Skip to main content

Abstract

Insect muscles are mostly translucent, colourless or grey, though the flight-muscles often show a yellowish or brown tinge. Both skeletal and visceral muscle fibres are cross-striated and some older reports of unstriated visceral muscles need reinvestigation. Insect muscles differ fundamentally from those of Annelids, both in histological structure and in not being incorporated into the body-wall to form a dermo-muscular tube. In most skeletal muscles, especially those of the appendages, one end of the muscle (its origin) is attached to a fixed skeletal region while the other end (its insertion) is attached to a movable part. Cuticular invaginations or apodemes, in the form of cords, bands or plate-like structures, may provide the true sites of attachment and therefore intervene between the muscle and the main structure on which it acts. For a general review of insect muscle see Usherwood (1975).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literature on the Muscular System

  • ACTON, A. B. AND SCUDDER, G. G. E. (1969), The ultrastructure of the flight muscle polymorphism in Cenocorixa bifida (Hung.) (Heteroptera, Corixidae), Z. Morph. Tiere, 65, 327–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • AIDLEY, D. J. (1967), The excitation of insect skeletal muscles, Adv. Insect Physiol., 4, 1–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ALICATA, P. (1963), Musculatura e sistema nervoso del torace di Eyprepocnemis plorans (Charp.) e considerazioni sul sistema nervoso cervico-toracico degli Insetti, Archo zool. itai, 47, (1962), 263–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • ASHURST, D. E. (1967), The fibrillar flight muscles of giant waterbugs: an electron-microscope study, J. Cell Sci., 2, 435–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • ATKINS, M. D. and Farris, S. H. (1962), A contribution to the knowledge of flight muscle changes in Scolytidae (Coleoptera), Can. Ent., 94, 25–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ATZINGER, L. (1952), Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Beziehungen zwischen Ausbildung der Flügel, der Flugmuskulatur und des Flugvermögens bei Feldheuschrecken, Zool. Jb. (Anat.), 76, 199–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • BHAKTHAN, N. M. G., BU. (1970), Fine structure of degenerating and regenerating flight muscles in a bark beetle, Ips confusus (Col., Scolytidae), J. Cell Sci., 6, 807–819.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BIENZISLER, G. (1968), Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen über die imaginale Struktur der dorsolongitudinalen Flugmuskeln von Antheraea pernyi Guér. (Lepidoptera), Acta anat., 70, 416–433.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BURSELL, E. (1966), Aspects of the flight metabolism of tsetse flies (Glossina), Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 19, 809–818.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CAVENEY, S. (1969), Muscle attachment related to cuticle architecture in Apterygota, J. Cell Sci., 4, 541–559.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CHADWICK, L. E. (1959), Spinastemal musculature in certain insect orders, Smithson. misc. Collns, 137, 117–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • COCHRANE, D. G., Elder, H. Y. and Usherwood, P. N. R. (1972), Physiology and ultrastructure of phasic and tonic skeletal muscle-fibres in the locust Schistocerca gregaria, J. Cell Sci., 10, 419–441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • COOK, E. F. (1944), The morphology and musculature of the labrum and clypeus of insects, Microentomology, 9, 1–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • CULLEN, M. J. (1974), The distribution of asynchronous muscle in insects with particular reference to the Hemiptera: an electron microscope study. J. Ent., (A), 49, 17–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • DAVEY, K. G. (1964), The control of visceral muscles in insects, Adv. Insect Physiol., 2, 219–245.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • U, F. J. (1969), Development and histolysis of the indirect flight muscles in Dysdercus intermedins, Jf. Insect Physiol., 15, 1591–1599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EWER, D. W. (1967), The pterothoracic musculature of Bullacris Roberts and Pneumora Stål (Orthoptera, Pneumoridae), J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr., 26, 411–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • EWER, D. W. AND NAYLER, L. S. (1967), The pterothoracic musculature of Deropeltis erythrocephala, a cockroach with a wingless female, and the origin of wing movements in insects. J, ent. Soc. sth. Afr., 30, 18–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • GARAMVöLGYI, N. (1965a), The arrangement of the myofilaments in the insect flight muscle. I, II, J. Ultrastruc. Res., 13, 409–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GARAMVöLGYI, N. (1965b), Inter-Z bridges in the flight muscle of the bee, J. Ultrastruc. Res., 13, 435–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GILBERT, L. I. (1967), Lipid metabolism and function in insects, Adv. Insect Physiol., 4, 69–211.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GOLDSTEIN, M. A. AND BURDETTE, W. J. (1971), Striated visceral muscle of Drosophila melanogaster, J. Morph., 134, 315–334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HAGOPIAN, M. (1966), The myofilament arrangement in the femoral muscle of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae Fabricius, J. Cell Biol., 28, 545–562.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HAGOPIAN, M. AND SPIRO, D. (1967), The sarcoplasmic reticulum and its association with the T-system in an insect, J. Cell Biol., 32, 535–545.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HAGOPIAN, M. AND SPIRO, D. (1968), The filament lattice of cockroach thoracic muscle, J. Cell Biol., 36, 433–442.