kosovo Prosecutors. https://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/?page=2,11,795. Accessed 30 April 2019.
403.
EULEX (2018) EULEX Workshop for Enhancing the Implementation of Intelligence Led Policing. https://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/?page=2,11,798. Accessed 30 April 2019.
404.
EULEX (2018) EULEX Chief Prosecutor at the Prosecutor’s Annual Conference Calls for the Spirit of Renovation and Reconciliation. https://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/?page=2,11,770. Accessed 30 April 2019.
405.
EULEX (2018) EULEX Presents Kosovo Judges a Manual for the Processes of Mass Claims. https://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/?page=2,11,829. Accessed 30 April 2019.
406.
EULEX (2018) Meeting of the Joint Rule of Law Coordination Board held in Pristina. https://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/?page=2,10,830. Accessed 30 April 2019.
407.
Morina D (2018) Push to Scrap Special Court Fails Again in Kosovo. https://balkaninsight.com/2018/01/17/kosovo-fails-again-to-revoke-the-law-on-special-court-01-17-2018/. Accessed 30 April 2019.
408.
Shehu L (2018) Kosovo’s Thaci Vows War Crimes Court Abolition, Calls Debate ‘Exaggerated’. https://www.voanews.com/a/kosovar-president-vows-abolish-war-crimes-court/4202379.html. Accessed 30 April 2019.
409.
European Union Office in Kosovo 2018; Morina D (2018) Push to Scrap Special Court Fails Again in Kosovo. https://balkaninsight.com/2018/01/17/kosovo-fails-again-to-revoke-the-law-on-special-court-01-17-2018/. Accessed 30 April 2019; Coalition for the International Criminal Court (2018) #GlobalJustice Weekly: Judges sworn in to Colombian war crimes court. Justice on the line in Kosovo. http://www.coalitionfortheicc.org/news/20180118/globaljustice-weekly-judges-sworn-colombian-war-crimes-court-justice-line-kosovo. Accessed 30 April 2019.
410.
Kosovo Specialist Chambers & Specialist Prosecutor’s Office (2018) First Names for the KSC Lists of Lawyers for Defence & Victims’ Counsel Announced. https://www.scp-ks.org/en/first-names-ksc-lists-lawyers-defence-victims-counsel-announced. Accessed 30 April 2019.
411.
Kosovo Specialist Chambers & Specialist Prosecutor’s Office (2018) Second List of Lawyers for Defence and Victims’ Counsel. https://www.scp-ks.org/en/second-lists-lawyers-defence-and-victims-counsel. Accessed 30 April 2019.
412.
Kosovo Specialist Chambers & Specialist Prosecutor’s Office (2018) KSC Judges Meet for the Plenary. https://www.scp-ks.org/en/ksc-judges-meet-plenary. Accessed 30 April 2019.
413.
Kosovo Specialist Chambers & Specialist Prosecutor’s Office (2018) Specialist Prosecutor Explains Imminent Departure. https://www.scp-ks.org/en/specialist-prosecutor-explains-imminent-departure. Accessed 30 April 2019; Kosovo Specialist Chambers & Specialist Prosecutor’s Office (2018) President Trendafilova on the Departure of Specialist Prosecutor Schwendiman. https://www.scp-ks.org/en/president-trendafilova-departure-specialist-prosecutor-schwendiman. Accessed 30 April 2019.
414.
Kosovo Specialist Chambers & Specialist Prosecutor’s Office (2018) Kwai Hong Ip Succeeds David Schwendiman as Acting Specialist Prosecutor. https://www.scp-ks.org/en/kwai-hong-ip-succeeds-david-schwendiman-acting-specialist-prosecutor. Accessed 7 May 2019.
415.
Kosovo Specialist Chambers & Specialist Prosecutor’s Office (2018) Specialist Prosecutor Jack Smith Visits Kosovo. https://www.scp-ks.org/en/specialist-prosecutor-jack-smith-visits-kosovo. Accessed 30 April 2019.
416.
Kosovo Specialist Chambers & Specialist Prosecutor’s Office (2018) Pietro Spera Appointed as Ombudsperson of the KSC. https://www.scp-ks.org/en/pietro-spera-appointed-ombudsperson-ksc. Accessed 30 April 2019.
417.
ECCC (2018) Trial Chamber finds Accused Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan fit to stand trial. https://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/articles/trial-chamber-finds-accused-nuon-chea-and-khieu-samphan-fit-stand-trial. Accessed 6 May 2019.
418.
ECCC, The Prosecutor v Samphân Khieu and Chea Nuon, Decision on Khieu Samphân’s Urgent Appeal Against the Summary of Judgement Pronounced on 16 November 2018, 13 February 2019, Case No. 002/19-09-2007/ECCC/TC, pp. 2230 f.
419.
Ibid.
420.
Ibid.
421.
Ellis-Petersen H (2018) Khmer Rouge leaders found guilty of genocide in Cambodia’s ‘Nuremberg’ moment. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/16/khmer-rouge-leaders-genocide-charges-verdict-cambodia?fbclid=IwAR3nXanp0AUjS6SyfRUysgrTF8HOUDMgNKnuNiOZfXhsrhWcLrkqeah1jpg. Accessed 22 March 2019.
422.
ECCC 2018.
423.
