Abstract
Due to the absence or incapability of local police or lagging deployment of an international police force, to fill ensuing security gaps, military on international stability missions have been dealing with insecurity, criminality and insurgency. Although ensuring law and order exceeds the core tasks of the military, and meets with resistance, given the circumstances, (international) military acting as interim police-force has been considered the only option. This chapter explains how the Netherlands Royal Army has contributed to improving public security by providing some sort of interim policing during stability operations and concludes that it has not institutionalised these activities in its doctrines. It is argued that the NL Army must recognise the needs to engage in the restoring and maintaining of public security in case of a security gap. By clearly defining in the doctrines which policing tasks should be performed to establish public security, a better organizational fit for these tasks could be institutionalised and the necessary training, mind-set and culture developed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
Bayley, 2001, p. 53; Dobbins et al. 2007, p. 26; Dziedzic 1998, pp. 8–10; Hansen 2002a, p. 73; Hills 2009, p. 43; Hills 2014, p. 103; Jakobsen 2003, p. 139; Jones et al. 2005, p. 212; Holt and Durch 2006, p. 12; Kaspersen et al. 2004, p. 17; Cline 2003, p. 163; Oakley and Dziedzic 1998, p. 518; Schmidl 1998, p. 39; Voorhoeve 2007, p. 59.
- 2.
Neuteboom 2014, p. 309.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
Bittner 1970, p. 44.
- 6.
Dziedzic 1998, pp. 8–16.
- 7.
- 8.
- 9.
Benner et al. 2011, pp. 90–91; Hills 2009, p. 79; United Nations, UNPOL, Standing Police Capacity www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/sites/police/capacity. Accessed October 21, 2015.
- 10.
Durch and Berkman 2006, p. 45.
- 11.
- 12.
Dziedzic 1998.
- 13.
Perito 2004, pp. 156–157 and 187.
- 14.
United Nations, UNPOL: Formed Police Units, www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/sites/police/units. Accessed October 21, 2015.
- 15.
Benner et al. 2011, p. 68.
- 16.
Treaty between the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, the Italian Republic, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Portuguese Republic establishing the European Gendarmerie Force, October 18, 2007, Article 4. Retrieved from www.eurogendfor.org/eurogendfor-library/download-area/official-texts/establishing-the-eurogendfor-treaty. Accessed October 21, 2015.
- 17.
European Gendarmerie Force, EUROGENDFOR Missions, www.eurogendfor.org/eurogendfor-missions. Accessed October 21, 2015.
- 18.
Benner et al. 2011, p. 75.
- 19.
Perito 2004, pp. 142 and 205.
- 20.
Holt and Durch 2006, p. 40.
- 21.
Hansen 2002a, p. 74.
- 22.
Armitage and Moisan 2005, p. 5.
- 23.
Benner et al. 2011, p. 75.
- 24.
Oecd DAC 2007, p. 163.
- 25.
- 26.
Dziedzic and Hawley 2005, p. 7.
- 27.
Nagl 2005, p. 7.
- 28.
Nagl 2005, p. 4.
- 29.
Koninklijke Landmacht 2014, para 7324.
- 30.
Koninklijke Landmacht 2014, paras 7321–7331. For an explanation of activities on the tactical level the doctrine Land Operations refers to the NATO doctrines Allied Land Tactics (ATP 3.2.1) and Guidance for the Conduct of Tactical Stability Activities (ATP 3.2.1.1). The NATO doctrine Allied Land Tactics does not further discuss a military role in interim policing during a security gap of a crisis management operation. This must be found in NATO’s Guidance for the Conduct of Tactical Stability Activities, which explains various tactical stability activities including the provision of public security, North Atlantic Treaty Organization 2012, paras 0211, 0408, 04170 and 04172.
- 31.
- 32.
Koninklijke Landmacht 2014, paras 7321 and 7807.
- 33.
Neuteboom 2014, p. 298.
- 34.
United States Department of the Army—Headquarters 2008, pp. 3–6 and 3–7.
- 35.
Neuteboom 2014, p. 298.
- 36.
Interview by author with doctrinal planner, August 12, 2011.
- 37.
Interview by author with doctrinal planner, January 25, 2013.
- 38.
Jakobsen 2003, p. 138.
- 39.
Jakobsen 2003, p. 137.
- 40.
Out of forty interviewees, twenty-eight can be categorized as vacuum-fillers, fourteen as conditionalists, and four as minimalists. Four interviewees took a neutral stand.
- 41.
Interview by author with senior staff officer KFOR, June 16, 2011.
- 42.
Interview by author with commander Task Force Uruzgan ISAF, June 27, 2011.
- 43.
Interview by author with senior staff officer ISAF, October 13, 2011.
- 44.
Hague Convention (IV) concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague, October 18, 1907, Article 43.