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HANSON, J. (1956), Studies on the cross-striation of the indirect flight myofibrils of the blowfly Calliphora, J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 2, 691–709.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IMMS, A. D. (1939), On the antennal musculature in insects and other Arthropods, Q. Jl microsc. Sci., 81, 273–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • JOHNSON, B. (1957, 1959), Studies on the degeneration of the flight muscles of alate aphids. I. II, J. Insect Physiol, 1, 248–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JOHNSON, B. (1957, 1959), Studies on the degeneration of the flight muscles of alate aphids. I. II, J. Insect Physiol, 3, 367–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KéLER, S. VON (1963), Entomologisches Wörterbuch mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der morphologischen Terminologie, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 4th edn, 790 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • LAIFOOK, J. (1967), The structure of developing muscle insertions in insects, J. Morph., 123, 503–508.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MANTON, S. M. (1964), Mandibular mechanisms and the evolution of Arthropods, Phil. Trans. R. Soc, Ser. B, 247, 1–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MANTON, S. M. (1972), The evolution of arthropodan locomotory mechanisms. Part 10: Locomotory habits, morphology and evolution of the hexapod classes, Zool. J. Linn. Soc, 51, 203–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MATSUDA, R. (1965), Morphology and evolution of the insect head, Mem. Am. ent. Inst., 4, 334 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • MATSUDA, R. (1970), Morphology and evolution of the insect thorax, Mem. ent. Soc. Canada, 76, 431 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • MICKOLEIT, G. (1962), Die Thoraxmuskulatur von Tipula vernalis Meigen. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Anatomie des Dipterenthorax, Zool. Jb. (Anat.), 80, 213–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • MICKOLEIT, G. (1968), Zur Thoraxmuskulatur der Bittacidae, Zool. Jb. (Anat.), 85, 386–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • MICKOLEIT, G. (1969), Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen an der pterothorakalen Pleurotergalmuskulatur der Neuropteria und Mecopteria (Insecta, Holometabola), Z. Morph. Tiere, 64, 151–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MILL, P. J. AND LOWE, D. A. (1971), Ultrastructure of the respiratory and nonrespiratory dorso-ventral muscles of the larva of a dragonfly, J. Insect Physiol., 17, 1947–1960.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OSBORNE, M. P. (1967), Supercontraction in the muscles of the blowfly larva: an ultrastructural study, J. Insect Physiol., 13, 1471–1482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OSBORNE, M. P. (1970), Structure and function of neuromuscular junctions and stretch receptors, In: Neville, A.C. (ed.), Insect Ultrastructure. Symp. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 5, 77–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • PARSONS, M. C. (1959), Skeleton and musculature of the head of Gelastocoris oculatus (Fabricius) (Hemiptera-Heteroptera), Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., 122, 3–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • PARSONS, M. C. (1960), Skeleton and musculature of the thorax of Gelastocoris oculatus (Fabricius) (Hemiptera-Heteroptera), Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., 122, 299–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • PARSONS, M. C. (1962), Skeleton and musculature of the head of Saldula pallipes (F.) (Heteroptera: Saldidae), Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 114, 97–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PARSONS, M. C. (1963), Thoracic skeleton and musculature of adult Saldula pallipes (F.) (Heteroptera: Saldidae), Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 115, 1–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PASQUALI-RONCHETTI, I. (1969), The organization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T system in the femoral muscle of the housefly, Musca domestica, J. Cell Biol., 40, 269–273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PASQUALI-RONCHETTI, I. (1970), The ultrastructural organization of femoral muscles in Musca domestica (Dipt., Muscidae). Tissue and Cell, 2, 339–354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PRINGLE, J. W. S. (1957), Insect Flight, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 133 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • PRINGLE, J. W. S. (1965), Locomotion: Flight, In: Rockstein, M. (ed.), The Physiology of Insecta, 2, 283–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • PRINGLE, J. W. S. (1966), The contractile mechanism of insect fibrillar muscle, Progr. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 17, 1–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PRINGLE, J. W. S. (1968), Comparative physiology of the flight motor, Adv. Insect Physiol., 5, 163–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • REGER, J. F. (1967), The organization of sarcoplasmic reticulum in direct flight muscle of the lepidopteran Achalarus lyciades, J. Ultrastruct. Res., 18, 595–599.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • REGER, J. F. AND COOPER, D. P. (1967), A comparative study on the fine structure of the basalar muscle of the wing and the tibial extensor muscle of the leg of the lepidopteran Achalarus lyciades, J. Cell Biol., 33, 531–542.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SACKTOR, B. (1965), Energetics and respiratory metabolism of muscular contraction, In: Rockstein, M. (ed.), The Physiology of Insecta, 2, 483–580.