ECCC, The Prosecutor v Leang Chear and Nicholas Koumjian, Decision on the International Co-Prosecutor’s Appeal on Decision on Redaction or, Alternatively, Request for Reclassification of the Closing Orders (Reasons), 12 June 2018, Case No. 004/07-09-2009-ECCC/OCIJ, para 312.
424.
ECCC, The Prosecutor v Im Chaem, Considerations on the International Co-Prosecutor’s Appeal of Closing Order (Reasons), 28 June 2018, Case No. 004/007-09-2009-ECCC/OCIJ, p. 27.
425.
ECCC, The Prosecutor v Im Chaem, Considerations on the International Co-Prosecutor’s Appeal of Closing Order (Reasons), Opinion of Judges Prak Kimsan, Ney Thol and Huot Vuthy, 28 June 2018, Case No. 004/007-09-2009-ECCC/OCIJ, para 92.
426.
ECCC The Prosecutor v Im Chaem, Considerations on the International Co-Prosecutor’s Appeal of Closing Order (Reasons), Opinion of Judges Baik and Beauvallet, 28 June 2018, Case No. 004/007-09-2009-ECCC/OCIJ, para 339.
427.
ECCC, The Prosecutor v Meas Muth, Order Dismissing the Case against Meas Muth by the National Co-Investigating Judge, 28 November 2018, Case No. 003/07-09-2009/ECCC/OCIJ.
428.
Ibid., para 49.
429.
Ibid., para 456.
430.
Ibid., pp. 256–264.
431.
Boyle A (2018) Dueling decisions at the Khmer Rouge Trials could mean a suspect avoids justice. https://www.justsecurity.org/61899/dueling-decisions-khmer-rouge-trials-suspect-avoids-justice/. Accessed 13 June 2019.
432.
ECCC, The Prosecutor v Ao An, Order Dismissing the Case against Ao An by the National Co-Investigating Judge, 16 August 2018, Case No. 004/2/07-09-2009-ECCC/OCIJ, para 554.
433.
ECCC, The Prosecutor v Ao An, Closing Order (Indictment) by the International Co-Investigating Judge, 16 August 2018, Case No. 004/2/07-09-2009-ECCC/OCIJ, pp. 409–415.
434.
Human Rights Watch (2018) Hissène Habré Case: Trust Fund for Victims. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/07/hissene-habre-case-trust-fund-victims. Accessed 6 May 2019.
435.
EAC, Situation en République du Tchad, Le Procureur Général c. Hissein Habré [Situation in the Republic of Chad, Prosecutor General v Hissein Habré], Judgement, 30 May 2016.
436.
EAC (2017) Situation en République du Tchad, Le Procureur Général c. Hissein Habré [Situation in the Republic of Chad, Prosecutor General v. Hissein Habré], Arrest, 27 April 2017, para 546.
437.
Foster A (2018) 13 February 2018 – News about the Courts – ICC Prosecutor statement against the use of child soldiers; Commission on Human Rights calls on Philippine Government to investigate drug deaths; Duterte considers himself beyond ICC jurisdiction; Trust fund for victims of Hissène Habré adopted by African Union. http://www.iclmediareview.com/13-february-2018-news-courts-icc-prosecutor-statement-use-child-soldiers-commission-human-rights-calls-philippine-government-investigate-drug-deaths. Accessed 2 May 2019.
438.
Human Rights Watch (2018) Hissène Habré Case: Trust Fund for Victims. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/07/hissene-habre-case-trust-fund-victims. Accessed 2 May 2019.
439.
Human Rights Watch (2018) Central African Republic: Crucial Court For Victims. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/05/17/central-african-republic-crucial-court-victims. Accessed 8 April 2019.
440.
For an overview of the developments in the CAR in 2018, see above, Sect. 6.1.2.
441.
Human Rights Watch (2018) Central African Republic: Crucial Court For Victims. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/05/17/central-african-republic-crucial-court-victims. Accessed 8 April 2019.
442.
SCC (2018) Session inaugurale de la Cour Pénale Spéciale [The inaugural session of the Special Criminal Court]. https://www.cps-rca.cf/fr/session-inaugurale-de-la-cour-penale-speciale-0. Accessed 2 May 2019.
443.
SCC (2018) Stratégie d’enquêtes [Strategy of the investigations]. https://www.cps-rca.cf/fr/strategie-denquetes-0. Accessed 9 April 2019; SCC (2018) Le Président de la Cour [The President of the Court]. http://www.cps-rca.cf/fr/le-president-de-la-cour. Accessed 9 April 2019; SCC (2018) Le Vice-Président [The Vice-President]. https://www.cps-rca.cf/fr/le-vice-president. Accessed 2 May 2019.
444.
SCC 2018.
445.
Labuda PI (2019) ‘Open for business’: The Special Criminal Court Launches Investigations in the Central African Republic. https://www.ejiltalk.org/open-for-business-the-special-criminal-court-launches-investigations-in-the-central-african-republic/. Accessed 30 April 2019.
446.
STL 2019, p. 9.
447.
Ibid.
448.
Ibid., p. 22.
449.
Ibid.
450.
Ibid., p. 25.
451.
Ibid.
452.
Ibid., p. 7.
453.
STL, The Prosecutor v Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. and Ibrahim Mohamed Ali Al Amin, Judgment, 15 July 2016, Case No. STL-14-06/T/CJ, p. 62.