- 45.
Sassòli 2004, p. 18.
- 46.
Interview by author with battalion commander IFOR/SFOR, October 5, 2011.
- 47.
Interview by author with battle group commander ISAF, June 20, 2011.
- 48.
Interview by author with senior staff officer KFOR, July 7, 2011.
- 49.
Interview by author with battalion commander IFOR/SFOR, June 10, 2011.
- 50.
- 51.
Interview by author with SFIR police liaison, August 29, 2011.
- 52.
Hills 2009, p. 79.
- 53.
Burns and Stalker 1961 note that organizations that operate in dynamic environments need to be open and adaptive to these environments in order to be effective.
- 54.
- 55.
Weick and Sutcliffe 2001, p. 136.
- 56.
References
Armitage D, Moisan A (2005) Constabulary forces and postconflict transition: the Euro-Atlantic dimension. Strateg Forum 218:1–8
Bayley D (2001) Democratizing the police abroad: what to do and how to do it. National Institute of Justice, Washington DC
Bayley DH (2005) What the police do? In: Newburn T (ed) Policing: key readings. Willan Publishing, Cullompton, pp 141–149
Benner T, Mergenthaler S, Rotmann P (2011) The new world of UN peace operations: learning to build peace? Oxford University Press, Oxford
Binnendijk H, Johnson S (2004) Transforming for stabilization and reconstruction operations. National Defense University Press, Washington DC
Bittner E (1970) The functions of the police in modern society: a review of background factors, current practices, and possible role models. National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville
Bittner E (2005) Florence Nightingale in pursuit of Willy Sutton: a theory of the police. In: Newburn T (ed) Policing: key readings. Willan Publishing, Cullompton, pp 150–172
Burns T, Stalker G (1961) The management of innovation. Tavistock, London
Call C (2007) Introduction. In: Call Ch (ed) Constructing justice and security after war. United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC, pp 1–26
Call C, Barnett M (2000) Looking for a few good cops: peacekeeping, peacebuilding and CIVPOL. In: Holm T, Eide E (eds) Peacebuilding and police reform. Frank Cass, London, pp 43–68
Clark W (2001) Waging modern war: Bosnia, Kosovo and the future of combat. Public Affairs, Oxford
Cline L (2003) The new constabularies: planning US military stabilization missions. Small Wars Insurgencies 14:158–184
Dobbins J, Jones S, Crane K, Cole DeGrasse B (2007) The beginner’s guide to nation building. RAND Cooperation, Santa Monica
Durch W (2006) Are We Learning Yet? In: Durch W (ed) Twenty-first century peace operations. United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC, pp 573–607
Durch W, Berkman T (2006) Restoring and maintaining peace: what we know so far. In: Durch W (ed) Twenty-first century peace operations. United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC, pp 1–48
Dziedzic M (1998) Introduction. In: Oakley R, Dziedzic M, Goldberg E (eds) Policing the New World Order: peace operations and public security. National Defense University Press, Washington DC, pp 3–18
Dziedzic M, Hawley L (2005) Introduction. In: Covey J, Dziedzic M, Hawley L (eds) The quest for viable peace: international intervention and strategies for conflict transformation. United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington DC, pp 3–22
Ericson R (2005) The police as reproducers of order. In: Newburn T (ed) Policing: key readings. Willan Publishing, Cullompton, pp 215–246
Goldstein H (2005) Improving policing: a problem-oriented approach. In: Newburn T (ed) Policing: key readings. Willan Publishing, Cullompton, pp 392–411
Hansen A (2002a) Civil-military cooperation: the military, paramilitaries and civilian police in executive policing. In: Dwan R (ed) Executive policing: enforcing the law in peace operations, SIPRI Research Report No. 16. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 67–84
Hansen A (2002b) From Congo to Kosovo: civilian police in peace operations. Adelphi Paper 343. Oxford University Press, New York
Hills A (1999) Criminality and policing in stability and support operations. Mil Rev November–December:18–22
Hills A (2009) Policing post-conflict cities. Zed Books, London
Hills A (2014) Insurgency, counterinsurgency and policing. In: Rich P, Duyvesteijn I (eds) The Routledge Handbook of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency. Routledge, London, pp 98–108
Holt V, Durch W (2006) Enhancing United Nations capacity for post-conflict police operations. The Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington DC
Jakobsen P (2003) Military forces and public security challenges. In: Pugh M, Pal Singh Sidhu W (eds) United Nations and regional security: Europe and beyond. Lynne Rienner Publishers, London, pp 137–154
Jones S, Wilson J, Rathmell A, Riley K (2005) Establishing law and order after conflict. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica
Kaspersen A, Eide E, Hansen A (2004) International policing and the rule of law in transitions from war to peace, NUPI Paper No. 4. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo
Koninklijke Landmacht (1998) Gevechtsoperaties: Grondslagen. Landmacht Doctrinepublicatie II Deel A Landmachtstaf, Den Haag