    Google Scholar 

  • SACKTOR, B. (1970), Regulation of intermediary metabolism, with special reference to the control mechanisms in insect flight muscles, Adv. Insect Physiol., 7, 267–347.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SAITA, A. AND CAMATINI, M. (1967), Studio comparativo al microscopia elettronico di diversi tipi di fibre muscolari in Cetonia aurata, R. Ist. lomb. Sci. Lett., (Ser. B), 101, 521–541.

    Google Scholar 

  • SHAFIQ, S. A. (1963), Electron microscopic studies on the indirect flight muscles of Drosophila melanogaster, I. Structure of the myofibrils, J. Cell Biol., 17, 351–362.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SHAFIQ, S. A. (1964), An electron microscopical study of the innervation and sarcoplasmic reticulum of the fibrillar flight muscle of Drosophila melanogaster, Q. Jl microsc. Sci., 105, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • SMITH, D. S. (1961a), The structure of insect fibrillar flight muscle, a study made with special reference to the membrane systems of the fibre, J. biophys. biochem. Cytol., 10 Suppl., 123–158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SMITH, D. S. (1961b), The organization of the flight muscle in a dragonfly, Aeshna sp. (Odonata), J. biophys. biochem. Cytol., 11, 119–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SMITH, D. S. (1963), The structure of flight muscle sarcosomes in the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala (Diptera), J. Cell Biol., 19, 115–138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SMITH, D. S. (1965), The organization of flight muscle in an aphid, Megoura viciae (Homoptera). With a discussion on the structure of synchronous and asynchronous striated muscle fibres, J. Cell Biol., 27, 379–393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SMITH, D. S. (1966a), The organization of flight muscle fibres in the Odonata, J. Cell Biol., 28, 109–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SMITH, D. S. (1966b), The structure of intersegmental muscle fibres in an insect, Periplaneta americana L., J. Cell Biol., 29, 449–459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • U, D. S. (1966c), The organization and function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-system of muscle cells, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 16, 107–142.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SMITH, D. S. AND ALDRICH, H. C. (1971), Membrane systems of freeze-etched striated muscle, Tissue and Cell, 3, 261–281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SMITH, D. S., GUPTA, B. L. AND SMITH, U. (1966), The organization and myofilament array of insect visceral muscles, J. Cell Sci., 1, 49–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SMITH, D. S. AND SACKTOR, B. (1960), Disposition of membranes and the entry of haemolymph-borne ferritin in flight-muscle fibers of the fly Phormia regina, Tissue and Cell, 2, 355–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SNODGRASS, R. E. (1935), Principles of Insect Morphology, McGraw-Hill, New York, 667 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • SNODGRASS, R. E. (1950), Comparative studies on the jaws of mandibulate arthropods, Smithson. misc. Collns, 116, 85 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • TIEGS, O. W. (1955), The flight muscles of insects — their anatomy and histology, with some observations on the structure of striated muscles in general, Phil. Trans. R. Soc, Ser. B, 238, 221–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • TOSELLI, P. A. AND PEPE, F. A. (1968), The fine structure of the ventral intersegmental abdominal muscles of the insect Rhodnius prolixus during the molting cycle, I, II, J. Cell Biol, 37, 445–461

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TOSELLI, P. A. AND PEPE, F. A. (1968), The fine structure of the ventral intersegmental abdominal muscles of the insect Rhodnius prolixus during the molting cycle, I, II, J. Cell Biol, 37, 462–481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • USHERWOOD, P. N. P. (1967), Insect neuromuscular mechanisms, Am. Zool., 7, 553–582.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • USHERWOOD, P. N. P. (1969), Electrochemistry of insect muscle, Adv. Insect Physiol., 6, 205–278.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • USHERWOOD, P. N. P. (ed.) (1975), Insect Muscle, Academic Press, London, 621 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • WALCOTT, B. AND BURROWS, M. (1969), The ultrastructure and physiology of the abdominal air-guide retractor muscles in the giant water-bug, Lethocerus, J. Insect Physiol., 15, 1855–1872.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WEBER, H. (1933), Lehrbuch der Entomologie, Jena, 726 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • WIGGLESWORTH, V. B. (1956), Formation and involution of striated muscle fibres during the growth and moulting cycles of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera), Q. Jl microsc. Sci., 97, 465–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • YOUNG, E. C. (1965a), The incidence of flight polymorphism in British Corixidae and description of the morphs, J. Zool., 146, 567–576.

    Google Scholar 

  • YOUNG, E. C. (1965b), Flight muscle polymorphism in British Corixidae: Ecological observations, J. Anim. Ecol., 34, 335–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1977 O. W. Richards and R. G. Davies

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Richards, O.W., Davies, R.G. (1977). The Muscular System. In: IMMS’ General Textbook of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6514-3_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6514-3_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-412-15210-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-6514-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics