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Abiotic Transformations of Organic Xenobiotics in Soils: A Compounding Factor in the Assessment of Bioavailability

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Bioavailability of Organic Xenobiotics in the Environment

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASEN2,volume 64))

Abstract

Many synthetic organic chemicals are introduced into soils where their fate is determined by a number of physical, chemical and biological factors. In this report, an overview is proposed of the important role that abiotic reactions play in the transformation of xenobiotics in soils, as well as an assessment of the consequences of these reactions on the bioavailability of the xenobiotics.

Clay minerals, metal oxides, and humic substances are a complex mixture of soil components that abiotically promotes a number of reactions relevant to the environmental impact of organic xenobiotics. Adsorption is the primary stage determining the transformation of organic substances, followed by chemical reactions of the activated forms on the surface. Hydrolytic, oxidation and polymerization reactions catalyzed by clay minerals and Mn and Fe oxides dominate the abiotic transformation of xenobiotics. The efficiency of the catalytic surface processes depends on the structure and properties of the clay mineral or metal oxide and on the nature of the xenobiotic as well as on the reaction conditions. Soil organic matter appears to be involved to a lesser extent in the direct transformation reactions of xenobiotics, but it has a major role as accumulation phase of many polar and non-polar pollutants. The bioavailability and toxicity of the bound residues depend upon the possible release of bound pollutants from humic substances. Direct and indirect photolytic transformation of pollutants on soil surfaces is also discussed. The transformed products can be sorbed to the surfaces of minerals and organic matter through a variety of chemical processes. Sorption to soil will affect their availability for microbial degradation. However, soil surfaces directly and indirectly affect microbial activity. These interactions complicate the knowledge of the rate and the extent of bioavailability. An understanding of abiotic transformations under conditions that enable both biotic and abiotic transformations to occur is essential to achieve the remediation of soils contaminated with xenobiotics.

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  1. Istituto di Chimica Agraria, Università degli Studi di Bari, via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy

    P. Ruggiero

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  1. Laboratory of Environmental Geophysics, Cornell University, Bradfield Hall, 14853-1901, Ithaca, NY, USA

    Philippe Baveye

  2. Laboratoire Santé Environnement — LCPE, UMR Université-CNRS 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie — Pôle de l’Eau, 15, avenue du Charmois, F-54500, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France

    Jean-Claude Block

  3. Dumansky Institute of Water and Colloïdal Chemistry, Science Academyc of Ukraine, 42 Vernadsky Avenue, 252680, Kiev, Ukraine

    Vladislav V. Goncharuk

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Ruggiero, P. (1999). Abiotic Transformations of Organic Xenobiotics in Soils: A Compounding Factor in the Assessment of Bioavailability. In: Baveye, P., Block, JC., Goncharuk, V.V. (eds) Bioavailability of Organic Xenobiotics in the Environment. NATO ASI Series, vol 64. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9235-2_12

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