454.
As imposed in STL, The Prosecutor v Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. and Ibrahim Mohamed Ali Al Amin, Reasons for Sentencing, 5 September 2016, Case No. STL-14-06/T/CJ, p. 8.
455.
STL, The Prosecutor v Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. and Ibrahim Mohamed Ali Al Amin, Public Redacted Version of “Warrant of Arrest and Order to Transfer and Detain Mr. Ibrahim Mohamed Ali Al Amin” of 16 July 2018, 12 October 2018, Case No. STL-14-06/T/CJ, p. 1.
456.
Ibid., p. 2.
457.
STL, The Prosecutor v Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. and Ibrahim Mohamed Ali Al Amin, Order Lifting Confidentiality, 12 October 2018, Case No. STL-14-06/T/CJ STL (2019) Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. & Mr. Al Amin (STL-14-06). https://www.stl-tsl.org/en/the-cases/contempt-cases/stl-14-06. Accessed 13 June 2019.
458.
STL, The Prosecutor v Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. and Ibrahim Mohamed Ali Al Amin, Order Lifting Confidentiality, 12 October 2018, Case No. STL-14-06/T/CJ.
459.
STL (2019) Akhbar Beirut S.A.L. & Mr. Al Amin (STL-14-06). https://www.stl-tsl.org/en/the-cases/contempt-cases/stl-14-06. Accessed 13 June 2019.
460.
Ibid.
461.
As already mentioned in the Abstract of this chapter, the Year in Review only covers a limited number of events that are particularly relevant to IHL. This goes even more for the domestic context, where a growing number of cases on IHL and international criminal law are adjudicated. This section on domestic court decisions will therefore only contain a limited number of particularly noteworthy cases. Further and more in-depth analysis of national cases as well as analyses of cases adjudicated by hybrid and international tribunals can be found at International Crimes Database Project (2019) International Crimes Database. http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org. Accessed 10 May 2019.
462.
Procuradoría de Crímenes de lesa humanidad (2018) Informe estadístico sobre el estado de las causas por delitos de lesa humanidad en Argentina [Office of the Prosecutor on Crimes Against Humanity, Statistics report on the current situation of crimes against humanity cases in Argentina]. https://www.fiscales.gob.ar/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/LESA_informe-estadistico-anual-2018. Accessed 7 May 2017.
463.
Mareco A (2018) Una condena perpetua en un fallo con limitaciones [A life sentence in a decision with statutory limitations]. https://www.lavoz.com.ar/politica/una-condena-perpetua-en-un-fallo-con-limitaciones. Accessed 7 May 2017.
464.
García M (2018) Causa Puente 12: perpetua para Etchecolatz, cuatro genocidas absueltos por crímenes previos al golpe [The Case of Puente 12: Life sentence for Etchecolatz, four genocide criminals acquitted for crimes committed before the coup]. https://www.laizquierdadiario.com/Causa-Puente-12-perpetua-para-Etchecolatz-cuatro-genocidas-absueltos-por-crimenes-previos-al-golpe. Accessed 7 May 2017.
465.
Independent (2018) Argentina proceeds with prosecution against Saudi crown prince Mohammad bin Salman over Yemen war. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/saudi-arabia-argentina-argentina-proceeds-with-prosecution-against-saudi-crown-prince-mohammad-bin-a8656691.html. Accessed 7 May 2017.
466.
BBC News (2018) Argentina: los exdirectivos de Ford que fueron condenados por secuestros y torturas durante el régimen militar [Argentina: the former directors of Ford who were condemned for kidnapping and torture during the military regime]. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-46532725. Accessed 7 May 2017.
467.
Middle East Monitor (2018) Torture survivors file criminal complaint against senior Syria officials. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180601-torture-survivors-file-criminal-complaint-against-senior-syria-officials/amp/?__twitter_impression=true. Accessed 7 May 2017.
468.
AFP (2018) Cinq Rwandais renvoyés devant la justice belge pour “crime de génocide” en 1994 [Five Rwandans referred before the Belgian Criminal judiciary for “the crime of genocide” in 1994]. https://www.voaafrique.com/a/rwanda-accuses-genocide-1994-cour-d-assises-de-bruxelles-crime-de-guerre-parque-feral-belge/4697752.html. Accessed 7 May 2017.
469.
RTBF (2018) Cinq Rwandais renvoyés devant la cour d’assises de Bruxelles pour des faits de génocide de 1994 [Five Rwandans referred before the criminal court of Brussels for the crime of genocide committed in 1994]. https://www.rtbf.be/info/monde/detail_cinq-rwandais-renvoyes-devant-la-cour-d-assises-de-bruxelles-pour-des-faits-de-genocide-de-1994?id=10096630. Accessed 7 May 2019.
470.
Reuters (2018) Bosnian Serb wartime police chief charged with genocide in Srebrenica. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bosnia-warcrimes-indictments/bosnian-serb-wartime-police-chief-charged-with-genocide-in-srebrenica-idUSKBN1FJ2D0. Accessed 7 May 2017.
471.
Sud Bosne i Hercegovine [The Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina] (2018) Potvrđena optužnica u predmetu Tomislav Kovač [Indictment confirmed in the Tomislav Kovač case]. http://www.sudbih.gov.ba/vijest/potvrena-optunica-u-predmetu-tomislav-kova-20729. Accessed 7 May 2019.
