Abstract
Since the early 1980s, black leg on oilseed rape (caused by Phoma lingam) has become a serious disease problem in Canada. The disease was encouraged by a sudden export market opportunity which triggered a huge increase in the area grown to a single genotype of rape (Busch et al.,1994; Juska et al., 1997). This example illustrates an important side-effect of industrialized agriculture (Clunies-Ross and Hildyard, 1992) which, over the past 50 years, has led to a sharp reduction in the number of different crops produced and also in the number of crop varieties.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexander, H.M. (1984) Spatial patterns of disease induced by Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans in a population of Plantago lanceolata. Oecologia, 62, 141–143.
Alexander, H.M., Roelfs, A.P. and Cobbs, G. (1986) Effects of disease and plant competition in monocultures and mixtures of two wheat cultivars. Plant Pathology, 35, 457–465.
Alexander, H.M. and Burdon, J.J. (1984) The effect of disease induced by Albugo candida (white rust) and Peronospora parasitica on the survival and reproduction of Capsella bursa-pastoris. Oecologia, 64, 314–318.
Allard, R.W. (1960) Relationship between genetic diversity and consistency of performance in different environments. Crop Science, 1, 127–133.
Allard, R.W. and Adams, J. (1969) Population studies in predominantly self-pollinating species XIII. Intergenotypic competition and population structure in barley and wheat. American Naturalist, 103, 620–645.
Altieri, M.A. (1995) Agroecology: the Science of Sustainable Agriculture, 2nd edn, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
Altieri, M.A. and Letourneau, D.K. (1982) Vegetation management and biological control in agroecosystems. Crop Protection, 1, 405–430.
Altieri, M.A. and Liebman, M. (1986) Insect, weed and plant disease management in multiple cropping systems, in Multiple Cropping Systems (ed. C.A. Francis ), Macmillan, New York, pp. 183–218.
Altieri, M.A., Nicholls, C.I. and Wolfe, M.S. (1996) Biodiversity — a central concept in organic agriculture: Restraining pests and diseases, in Fundamentals of Organic Agriculture, Vol. 1, (ed. T.V. Ostergaard), IFOAM: Ökozentrum Imsbach, D-66636 Tholey-Theley, pp. 91–112.
Andow, D.A. (1991) Vegetational diversity and arthropod population responses. Annual Review of Entomology, 36, 561–586.
Atzema, J.L., Finckh, M.R. and Wolfe, M.S. (1996) Genetics of the response of Erysiphe graminis fsp. hordei to mlo-resistance in barley, in Proceedings of the 9th European and Mediterranean Cereal Rusts & Powdery Mildew Conference, 2–6 Sept. 1996, Lunteren, The Netherlands (eds G.H.J. Kema, R.E. Niks and R.A. Daamen ), Research Institute for Plant Protection, Wageningen, NL, pp. 55–57.
Bach, C.E. (1980) Effects of plant density and diversity on a specialist herbivore, the striped cucumber beetle, Acalymna vittata (Fab.). Ecology, 61, 1515–1530.
Barrett, J.A. (1978) A model of epidemic development in variety mixtures, in Plant Disease Epidemiology (eds P.R. Scott and A. Bainbridge ), Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 129–137.
Barrett, J.A. (1980) Pathogen evolution in multilines and variety mixtures. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten and Pflanzenschutz, 87, 383–396.
Barrett, J.A. (1988) Frequency-dependent selection in plant—fungal interactions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, Series B, 319, 473–483.
Barrett, J.A. and Wolfe, M.S. (1980) Pathogen response to host resistance and its implication in breeding programmes. European Plant Protection Organisation Bulletin, 10, 341–347.
Baumer, H. (1983) Neue Ergebnisse mit Sortenmischungen bei Sommergerste. Top Agrar, 2, 82–86.
Biffen, R.H. (1905) Mendel’s law of inheritance and wheat breeding. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1, 4–48.
Bigler, F., Waldburger, M. and Frei, G. (1995) Vier Maisanbauverfahren 1990 bis 1993. Krankheiten and Schaedlinge. Agrarforschung, 2, 380–382.
Bird, G.W., Edens, T., Drummond, F. and Groden, E. (1990) Design of pest management systems for sustainable agriculture, in Sustainable Agriculture in Temperate Zones (eds C.A. Francis, C.B. Flora and L.D. King ), Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 55–110.
Boller, E., Gut, D. and Remund, V. (1997) Biodiversity in three trophic levels: the ecosystem vineyard, in Vertical Food Web Interactions: Evolutionary Patterns and Driving Forces (eds K. Dettner, G. Bauer and W. Völkl), Springer, (in press).
