Abstract
Private supplementary tutoring beyond the hours of formal schooling is widely known as shadow education (e.g., Bray, 1999, 2009; Buchmann et al., 2010; Stevenson & Baker, 1992). It only exists because of the existence of mainstream education. Much of the curriculum in the shadow mimics the curriculum in the schools, and the shadow sector grows as the school sector grows.
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Zhang, W., Bray, M. (2016). Shadow Education. In: Guo, S., Guo, Y. (eds) Spotlight on China. Spotlight on China. SensePublishers, Rotterdam. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-881-7_6
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