472.
Balkan Insight (2018) Bosnia Acquits Serb Police Commander of Srebrenica Genocide. https://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/bosnia-acquits-serb-police-commander-of-srebrenica-genocide-02-16-2018. Accessed 7 May 2019.
473.
Balkan Insight (2018) Bosnian Serb Soldiers’ Srebrenica Genocide Trial Opens. https://balkaninsight.com/2018/06/12/bosnian-serb-soldiers-srebrenica-genocide-trial-opens-06-12-2018/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
474.
Reuters (2018) France hands over war crimes suspect to Bosnia. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bosnia-warcrimes-france/france-hands-over-war-crimes-suspect-to-bosnia-idUSKBN1JL1BR. Accessed 7 May 2019.
475.
AP (2018) Ex Bosnia Army Commander, 16 Others Charged With War Crimes. https://www.voanews.com/a/ex-bosnia-army-commander-sixteen-others-charges-with-war-crimes/4609180.html. Accessed 7 May 2019.
476.
DW (2018) ‘Defender of Srebrenica’ Naser Oric acquitted of war crimes. https://www.dw.com/en/defender-of-srebrenica-naser-oric-acquitted-of-war-crimes/a-46517517. Accessed 7 May 2019.
477.
CNN (2018) La Corte Suprema de Colmobia declara de lesa humanidad masacres paramilitares presuntamente relacionadas con expresidente Uribe [The Supreme Court of Colombia declared that the massacres allegedly related to the former president Uribe are crimes against humanity]. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2018/06/01/la-corte-suprema-de-colombia-declara-de-lesa-humanidad-masacres-paramilitares-presuntamente-relacionadas-con-expresidente-uribe/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
478.
Álvarez LI (2018) The Special Jurisdiction for Peace in Colombia: Challenges and Opportunities for Accountability. http://blog.ucall.nl/index.php/2018/04/the-special-jurisdiction-for-peace-in-colombia-challenges-and-opportunities-for-accountability/. Accessed 12 March 2019; AP (2018) Ex-rebel leaders appear before Colombia’s peace tribunal. https://apnews.com/69b46d327bd848b29c10c7ed84738a72. Accessed 7 May 2019. For details on the establishment of the JEP, see Lin et al. 2019, p. 262.
479.
AP (2018) Ex-rebel leaders appear before Colombia’s peace tribunal. https://apnews.com/69b46d327bd848b29c10c7ed84738a72. Accessed 7 May 2019.
480.
El Espectador (2018) Investigaciones disciplinarias por crímenes de lesa humanidad no prescribirán: Procuraduría [Office of the Prosecutor: Disciplinary investigations for crimes against humanity will not be subjected to statutory limitations]. https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/judicial/investigaciones-disciplinarios-por-crimenes-de-lesa-humanidad-no-prescribiran-procuraduria-articulo-828382. Accessed 7 May 2019.
481.
Al Jazeera (2018) Court orders Denmark to compensate 18 Iraqis over torture. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/06/court-orders-denmark-compensate-18-iraqis-torture-180615185349646.html. Accessed 7 May 2019.
482.
Jurist (2018) Denmark Appeals Court upholds extradition of Rwandan genocide suspect. https://www.jurist.org/news/2018/09/denmark-appeals-court-upholds-extradition-of-rwandan-genocide-suspect/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
483.
BBC News (2018) Rwandan genocide suspect ‘extradited from Denmark’. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46529332. Accessed 7 May 2019.
484.
YLE (2018) Finland calls for probe of Finnish SS soldiers’ possible role in war crimes during WWII. https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finland_calls_for_probe_of_finnish_ss_soldiers_possible_role_in_war_crimes_during_wwii/10233194. Accessed 7 May 2019.
485.
YLE (2018) Tuesday’s papers: Iraqi twins’ appeal trial, a discriminatory ad and poisonous mushrooms. https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/tuesdays_papers_iraqi_twins_appeal_trial_a_discriminatory_ad_and_poisonous_mushrooms/10397599. Accessed 7 May 2019.
486.
RFI (2018) Génocide au Rwanda: la justice française confirme la condamnation de Pascal Simbikangwa [Genocide in Rwanda: the French judiciary confirms the sentence of Pascal Simbikangwa]. http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180525-genocide-rwanda-justice-francaise-confirme-condamnation-pascal-simbikangwa. Accessed 7 May 2019.
487.
La Dépêche (2018) Un médecin villeneuvois accusé de crimes au Rwanda pourrait être renvoyé aux assises [A doctor from the city of Villeneuve accused of several crimes in Rwanda could be referred to the French Criminal Court]. https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2018/05/21/2801929-medecin-villeneuvois-accuse-crimes-rwanda-pourrait-etre-renvoye-assises.html. Accessed 7 May 2019.
488.
Le Point (2018) Génocide au Rwanda: un ancien préfet rwandais renvoyé aux assises en France [Genocide in Rwanda: a Rwandan former prefect is referred to the French Criminal Court]. https://www.lepoint.fr/societe/genocide-au-rwanda-un-ancien-prefet-rwandais-renvoye-aux-assises-en-france-31-12-2018-2282667_23.php. Accessed 7 May 2019.
489.
ICTR, Prosecutor v. Laurent Bucyibaruta, Indictment, 16 June 2005, Case No. ICTR-2005-85-I.