Bonman, J.M., Estrada, B.A. and Denton, R.I. (1986) Blast management with upland rice cultivar mixtures, in Proceedings of the Symposium on Progress in Upland Rice Research, International Rice Research Institute: Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines, pp. 375–382.
Boudreau, M.A. and Mundt, C.C. (1992) Mechanisms of alteration in bean rust epidemiology due to intercropping with maize, Phytopathology, 82, 1051–1060.
Boudreau, M.A. and Mundt, C.C. (1997) Ecological approaches to disease control, in Environmentally Safe Approaches to Disease Control (eds J. Rechcigl and N. Rechcigl ), CRC Press, Boca Raton, LA, pp. 33–62.
Brändle, U.E. (1994) Studies on the genetic structure of local populations of Erysiphe graminis fsp. hordei Marchal. PhD Thesis, Swiss Fed. Inst. Technology (Diss. ETH Nr. 10859 ).
Brophy, L.S. and Mundt, C.C. (1991) Influence of plant spatial patterns on disease dynamics, plant competition and grain yield in genetically diverse wheat populations. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 35, 1–12.
Brown, J.K.M. (1995) Pathogen’s responses to the management of disease resistance genes. Advances in Plant Pathology, 11, 75–102.
Browning, J.A. (1997) A unifying theory of the genetic protection of crop plant populations from diseases, in Disease Resistance from Crop Progenitors and Other Wild Relatives (eds I. Wahl, G. Fischbeck and J.A. Browning), Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo (in press).
Browning, J.A. and Frey, K.J. (1969) Multiline cultivars as a means of disease control, Annual Review of Plant Pathology, 7, 355–382.
Browning, J.A., Simons, M.D., Frey, K.J. and Murphy, H.C. (1969) Regional deployment for conservation of oat crown rust resistance genes. Special Report Iowa Agricultural and Home Economics Experiment Station, 64, 49–56.
Bulson, H.A.J., Snaydon, R.W. and Stopes, C.E. (1990) Intercropping autumn-sown field beans and wheat: effects on weeds under organic farming conditions, in Crop Protection in Organic and Low Input Agriculture (ed. R.J. Unwin ), The British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, pp. 55–62.
Burdon, J.J. and Chilvers, G.A. (1976) Controlled environment experiments on epidemics of barley mildew in different density host stands. Oecologia, 26, 61–72.
Burdon, J.J. and Chilvers, G.A. (1982) Host density as a factor in disease ecology. Annual Review of Plant Pathology, 20, 143–166.
Burdon, J.J. and Jarosz, A.M. (1992) Temporal variation in the racial structure of flax rust (Melampsora lini) populations growing on natural stands of wild flax (Linum marginale): local versus metapopulation dynamics. Plant Pathology, 41, 165–179.
Burdon, J.J., Groves, R.H. and Cullen, J.M. (1981) The impact of biological control on the distribution and abundance of Chondrilla juncea in south-eastern Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology, 18, 957–966.
Burdon, J.J., Groves, R.H., Kaye, P.E. and Speer, S.S. (1984) Competition in mixtures of susceptible and resistant genotypes of Chondrilla juncaea differentially infected with rust. Oecologia, 64, 199–203.
Busch, L. (1995) Eight reasons why patents should not be extended to plants and animals. Biotechnology and Development Monitor, 24, 24.
Busch, L., Gunter, V., Mentele, T. et al. (1994) Socializing nature: technoscience and the transformation of rapeseed into canola. Crop Science, 34, 607–614.
Buschges, R., Hollricher, K., Panstruga, R. et al. (1997) The barley Mlo-gene: a novel control element of plant pathogen resistance. Cell 88, 695–705.
Caffier, V., Hoffstadt, T., Leconte, M. and de Vallavieille-Pope, C. (1996) Seasonal changes in French populations of barley powdery mildew. Plant Pathology 45, 454–468.
Chilvers, G.A. and Brittain, E.G. (1972) Plant competition mediated by host-specific parasites. A simple model. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 25, 749–756.
Chin, K.M. and Ajimilah, N.H. (1982) Rice variety mixtures, in Proceedings Padi Workshop, 5–6 Jan 1982, Bumbong Lima, Province Wellesly, Malaysia, pp. 203–216.
Chin, K.M. and Wolfe, M.S. (1984a) The spread of Erysiphe graminis fsp. hordei in mixtures of barley varieties. Plant Pathology, 33, 89–100.
Chin, K.M. and Wolfe, M.S. (1984b) Selection on Erysiphe graminis in pure and mixed stands of barley. Plant Pathology, 33, 535–546.