Koninklijke Landmacht (1999) Vredesoperaties. Landmacht Doctrinepublicatie III. Landmachtstaf, Den Haag
Koninklijke Landmacht (2003) Gevechtsoperaties: gevechtsoperaties tegen een irregulier optredende tegenstander. Landmacht Doctrinepublicatie II Deel C. Landmachtstaf, Den Haag
Koninklijke Landmacht (2014) Landoperaties. Doctrine Publicatie 3.2. Land Warfare Centre, Utrecht
Last D (2000) Organizing for effective peacebuilding. Int Peacekeep 7:80–96
Linden R, Last D, Murphy C (2007) The role of civilian police in peacekeeping. In: Goldsmith A, J Sheptycki (eds) Crafting transnational policing: police capacity-building and global policing reform. Hart Publishing, Oxford, pp 149–175
Manning P (1997) Police work: the social organization of policing. Waveland Press, Prospect Heights
Midgal J (1988) Strong societies and weak states: state-society relations and state capabilities in the third world. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (SE) (1997) Police in the service of peace: excerpts from the report by the Swedish Committee of Inquiry on Civilian Police in International Activities, SOU 1997: 104. Norstedts Tryckeri, Stockholm
Nagl J (2005) Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife: counterinsurgency lessons from Malaya and Vietnam. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Neuteboom P (2014) Beyond borders: the role of the Netherlands army in public security during crisis management operations. Wolf Legal Publishers, Oirschot
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (2010) Allied joint doctrine for peace support operations AJP-3.4.1. Ratification Draft. NATO, Brussels
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (2012) Guidance for the conduct of tactical stability activities and tasks ATP 3.2.1.1. Edition A Version 1, Ratification Draft 1. NATO, Brussels
Oakley R, Dziedzic M (1998) Conclusions. In: Oakley R, Dziedzic M, Goldberg E (eds) Policing the New World Order: peace operations and public security. National Defense University Press, Washington DC, pp 509–535
OECD DAC (2007) The OECD DAC Handbook on Security Sector Reform (SSR): supporting security and justice. OECD, Paris
Perito R (2004) Where is the Lone Ranger when we need him? America’s search for a postconflict stability force. United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington DC
Ponsaers P, Devroe E, Meert D (2006) Het kerntakendebat: kiezen voor een democratische politie. Wat is dat? Orde van de dag 33:7–14
Rosenthal U, van der Torre E (2007) Het politiemanagement. In: Fijnaut C, Muller E, Rosenthal U, van der Torre E (eds) Politie: studies over haar werking en organisatie, 2nd edn. Kluwer, Deventer, pp 287–311
Runia E (2015) Het Srebrenica syndroom: hoe een historisch drama nagespeeld in plaats van opgehelderd werd. Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam
Sassòli M (2004) Article 43 of The Hague Regulations and peace operations in the twenty-first century. Background Paper prepared for informal high-level expert meeting on current challenges to international humanitarian law. Harvard University, Cambridge. www.hpcrresearch.org/sites/default/files/publications/sassoli.pdf. Accessed 26 Sept 2015
Schmidl E (1998) Police functions in peace operations: a historical overview. In: Oakley R, Dziedzic M and Goldberg E (eds) Policing the New World Order: peace operations and public security. National Defense University Press, Washington DC, pp 19–40
Skolnick J (1996) Justice without trial: law enforcement in democratic society. Wiley, New York
Smith R (2005) The utility of force: the art of war in the modern world. Penguin Book, London
Smith J, Holt V, Durch W (2006) Enhancing United Nations capacity for post-conflict police operations. Working Paper. The Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington DC
United States Department of the Army—Headquarters (2008) Stability Operations. Field Manual No. 3-07. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC
United States Institute of Peace (2009) Guiding principles for stabilization and reconstruction. United Institute for Peace, Washington DC
Voorhoeve J (2007) From War to the Rule of Law: peacebuilding after violent conflicts. Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam
Weick K, Sutcliffe K (2001) Managing the unexpected: assuring high performance in an age of complexity. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
West F (2009) Counterinsurgency lessons from Iraq. Military Review March–April:2–12
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 T.M.C. Asser press and the authors
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Neuteboom, P.C.J. (2016). Dealing with the Security Gap: The Netherlands Army’s Doctrinal Struggle. In: Beeres, R., Bakx, G., de Waard, E., Rietjens, S. (eds) NL ARMS Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies 2016. NL ARMS. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-135-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-135-7_5
Published:
Publisher Name: T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague
Print ISBN: 978-94-6265-134-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-6265-135-7
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)