490.
ICTR, Prosecutor v. Laurent Bucyibaruta, Decision on Prosecutor’s request for referral of Laurent Bucyibaruta’s indictment to France, 20 November 2007, Case No. ICTR-2005-85-I.
491.
Gras R (2018) Génocide au Rwanda: les juges d’instruction français rejettent la réouverture de l’enquête sur le massacre de Bisesero [Genocide in Rwanda: the French investigating judges refuse to reopen the investigation on the Bisesero massacre]. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/674262/societe/genocide-au-rwanda-les-juges-dinstruction-francais-rejettent-la-reouverture-de-lenquete-sur-le-massacre-de-bisesero/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
492.
Jarry E (2018) Rights group sues Abu Dhabi Crown Prince in France over Yemen. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-emirates/rights-group-sues-abu-dhabi-crown-prince-in-france-over-yemen-idUSKCN1NQ1IU?fbclid=IwAR3iA9a0trRFPoFVgNIoFTQS2c8l8oZp0NOvpnEtW-Brz8N1bTMG_Sacjtc. Accessed 7 May 2019.
493.
BFMTV/AFP (2018) Syrie: Lafarge inculpé de “complicité de crimes contre l’humanité” [Syria: Lafarge accused of “complicity in crimes against humanity”]. https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/proche-moyen-orient/syrie-lafarge-inculpe-de-complicite-de-crimes-contre-l-humanite_2021242.html. Accessed 7 May 2019.
494.
Courrier International (2018) Lafarge accusé de complicité de crimes de guerre. [Lafarge accused of complicity in war crimes]. https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/lafarge-accuse-de-complicite-de-crimes-contre-lhumanite. Accessed 7 May 2019.
495.
Reuters (2018) France issues arrest-warrants for senior Syrian officials. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-france/france-issues-arrest-warrants-for-senior-syrian-officials-idUSKCN1NA11L. Accessed 7 May 2019.
496.
DW (2018) Court finds Nazi guard guilty of Holocaust deaths. https://www.dw.com/en/court-finds-nazi-guard-guilty-of-holocaust-deaths/a-15068941. Accessed 15 May 2019.
497.
For details on his curriculum and his activities in Finland, see above, Sect. 6.2.3.7.
498.
Johansson S (2018) Kendt nazijæger: Kæmper stadig for at få danskere dømt [Known Nazi Hunter: Still struggling to get Danes condemned]. https://www.bt.dk/historie/kendt-nazijaeger-kaemper-stadig-for-at-faa-danskere-doemt. Accessed 7 May 2019.
499.
Agence France-Presse (2018) ‘Bookkeeper of Auschwitz’ dies before entering jail. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/12/bookkeeper-auschwitz-dies-before-jail-nazis. Accessed 7 May 2019.
500.
BBC News (2018) Ex-Auschwitz SS guard charged in Germany. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43782035. Accessed 7 May 2019.
501.
Reuters (2018) Wheelchair-bound 94-year old German on trial for Nazi crimes. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-warcrimes/wheelchair-bound-94-year-old-german-on-trial-for-nazi-crimes-idUSKCN1NB17Y. Accessed 7 May 2019.
502.
Georgiou A (2018) 94-year-old nazi war crimes suspect faces trial in German juvenile court. https://www.newsweek.com/94-year-old-nazi-war-crimes-suspect-faces-trial-german-juvenile-court-1134435. Accessed 7 May 2019.
503.
CBS News (2018) Alleged SS guard charged as accessory to 36,000 deaths at Nazi camp. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nazi-guard-hans-werner-h-charged-over-36000-deaths-at-mauthausen-concentration-camp/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
504.
Brennhold K, Hirschfeld Davis J (2018) Ex-Nazi Guard in U.S., Now 95, is deported to Germany. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/21/world/europe/nazi-guard-deported.html. Accessed 7 May 2019.
505.
Reuters (2018) Suspected Bosnian Serb war criminal arrested in Munich. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bosnia-warcrimes-germany/suspected-bosnian-serb-war-criminal-arrested-in-munich-idUSKBN1EY1EF. Accessed 7 May 2019.
506.
CNN (2018) Germany convicts member of Western-backed Syrian opposition for ‘war crimes’. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/09/25/middleeast/german-syrian-conviction-intl/index.html. Accessed 7 May 2019.
507.
RFE (2018) Germany charges Ex-Afghan army officer with war crimes. https://www.rferl.org/a/germany-charges-ex-afghan-army-officer-with-war-crimes/29570848.html. Accessed 7 May 2019.
508.
Punch (2018) Germany reopens war crimes case against Rwandan rebel leaders. https://punchng.com/germany-reopens-war-crimes-case-against-rwandan-rebel-leaders/?fbclid=IwAR2L1GKJ7z_wKKjBHTiQB--j5r7gOUaZkzP4LKzPsEv-Tq5kO8mSludOwf4. Accessed 7 May 2019.
509.
Human Rights Watch (2013) Guatemala: Rios Montt Convicted of genocide. https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/05/10/guatemala-rios-montt-convicted-genocide. Accessed 7 May 2019.
510.
BBC News (2013) Guatemala annuls Rios Montt’s genocide conviction. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-22605022. Accessed 7 May 2019.
511.