Chuke, K.C. and Bonman, J.M. (1988) Changes in virulence frequencies of Pyricularia oryzae in pure and mixed stands of rice. Journal of Plant Protection in the Tropics, 5, 23–29.
Clunies-Ross, T. and Hildyard, N. (1992) The Politics of Industrial Agriculture, Earthscan Publications, London.
Colbourn, T., Dumanoski, D. and Myers, J.P. (1996) Our Stolen Future: Are we threatening our fertility, intelligence and survival? — A scientific detective story, Penguin, New York, London, Victoria, Ontario, Auckland.
Crill, P., Ham, Y.S. and Beachell, H.M. (1981) The rice blast disease in Korea and its control with race prediction and gene rotation. Korean Journal of Plant Breeding, 13, 106–114.
Crossa, J. (1988) A comparison of results obtained with two methods for assessing yield stabil-ity, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 75, 460–467.
Crowder, R. (1996) Education in organics: practising that which is preached, in Fundamentals of Organic Agriculture, Vol. 1 (ed. T.V. Ostergaard), IFOAM: Okozentrum ImsbachD-66636 Tholey-Theley, pp. 240–252.
Czembor, H.J. and Gacek, E.S. (1996) The use of cultivar and species mixtures to control diseases and for yield improvement in cereals in Poland, in Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Integrated Control of Cereal Mildews across Europe, Nov. 5–10 1994, Kappel a. Albis, Switzerland (eds E. Limpert, M.R. Finckh and M.S. Wolfe ), Office for Official Publications of the EC, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 177–184.
Daellenbach, G.C., Finckh, M.R., Gacek, E.S. and Wolfe, M.S. (1996) Competitive interactions in mixtures of barley, oat and wheat in the presence and absence of powdery mildew in field and greenhouse experiments, in Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Integrated Control of Cereal Mildews Across Europe. Kappel a. Albis, Switzerland, 5–9 Nov. 1994 (eds E. Limpert, M.R. Finckh and M.S. Wolfe ), Office for Official Publications of the EC, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 197–202.
Davis, J.R., Huisman, O.C., Westermann, D.T. et al. (1996) Effects of green manures on Verticillium wilt of potato. Phytopathology, 86, 444–453.
Dileone, J.A. and Mundt, C.C. (1994) Effect of wheat cultivar mixtures on populations of Puccinia striiformis races. Plant Pathology, 43, 917–930.
Dubin, H.J. and Wolfe, M.S. (1994) Comparative behavior of 3 wheat cultivars and their mixture in India, Nepal and Pakistan. Field Crops Research, 39, 71–83.
Eberhart, S.A. and Russell, W.A. (1966) Stability parameters for comparing yield. Crop Science, 6, 36–40.
Finckh, M.R. and Mundt, C.C. (1992a) Stripe rust, yield, and plant competition in wheat cultivar mixtures. Phytopathology, 82, 905–913.
Finckh, M.R. and Mundt, C.C. (1992b) Plant competition and disease in genetically diverse wheat populations. Oecologia, 91, 82–92.
Finckh, M.R. and Mundt, C.C. (1993) Effects of stripe rust on the evolution of genetically diverse wheat populations. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 85, 809–821.
Finckh, M.R. and Mundt, C.C. (1996) Temporal dynamics of plant competition in genetically diverse wheat populations in the presence and absence of stripe rust. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33, 1041–1052.
Finckh, M.R. and Wolfe, M.S. (1997) The use of biodiversity to restrict plant diseases and consequences for farmers and society, in Ecology in Agriculture (ed. L.E. Jackson ), pp. 199–233.
Finckh, M.R., Gacek, E.S., Nadziak, J. et al. (1996) Ecological interactions in cereal cultivar mixtures in Poland, in Proceedings of the 9th European and Mediterranean Cereal Rusts & Powdery Mildew Conference, 2–6 Sept. 1996, Lunteren, The Netherlands (eds G.H.J. Kema, R.E. Niks and R.A. Daamen ), Research Institute for Plant Protection, Wageningen, NL, pp. 272–274.
Finckh, M.R., Gacek, E.S., Nadziak, J. and Wolfe, M.S. (1997) Suitability of cereal cultivar mixtures for disease reduction and improved yield stability in sustainable agriculture, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture for Food, Energy and Industry, June 23–27. Braunschweig, Germany,James & James, London (in press).
Firbank, L.G. and Watkinson, A.R. (1987) On the analysis of competition at the level of the individual plant, Oecologia, 71, 308–317.
