Abstract
Public planning in Western Europe has changed considerably in the last decade. The economic and political climate has provided public authorities with a new set of goals and expectations. These include the assumption that new large-scale infrastructure and urban revitalisation projects are essential for preserving the current level of welfare in the rat race with other municipalities/regions/countries. At the same time public authorities are faced with generally diminished resources. In reaction many authorities have found it necessary to use marketing and communication techniques to attract private investments (see Ashworth & Voogd, 1990, 1994). Similar communication techniques are also being used to oppress counter-forces of those with different opinions. Academic planners in Western Europe, however, are more and more convinced that planning should be a process of facilitating community collaboration for consensus-building (e.g. see Balducci & Fareri, 1996; Healey et al.,1995; Voogd & Woltjer, 1995; Woltjer, 1996a).
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Voogd, H. (1998). The Communicative Ideology and Ex Ante Planning Evaluation. In: Lichfield, N., Barbanente, A., Borri, D., Khakee, A., Prat, A. (eds) Evaluation in Planning. The GeoJournal Library, vol 47. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1495-2_6
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