Burt JM (2018) Court Finds Guatemalan Army Committed Genocide, but Acquits Military Intelligence Chief. https://www.ijmonitor.org/2018/09/court-finds-guatemalan-army-committed-genocide-but-acquits-military-intelligence-chief/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
512.
Nacla (2018) Imperfect justice in Guatemala. https://nacla.org/news/2018/10/12/imperfect-justice-guatemala. Accessed 7 May 2019.
513.
Reuters (2018) Guatemala’s former intelligence chief acquitted of human rights violations. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-guatemala-rights/guatemalas-former-intelligence-chief-acquitted-of-human-rights-violations-idUSKCN1M70AZ. Accessed 7 May 2019.
514.
Reisman T (2018) Much anticipated Molina Theissen trial begins in Guatemala City. https://www.ijmonitor.org/2018/03/much-anticipated-molina-theissen-trial-begins-in-guatemala-city/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
515.
Europa Press (2018) Guatemala condena a cuatro militares por crímenes contra una joven y un menor durante la guerra civil [Guatemala condemns four military for crimes committed against a young woman and a minor during the civil war]. https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-guatemala-condena-cuatro-militares-crimenes-contra-joven-menor-guerra-civil-20180524023424.html. Accessed 7 May 2019.
516.
Burt JM (2018) Appellate Court Rejects Defense Recusal Motion; Molina Theissen Trial to Continue Next Week. https://www.ijmonitor.org/2018/05/appellate-court-rejects-defense-recusal-motion-molina-theissen-trial-to-continue-next-week/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
517.
The Guardian (2018) Guatemala: ex-military officers convicted of crimes against humanity. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/23/guatemala-ex-military-officers-convicted-of-crimes-against-humanity. Accessed 7 May 2019.
518.
Burt JM (2018) Dos Erres Massacre trial starts today. https://www.ijmonitor.org/2018/10/dos-erres-massacre-trial-starts-today/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
519.
The New York Times (2018) Ex-Soldier Gets 5,160 Years in Prison for Guatemala Massacre. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/22/world/americas/guatemala-soldier-massacre-santos-lopez-alonzo.html. Accessed 7 May 2019.
520.
Gramajo J (2018) Guatemala: Dictaminan a favor de la amnistía en delitos de lesa humanidad [Lawmakers decision in favor of amnesty for crimes against humanity]. https://www.nodal.am/2018/06/guatemala-dictaminan-a-favor-de-la-amnistia-en-delitos-de-lesa-humanidad/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
521.
Baliu D, Morina D, BIRN (2018) Kosovo Deputy PM Limaj’s War Crimes Acquittal Upheld. https://balkaninsight.com/2018/11/14/kosovo-court-upheld-limaj-s-war-crimes-acquittal-11-14-2018/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
522.
Van Laarhoven K (2018) Eshetu A. in hoger beroep tegen veroordeling oorlogsmisdaden [Eshetu A. appeals against conviction of war crimes]. https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2018/01/02/eshetu-a-in-hoger-beroep-tegen-veroordeling-oorlogsmisdaden-a1586832. Accessed 7 May 2019.
523.
Dutch News (2018) Dutch jihadi guilty of war crimes, public prosecutor says. https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2018/10/dutch-jihadi-guilty-of-war-crimes-public-prosecutor-says/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
524.
West African Journal Magazine (2018) Dutch Supreme Court Upholds Gus Kouwenhoven’s Conviction; Extradition Pending. https://westafricanjournalmagazine.com/2018/12/18/dutch-supreme-court-upholds-gus-kouwenhovens-conviction-extradition-pending/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
525.
IACHR, Barrios Altos y Caso La Cantuta vs. Peru, Resolution, 30 May 2018, http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/supervisiones/barriosaltos_lacantuta_30_05_18.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2019.
526.
Carroll R (2009) Former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori sentenced to 25 years. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/07/alberto-fujimori-peru. Accessed 7 May 2019.
527.
Collyns D (2018) Peru’s high court overturns pardon of former strongman Fujimori. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/03/peru-high-court-overturns-pardon-alberto-fujimori. Accessed 7 May 2019.
528.
Rwamapera K (2018) Bandora appeals 30-year jail term for Genocide. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/rwanda/bandora-appeals-30-year-jail-term-genocide. Accessed 7 May 2019.
529.
Ballesteros RR (2018) España se niega a colaborar con la Justicia argentina en la lesa humanidad de ETA [Spain refuses to collaborate with Argentina in the ETA crimes against humanity cases]. https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2018-04-09/espana-se-niega-a-colaborar-con-la-justicia-argentina-en-la-lesa-humanidad-de-eta_1545861/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
530.
Lázaro F (2018) Primer juicio a cuatro jefes de ETA por crímenes de lesa humanidad [First trial against four leaders of ETA for crimes against humanity]. https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2018/04/30/5ae5e96ce2704e33598b4653.html. Accessed 7 May 2019.
531.
Ibid.
532.
Burgen S (2018) Spain launches truth commission to probe Franco-era crimes. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/12/spain-to-establish-truth-commission-for-franco-era-crimes. Accessed 7 May 2019.
533.
NPR (2018) First stolen baby case from Franco dictatorship goes to court in Spain. https://www.npr.org/2018/08/14/638629411/first-stolen-baby-case-from-franco-dictatorship-goes-to-court-in-spain. Accessed 7 May 2019.