Gacek, E.S., Czembor, H.J. and Nadziak, J. (1996a) Disease restriction, grain yield and its stability in winter barley cultivar mixtures, in Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Integrated Control of Cereal Mildews Across Europe. Kappel a. Albis, Switzerland, 5–9 Nov. 1994 (eds E. Limpert, M.R. Finckh and M.S. Wolfe ), Office for Official Publications of the EC, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 185–190.
Gacek, E.S., Finckh, M.R. and Wolfe, M.S. (1996b) Disease control and yield effects in spring feed and malting barley mixtures in Poland, in Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Integrated Control of Cereal Mildews Across Europe. Kappel a. Albis, Switzerland, 5–9 Nov. 1994 (eds E. Limpert, M.R. Finckh and M.S. Wolfe ), Office for Official Publications of the EC, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 203–207.
Gacek, E.S., Strzembicka, H. and Wegrzyn, S. (1996c) Mixtures of spring wheat: their influence on powdery mildew and grain yield, in Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Integrated Control of Cereal Mildews Across Europe. Koppel a. Albis, Switzerland, 5–9 Nov. 1994 (eds E. Limpert, M.R. Finckh and M.S. Wolfe ), Office for Official Publications of the EC, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 193–196.
Gacek, E.S., Finckh, M.R., Hurej, M. et al. (1996d) The use of cultivar and species mixtures for restriction of diseases, weed infestation and other pests, in Proceedings of the 9th European and Mediterranean Cereal Rusts & Powdery Mildews Conference, 2–6 September 1996, Lunteren, The Netherlands (eds G.H.J. Kema, R.E. Niks and R.A. Daamen ), Research Institute for Plant Protection, Wageningen, NL, p. 302.
Gallagher, K.D., Kenmore, P.E. and Sogawa, K. (1994) Judicial use of insecticides deter planthopper outbreaks and extend the life of resistant varieties in southeast Asian rice, in Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management (eds R.F. Denno and T.J. Perfect ), Chapman & Hall, New York, London, pp. 599–614.
Gallun, R.L. (1977) Genetic basis of Hessian fly epidemics. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 287, 223–229.
Gould, F. (1986a) Simulation models for predicting durability of insect resistant germ plasm: Hessian Fly (Diptera:Cecidomyiidae) resistant winter wheat. Environmental Entomology, 15, 11–23.
Gould, F. (1986b) Simulation models for predicting durability of insect resistant germ plasm: A deterministic diploid, two locus model. Environmental Entomology, 15, 1–10.
Gould, F., Kennedy, G.G. and Johnson, M.T. (1991) Effects of natural enemies on the rate of Herbivore adaptation to resistant host plants. Experimental and Applied Entomology, 58, 1–14.
Hamblin, J. (1975) Effect of environment, seed size, and competitive ability on yield and survival of Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) genotypes in mixtures. Euphytica, 24, 435–445.
Hamblin, J. and Rowell, J.G. (1975) Breeding implications of the relationship between compet- itive ability and pure culture yield in self-pollinated grain crops. Euphytica, 24, 221–228.
Hare, J.D. (1994) Status and prospects for an integrated approach to the control of rice planthoppers, in Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management (eds R.F. Denno and T.J. Perfect ), Chapman & Hall, New York, London, pp. 614–632.
Harlan, H.V. and Martini, M.L. (1938) The effect of natural selection in a mixture of barley varieties. Journal of Agricultural Research, 57, 189–199.
Heinrichs, E.A. (1994) Impact of insecticide resistance and resurgence of rice planthoppers, in Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management (eds R.F. Denno and T.J. Perfect ), Chapman & Hall, New York, London, pp. 571–598.
Heinrichs, E.A., Aquino, G.B., Chelliah, S. et al. (1982) Resurgence of Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) populations as influenced by method and timing of insecticide applications in lowland rice. Environmental Entomology, 11, 78–84.
Heinrichs, E.A., Aquino, G.B., Valencia, S.L. et al. (1986) Management of the brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) with early maturing rice cultivars. Environmental Entomology, 15, 93–95.
Hovmeller, M.S., Munk, L. and Ostergard, H. (1993) Observed and predicted changes in virulence gene frequencies at 11 loci in a local barley powdery mildew population. Phytopathology, 83, 253–260.
Huang, R., Kranz, J. and Welz, H.G. (1994) Selection of pathotypes of Erysiphe graminis fsp. hordei in pure and mixed stands of spring barley. Plant Pathology, 43, 458–470.
Huang, R., Kranz, J. and Welz, H. G. (1995) Virulence of Erysiphe graminis fsp. hordei isolates collected from barley genotypes with different resistance genes. Journal of Phytopathology, 143, 287–294.
Jackson, W. (1980) New Roots for Agriculture, Friends of the Earth, San Francisco.