534.
Jones S (2018) Spanish doctor found guilty but acquitted in ‘stolen babies’ case. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/08/spanish-doctor-eduardo-vela-found-guilty-but-acquitted-in-stolen-babies-case. Accessed 7 May 2019.
535.
Gómez JA (2018) Los delitos de lesa humanidad Sí prescriben en España [Crimes against humanity are limited in time in Spain]. https://diario16.com/los-delitos-lesa-humanidad-prescriben-espana/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
536.
Trial International 2018.
537.
Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity, opened for signature 16 December 1968, 754 UNTS 73 (entered into force 11 November 1970).
538.
Spanish Ministry of Justice (2018). Nota de Prensa: La Ministra Delgado expone en el Congreso los siete ejes qui guiarán su gestión al frente de Justicia [Press release: Minister Delgado presents before the Congress the seven core ideas that will guide the government’s management of the Justice]. https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/cs/Satellite/Portal/1292428853683?blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobheadername1=Content-Disposition&blobheadername2=Medios&blobheadervalue1=attachment%3B+filename%3D180711ComparecenciadelaministradeJusticia.pdf&blobheadervalue2=1288798968746. Accessed 7 May 2019.
539.
Global News Network Liberia (2018) Dutch arms dealer case postponed in wait of extradition documentation. http://gnnliberia.com/2018/01/14/dutch-arms-dealer-case-postponed-wait-extradition-documentation/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
540.
For the decision of the Court of Appeal, see Lin et al. 2019, p. 311.
541.
For the proceedings in the Netherlands, see above, Sect. 6.2.3.12.
542.
Meyer D (2018) War criminal remains free in Cape Town to prosecutor’s frustration. https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-06-25-war-criminal-remains-free-in-cape-town-to-prosecutors-frustration/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
543.
Al Jazeera (2018) South Sudan president signs peace deal with rebel leader. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/south-sudan-president-signs-peace-deal-rebel-leader-180912185452831.html. Accessed 7 May 2019. For more information about the conflict and the conclusion of the peace agreement, see above, Sect. 6.1.13.
544.
UNMISS/OHCHR 2018.
545.
For more information about the peace agreement, see above, Sect. 6.1.13.
546.
Morgan H (2018) South Sudan war crimes: UN calling for forming hybrid court. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/south-sudan-war-crimes-calling-forming-hybrid-court-180917183035089.html. Accessed 7 May 2019.
547.
For the background and developments in 2018 regarding the conflict, see above, Sect. 6.1.13.
548.
Aurelio DS (2018) South Sudan government objects to war crimes court. https://www.voanews.com/a/south-sudan-government-objects-war-crimes-court/4598220.html. Accessed 7 May 2019.
549.
Pabasara T (2018) NPC adopts proposal on establishing war crimes court. http://www.adaderana.lk/news/49722/npc-adopts-proposal-on-establishing-war-crimes-court. Accessed 7 May 2019.
550.
Ibid.
551.
AP (2018) Sri Lanka to recall peacekeeping commander on UN request. https://www.apnews.com/c68ca3b6023246fe89fff70ed8e29822. Accessed 7 May 2019.
552.
European Coalition on Oil in Sudan 2010.
553.
Ingeson and Kather 2018; The Local (2018) Swedish oil executives face charges over complicity in war crimes. https://www.thelocal.se/20181019/swedish-oil-executives-chargescomplicity-in-war-crimes?fbclid=IwAR2_MYgL4hi2jIONB7Uy6X4vQv_aZT2dXPxGCFtBZns5jv7A0bGFkXhyGXo. Accessed 7 May 2019.
554.
Rolander N (2018) Prosecutor Readies War Crime Charges Against Swedish Oil Bosses. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-26/prosecutor-readies-war-crime-charges-against-swedish-oil-bosses. Accessed 7 May 2019.
555.
The New Times (2018) Government welcomes life sentence against genocide suspect in Sweden. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/government-welcomes-life-sentence-against-genocide-suspect-sweden. Accessed 7 May 2019.
556.
The New Times (2018) Appeal in Genocide convict’s case begins in Swedish court. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/appeal-genocide-convicts-case-begins-swedish-court. Accessed 7 May 2019.
557.
Information Platform Human Rights (2018) Nezzar Case: the Federal Criminal Court reprimands the Office of the Attorney General of Switzerland. https://www.humanrights.ch/en/switzerland/internal-affairs/punishment/penal-action/nezzar-case-federal-criminal-court-reprimands-office-attorney-general-switzerland. Accessed 7 May 2019.
558.
UN Special rapporteur on torture and on the independence of judges and lawyers 2018.
559.
Tashobya A (2018) Rwanda: Genocide Suspects in UK Face Fresh Investigation. https://allafrica.com/stories/201804170030.html. Accessed 7 May 2019.
560.
Luscombe R (2018) Carefree life in Philadelphia masks bloodthirsty Liberian warlord’s past, suit says. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/13/liberian-civil-war-warlord-lawsuit. Accessed 7 May 2019.
561.
BBC News (2018) Liberia warlord ‘Jungle Jabbah’ jailed for 30 years in US. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43836567. Accessed 7 May 2019.
562.
Amnesty International (2018) Liberia: Warlord “Jungle Jabbah” jailed for 30 years in US. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/04/liberia-warlord-jungle-jabbah-jailed-for-30-years-in-us/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
563.