Jarosz, A.M., Burdon, J.J. and Mueller, W.J. (1989) Longterm effects of disease epidemics. Journal of Applied Ecology, 26, 725–733.
Jennings, P.R. and de Jesus, J.J. (1968) Studies on competition in rice. I. Competition in mixtures of varieties. Evolution, 22, 119–124.
Johnson, R. (1984) A critical analysis of durable resistance. Annual Review of Plant Pathology, 22, 309–330.
Johnson, R. (1993) Durability of disease resistance in crops: some closing remarks about the topic and the symposium, in Durability of Disease Resistance (eds T. Jacobs and J.E. Parlevliet ), Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 283–300.
Jolliffe, P.A., Minjas, A.N. and Runeckles, V.C. (1984) A reinterpretation of yield relationships in replacement series experiments. Journal of Applied Ecology, 21, 227–243.
Jones, L. and Clements, R.O. (1993) Development of a low-input system for growing wheat (Triticum vulgare) in a permanent understorey of white clover (Trifolium repens). Annals of Applied Biology, 123, 109–119.
Juska, A., Busch, L. and Tanaka, K. (1997) Plant disease epidemics as ‘normal agricultural accidents’: the case of blackleg epidemics in Canadian rapeseed. Ecology (in press).
Kennedy, G.G., Gould, F., dePonti, O.M.B. and Stinner, R.E. (1987) Ecological, agricultural, genetic, and commercial considerations in the deployment of insect-resistant germplasm. Environmental Entomology, 16, 327–338.
Kilen, T.C. and Keeling, B.L. (1990) Gene frequency changes in soybean bulk populations exposed to Phytophthora rot. Crop Science, 30, 575–578.
Kirkegaard, J.A., Wong, P.T.W. and Desmarchelier, J.M. (1996) In vitro suppression of fungal root pathogens of cereals by Brassica tissues. Plant Pathology, 45, 593–603.
Knott, D.R. (1972) Using race-specific resistance to manage the evolution of plant pathogens. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1, 227–231.
Koizumi, S. and Kato, H. (1987) Effect of mixed plantings of susceptible and resistant rice cultivars on leaf blast development. Annals of the Phytopathological Society Japan, 53, 28–38.
Lannou, C. and Mundt, C.C. (1995) Evolution of a pathogen population in host mixtures: I: Study of the simple race-complex race competition. Plant Pathology, 45, 440–453.
Lannou, C., de Vallavieille-Pope, C. and Goyeau, H. (1995) Induced resistance in host mixtures and its effect on disease control in computer-simulated epidemics. Plant Pathology, 44, 478–489.
Leonard, K.J. (1977) Selection pressures and plant pathogens. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 287, 207–222.
Leonard, K.J. and Czochor, R.J. (1980) Theory of genetic interactions among populations of plants and their pathogens. Annual Review of Plant Pathology, 18, 337–358.
Liebman, M. (1995) Polyculture cropping systems, in Abroecology: The Science of Sustainable Agriculture, 2nd edn, (ed. M.A. Altieri ), Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, pp. 205–218.
Liebman, M. and Dyck, E. (1993) Crop rotation and intercropping strategies for weed manage-ment. Ecological Applications, 3, 92–122.
Luo, Y. and Zadoks, J.C. (1992) A decision model for variety mixtures to control yellow rust on winter wheat. Agricultural Systems, 38, 17–33.
Manwan, I. and Sama, S. (1985) Use of varietal rotation in the management of tungro disease in Indonesia. Indonesian Agricultural Research and Development Journal, 7, 43–48.
Marshall, D.R. (1989) Modeling the effects of multiline varieties on the population genetics of plant pathogens, in Plant Disease Epidemiology, Vol. II, (eds K.J. Leonard and W.E. Fry ), McGraw Hill, pp. 284–317.
May, R.M. and Anderson, R.M. (1983) Epidemiology and genetics in the coevolution of parasites and hosts. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, Series B, 219, 281–313.
Mayton, H.S., Oliviar, C., Vaughn, S.F. and Loria, R. (1996) Correlation of fungicidal activity of Brassica species with allyl isothiocyanate production in macerated leaf tissue, Phytopathology, 86, 267–271.
McDonald, B.A., McDermott, J.M., Goodwin, S.B. and Allard, R.W. (1989) The population biology of host-parasite interactions, Annual Review of Plant Pathology, 27, 77–94.
Merz, U. and Wolfe, M.S. (1996) Barley and wheat mixtures in Switzerland: resume and outlook, in Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Integrated Control of Cereal Mildews across Europe, Nov. 5–10 1994, Kappel a. Albis, Switzerland, (eds E. Limpert, M.R. Finckh and M.S. Wolfe ), Office for Official Publications of the EC, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 191–192.
Michelmore, R.W., Norwood, J.M., Ingram, D.S. et al. (1984) The inheritance of virulence in Bremia lactucae to match resistance factors 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9,10, and 11 in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Plant Pathology, 33, 301–315.
Moreno-Ruiz, G. and Castillo-Zapata, J. (1990) The variety Colombia: a variety of coffee with resistance to rust (Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br.). Cenicafe Chinchinâ-Caldas-Colombia Technical Bulletin, 9, 1–27.
Mundt, C.C. (1994) Techniques for managing pathogen co-evolution with host plants to prolong resistance, in Proceedings of the International Rice Research Conference, April 1992, (eds P.S. Teng, K.L. Heong and K. Moody ), International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines.
Mundt, C.C. and Brophy, L.S. (1988) Influence of host genotype units on the effectiveness of host mixtures for disease control: a modeling approach. Phytopathology, 78, 1087–1094.
Mundt, C.C. and Browning, J.A. (1985a) Development of crown rust epidemics in genetically diverse oat populations: effect of genotype unit area, Phytopathology, 75, 607–610.
Mundt, C.C. and Browning, J.A. (1985b) Genetic diversity and cereal rust management, in The Cereal Rusts, Vol. II, (eds A.P. Roelfs and W.R. Bushnell ), Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 527–559.
Mundt, C.C. and Leonard, K.J. (1986) Effect of host genotype unit area on development of focal epidemics of bean rust and common maize rust in mixtures of resistant and susceptible plants. Phytopathology, 76, 895–900.
Mundt, C.C., Leonard, K.J., Thal, W.M. and Fulton, J.H. (1986) Computerized simulation of crown rust epidemics in mixtures of immune and susceptible oat plants with different genotype unit areas and spatial distribution of initial disease, Phytopathology, 76, 590–598.
Mundt, C.C., Brophy, L.S. and Schmitt, M.S. (1995) Disease severity and yield of pure-line wheat cultivars and mixtures in the presence of eyespot, yellow rust, and their combination. Plant Pathology, 44, 173–182.
Nair, P.K.R. (1993) An Introduction to Agroforestry, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Nitzsche, W. and Hesselbach, J. (1983) Sortenmischungen staff Vielliniensorten, Zeitschrift für Pflanzenzüchtung, 90, 68–74.
Norrington-Davies, J. and Hutto, J.M. (1972) Diallel analysis of competition between diploid and tetraploid genotypes of Secale cereale grown at two densities. Journal of Agricultural Sciences Cambridge, 78, 251–256.
Odoerfer, A., Obst, A. and Pommer, G. (1994) The effects of different leaf crops in a long lasting monoculture with winter wheat. 2. Disease development and effects of phytosanitary measures. Agribiology Research, 47, 56–66.
Parker, M.E. (1991) Nonadaptive evolution of disease resistance in an annual legume. Evolution, 45, 1209–1217.
Paul, N.D. (1989) The effects of Puccinia lagenophorae on Senecio vulgaris in competition with Euphorbia peplus. Journal of Ecology, 77, 552–564.
Paul, N.D. and Ayres, P.G. (1986a) Interference between healthy and rusted groundsel within mixed populations of different densities and proportions. New Phytologist, 104, 257–269.
Paul, N.D. and Ayres, P.G. (1986b) The impact of a pathogen (Puccinia lagenophorae) on populations of groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) overwintering in the field. I. Mortality, vegetative growth and the development of size hierarchies. Journal of Ecology, 74, 1069–1084.
Paul, N.D. and Ayres, P.G. (1986c) The impact of a pathogen (Puccinia lagenophorae) on populations of groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) overwintering in the field. II. Reproduction. Journal of Ecology, 74, 1085–1094.
Paul, N.D. and Ayres, P.G. (1987a) Effects of rust infection of Senecio vulgaris on competition with lettuce. Weed Research, 27, 431–441.
Paul, N.D. and Ayres, P.G. (1987b) Survival growth and reproduction of groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) infected by rust (Puccinia lagenophorae) in the field during summer. Journal of Ecology, 75, 61–71.
Paul, N.D., Ayres, P.G. and Wyness, L.E. (1989) On the use of fungicides for experimentation in natural vegetation. Functional Ecology, 3, 759–769.
Perrin, R.M. (1977) Pest management in multiple agroecosystems. Agro-ecosystems, 3, 93–118. Power, A.G. (1988) Leaf hopper response to genetically diverse maize stands. Experimental and Applied Entomology, 49, 213–219.
Price, P.W., Bouton, C.E., Gross, R. et al. (1980) Interactions among three trophic levels: influence of plants on interactions between herbivores and natural enemies. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 11, 41–65.