Prine C (2018) Charged with war crimes and stuck in the brig, a Navy SEAL vows to fight on. https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2018/10/19/charged-with-war-crimes-and-stuck-in-the-brig-a-navy-seal-vows-to-fight-on/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
564.
Prine C (2018) Second Navy SEAL charged in war crimes probe. https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2018/10/23/second-seal-arrested-in-war-crimes-probe/. Accessed 7 May 2019.
565.
Ibid.
566.
Taylor HR (2018) US court hears case against Germany over Namibia genocide. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/court-hears-case-germany-namibia-genocide-180731201918543.html. Accessed 7 May 2019.
567.
NPR (2018) Immigrant accused of Guatemalan war crimes may be deported. https://www.npr.org/2018/02/15/585815522/immigrant-accused-of-guatemalan-war-crimes-may-be-deported. Accessed 7 May 2019.
568.
Rios S (2018) Judge Orders Accused War Criminal Deported To Guatemala. https://www.wbur.org/news/2018/03/29/accused-war-criminal-ordered-deported-guatemala. Accessed 7 May 2019.
569.
Arms Trade Treaty Secretariat 2018
570.
Ibid., para 11.
571.
Arms Trade Treaty 2019.
572.
UN (2018) Statement on Arms Trade Treaty’s 100-State-Party Milestone. https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/dc3795.doc.htm. Accessed 7 May 2019.
573.
Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, opened for signature 10 April 1981, 1342 UNTS 137 (entered into force 2 December 1983).
574.
Group of Governmental Experts of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (2018) Report of the 2018 session of the Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, UN Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2018/3.
575.
Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom 2018.
576.
Amnesty International (2018) UN decisive action needed to ban killer robots - before it’s too late. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/08/un-decisive-action-needed-to-ban-killer-robots-before-its-too-late/. Accessed10 May 2019.
577.
Human Rights Watch (2018) Statement on Incendiary Weapons, CCW Annual Meeting. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/11/22/statement-incendiary-weapons-ccw-annual-meeting. Accessed 5 September 2019.
578.
Cluster Munition Coalition 2018.
579.
States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions (2018) Eighth Meeting: Final Report, UN Doc. CCM/MSP/2018/9.
580.
Wareham M (2018) Sri Lanka bans cluster munitions. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/03/14/sri-lanka-bans-cluster-munitions. Accessed 14 May 2019.
581.
For further information about the agenda of the meeting, see AP Mine Ban Convention Implementation Support Unit (2018) What Happened at the 17MSP? https://www.apminebanconvention.org/meetings-of-the-states-parties/17msp/what-happened-at-the-17msp/. Accessed 15 May 2019. See also AP Mine Ban Convention Implementation Support Unit (2018) What was Considered at the 17MSP? https://www.apminebanconvention.org/meetings-of-the-states-parties/17msp/what-was-considered-at-the-17msp/. Accessed 14 May 2019.
582.
States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty 2014.
583.
International Campaign to Ban Landmines (2018) The Seventeenth Meeting of States Parties. http://www.icbl.org/en-gb/the-treaty/treaty-meetings/meetings-of-states-parties/17msp.aspx. Accessed 14 May 2019.
584.
Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction 2018.
585.
Wareham M (2018) Palestine joins global push to eliminate landmines. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/01/22/palestine-joins-global-push-eliminate-landmines. Accessed 14 May 2019.
586.
Palestinian Mine Action Authority 2012.
587.
Human Rights Watch (2018) Syria: Landmines Kill, Injure Hundreds in Raqqa. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/12/syria-landmines-kill-injure-hundreds-raqqa. Accessed 14 May 2019.
588.
OPCW (2018) Decision on Addressing the Threat From Chemical Weapons Use, Doc. C-SS-4/DEC.3.
589.
Ibid., para 10.
590.
Ibid., para 21.
591.
United States 2018.
592.
Ibid., p. 2.
593.
Albania et al. 2018.
594.
OPCW (2018) Chairperson’s report of the proceedings of the Fourth Special Session of the Conference of the States Parties to Review the Operation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (Fourth Review Conference), Doc. RC-4/3.
595.
OPCW (2018) Report of the Twenty-Third Session of the Conference of the States Parties 19, 20 and 29 November 2018, Doc. C-23/5.
596.
Bulgaria et al. 2018.
597.
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598.
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Authors and Affiliations

T.M.C. Asser Instituut, The Hague, The Netherlands
Kilian Roithmaier
Coffey International Development, Warsaw, Poland
Monika Tobjasz
Leiden, The Netherlands
Pauline Bove

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Kilian Roithmaier
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Monika Tobjasz
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Pauline Bove
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Correspondence to Kilian Roithmaier .

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Criminal Law Section, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Terry D. Gill
School of Law, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Robin Geiß
Department of Law/Public Law, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Heike Krieger
Research Department, T.M.C. Asser Instituut, The Hague, The Netherlands
Christophe Paulussen

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Roithmaier, K., Tobjasz, M., Bove, P. (2020). Year in Review 2018. In: Gill, T., Geiß, R., Krieger, H., Paulussen, C. (eds) Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Volume 21 (2018). Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, vol 21. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-343-6_6

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-343-6_6
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Print ISBN: 978-94-6265-342-9
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