Risch, S.J. (1981) Insect herbivore abundance in tropical monocultures and polycultures: an experimental test of two hypotheses. Ecology, 62, 1325–1340.
Risch, S.J., Andow, D. and Altieri, M.A. (1983) Agroecosystem diversity and pest control: data, tentative conclusions and new research directions. Environmental Entomology, 12, 625–629.
Roderick, G.K. (1994) Genetics of host plant adaptation in delphacid planthoppers, in Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management (eds R.F. Denno and T.J. Perfect ), Chapman & Hall, New York, London, pp. 551–570.
Root, R.B. (1973) Organization of a plant—arthropod association in simple and diverse habi-tats: the fauna of collards (Brassica oleraceae). Ecological Monographs, 43, 95–124.
Sama, S., Hasanuddin, A., Manwan, I., Cabunagan, R. and Hibino, H. (1991) Integrated management of rice tungro disease in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Crop Protection, 10, 34–40.
Sanchez, P.A., Buresh, R.J. and Leakey, R.R.B. (1997) Trees, soils and food security, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, Series A, 355
Schaerer, H.J. and Wolfe, M.S. (1996) Virulence complexity of field populations of Erysiphe graminis fsp. hordei in variety mixtures and pure stands of barley in Poland, in Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Integrated Control of Cereal Mildews Across Europe. Koppel a. Albis, Switzerland, 5–9 Nov. 1994 (eds E. Limpert, M.R. Finckh and M.S. Wolfe ), Office for Official Publications of the EC, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 173–176.
Schaffner, D. (1993) Reaktion von Populationen de Gerstenmehltaus, Erysiphe graminis DC f. sp. hordei Marchal, auf Grossraeumigen Einsatz von Sortenmischungen. Dissertation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology No 10376, Zurich, Switzerland.
Schaffner, D., Koller, B., Mueller, K. and Wolfe, M.S. (1992) Response of populations of Erysiphe graminis fsp. hordei to large-scale use of variety mixtures. Vortraege für Pflanzenzüchtung, 24, 317–319.
Schmidt, R.A. (1978) Diseases in forest ecosystems: the importance of functional diversity, in Plant Disease: An Advanced Treatise, Vol. 2 (eds J.G. Horsfall and E.B. Cowling ), Academic Press, New York, pp. 287–315.
Schumann, G.L. (1991) Plant Diseases: Their Biology and Social Impact, APS Press, St Paul, Minnesota
Schutz, W.M. and Brim, C.A. (1971) Inter-genotypic competition in Soybeans. III. An evaluation of stability in multiline mixtures, Crop Science, 11, 684–689.
Sitch, L. and Whittington, W.J. (1983) The effect of variety mixtures on the development of swede powdery mildew. Plant Pathology, 32, 41–46.
Soule, J.D. and Piper, J.K. (1992) Farming in Nature’s Image: an Ecological Approach to Agriculture, Island Press, Washington, DC.
Spitters, C.J.T. (1983) An alternative approach to the analysis of mixed cropping experiments. 1. Estimation of competition effects. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 31, 1–11.
Stephens, P.M., Davoren, C.W., Doube, B.M. and Ryder, M.H. (1994a) Ability of the lumbricid earthworms Aporrectodea rosea and Aporrectodea trapezoides to reduce the severity of take-all under greenhouse and field conditions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 26, 1291–1297.
Stephens, P.M., Davoren, C.W., Ryder, M.H. and Doube, B.M. (1994b) Influence of the earthworms Aporrectodea rosea and Aporrectodea trapezoides on Rhizoctonia solani disease of wheat seedlings and the interaction with a surface mulch of cereal—pea straw. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 26, 1285–1287.
Stephens, P.M., Davoren, C.W., Ryder, M.H. et al. (1994c) Field evidence for reduced severity of Rhizoctonia bare-patch disease of wheat, due to the presence of the earthworms Aporrectodea rosea and Aporrectodea trapezoides. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 26, 1495–1500.
Suneson, C. A. (1949) Survival of four barley varieties in mixture. Agronomy Journal, 41, 459–461.
Teich, A.H. (1994) Disease control in wheat using ecological principles, Genetics Pol., 35B, 127–135.
Tosa, Y. (1994) Gene-for-gene interactions between the rye mildew fungus and wheat cultivars. Genome, 37, 758–762.
Tozzetti, T.G. (1767) True Nature and Causes and Sad Effects of the Rust, The Bunt, the Smut, and other Maladies of Wheat and of Oats in the Field (translated from Italian by R.A. Tehon, Phytopathology Classics No. 9, 1952 ), American Phytopathology Society, St Paul, Minnesota.
Trenbath, B.R. (1977) Interactions among diverse hosts and diverse parasites, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 287, 124–150.
Trutmann, P. and Pyndji, M.M. (1994) Partial replacement of local common bean mixtures by high yielding angular leaf spot resistant varieties to conserve local genetic diversity while increasing yield, Annals of Applied Biology, 125, 45–52.
Van der Plank, J.E. (1963) Plant Diseases: Epidemics and Control, Academic Press, New York. Van der Plank, J.E. (1968) Disease Resistance in Plants, Academic Press, New York.
van Emden, H.F. (1966) Plant insect relationships and pest control. World Review of Pest Control, 5, 115–123.
Vandermeer, J.H. (1989) The Ecology of Intercropping, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne.
Wahl, I. (1970) Prevalence and geographic distribution of resistance to crown rust in Avena sterilis. Phytopathology, 60, 746–749.
Webster, R.K., Saghai-Maroof, M.A. and Allard, R.W. (1986) Evolutionary response of Barley Composite Cross II to Rhynchosporium secalis analyzed by pathogenic complexity and by gene-by-race relationships. Phytopathology, 76, 661–668.
Westcott, B. (1987) A method of assessing the yield stability of crop genotypes. Journal of Agricultural Sciences Cambridge, 108, 267–274.
Wills, C. (1996) Safety in diversity. New Scientist, 2022
Wolfe, M.S. (1984) Trying to understand and control powdery mildew. Plant Pathology, 33, 451–466.
Wolfe, M.S. (1985) The current status and prospects of multiline cultivars and variety mixtures for disease resistance. Annual Review of Plant Pathology, 23, 251–273.
Wolfe, M.S. (1987) The use of variety mixtures to control diseases and stabilize yield, in Breeding Strategies for Resistance to the Rusts of Wheat, CIMMYT, Mexico DF, pp. 91–99.
Wolfe, M.S. (1991) Recent developments in using variety mixtures to control powdery mildew of barley, in Integrated Control of Cereal Mildews: Virulence Patterns and their Change. Proceedings of Second European Workshop on Integrated Control of Cereal Mildews, Roskilde, Denmark, 23–25 January 1990 (ed. J.H. Jorgensen ), Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, pp. 235–243.
Wolfe, M.S. (1992) Barley diseases: maintaining the value of our varieties, in Barley Genetics VI (ed. L. Munk ), Munksgaard Int. Publishers, Copenhagen, pp. 1055–1067.
Wolfe, M.S. and Barrett, J.A. (1977) Population genetics of powdery mildew epidemics. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 287, 151–163.
Wolfe, M.S. and Barrett, J.A. (1980) Can we lead the pathogen astray? Plant Disease, 64, 148–155.
Wolfe, M.S. and Finckh, M.R. (1997) Diversity of host resistance within the crop: effects on host, pathogen and disease, in Plant Resistance to Fungal Diseases (eds H. Hartleb, R. Heitefuss and H.H. Hoppe ), G. Fischer Verlag, Jena, pp. 378–400.
Wolfe, M.S. and Knott, D.R. (1982) Populations of plant pathogens: some constraints on analysis of variation in pathogenicity. Plant Pathology, 31, 79–90.
Wolfe, M.S. and McDermott, J.M. (1994) Population genetics of plant pathogen interactions: the example of the Erysiphe graminis—Hordeum vulgare pathosystem. Annual Review of Plant Pathology, 32, 89–113.
Wolfe, M.S., Barrett, J.A. and Slater, S.E. (1983) Pathogen fitness in cereal mildews, in Durable Resistance in Crops eds F. Lamberti, J.M. Waller and N.A. Van den Graaff), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 81–100.
Wolfe, M.S., Minchin, P.N. and Barrett, J.A. (1984) Some aspects of the development of heterogeneous cropping, in Cereal Production, Proceedings of the 2nd International Summer School, Royal Dublin Society (ed. E.J. Gallagher ), Butterworths, London, pp. 95–104.
Wolfe, M.S., Hartleb, H., Sachs, and Zimmermann, H. (1991) Sortenmischungen von Braugerste sind gesuender, Pflanzenschutz-Praxis, 2, 33–35.
Wolfe, M.S., Braendle, U.E., Koller, B. et al. (1992) Barley mildew in Europe: population biology and host resistance, Euphytica, 63, 125–139.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Finckh, M.R., Wolfe, M.S. (1998). Diversification strategies. In: Jones, D.G. (eds) The Epidemiology of Plant Diseases. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3302-1_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3302-1_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-3304-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-3302-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive