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The Cladosporium Fulvum–Tomato Interaction

A Model System to Study Gene-for-Gene Relationships

  • Chapter
Mechanisms of Resistance to Plant Diseases

Summary

The pathosystem Cladosporiumfulvum-tomato has become a model system in molecular plant pathology as both fungus and host plant are amenable to study by molecular methods. Many resistance genes (Cf) are available in near-isogenic lines of tomato, while many races of C. fulvum exist that can overcome one or more Cf genes, giving rise to a gene-for-gene relationship. C. fulvum is a biotrophic pathogen that penetrates tomato leaves through stomata and colonizes the intercellular space around leaf mesophyll cells, where it stays extracellular during its entire life cycle. In compatible interactions the fungus produces various extracellular proteins (ECPs), some of which represent crucial virulence factors. In incompatible interactions fungal growth is arrested very soon after penetration. Resistance is associated with deposition of callose, a hypersensitive response (HR), electrolyte leakage and accumulation of phytoalexins and pathogenesis-related proteins.

HR-based resistance is induced in plants with Cf genes, by matching race-specific elicitors secreted by C. fulvum immediately after stomatal penetration. The race-specific elicitors AVR4 and AVR9 have been characterized and their encoding genes Avr4 and Avr9 have been cloned. Both elicitors are cystine-rich peptides of which AVR9 belongs to the family of cystine-knotted peptides. The resistance genes Cf-2, Cf-4, Cf-5 and Cf-9 have been cloned. They encode proteins that belong to a superfamily of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins. The major part of the Cf proteins contains 25–38 LRRs which is extracellular, while a short C-terminal domain is cytoplasmic.

Two major players in the gene-for-gene system, i.e. the Avr gene and the corresponding Cfgene, have been cloned, but so far there is no evidence that their products interact directly. Membranes of both Cf-9-plus and Cf-9-minus plants contain a similar high affinity binding site for the AVR9 peptide (Kd = 70 pM). To determine whether Cf-9 represents a low affinity binding site, binding studies of AVR9 to in vitro-produced Cf-9 protein are required. treatment with matching AVR elicitors. These responses include an HR and an oxidative burst, as well as activation of enzymes such as H+-ATPase and NADPH oxidase.

Tomato lines have been found that respond with an HR to the virulence factor ECP2, which indicates that it can also function as an avirulence factor. The resistance gene that recognizes ECP2 has been designated Cf-ECP2 and most probably represents a durable resistance gene.

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Abbreviations

AF:

apoplastic fluid

Avr:

avirulence gene encoding race-specific elicitor

Ecp:

geneencoding extracellular protein

Cf:

resistance gene against Cladosporium fulvum

GUS:

B-glucuronidase

HR:

hypersensitive response

LRR:

leucine-rich repeat

NMR:

nuclear magnetic resonance

PR:

pathogenesis-related

PVX:

potato virus X

TNF:

tumor necrosis factor

TNFR:

tumor necrosis factor receptor

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  1. Department of Phytopathology, Wageningen Agricultural University, P.O. Box 8025, 6700 EE, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Pierre J. G. M. De Wit

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  1. RWTH, Aachen, Germany

    A. J. Slusarenko

  2. Society for General Microbiology, Reading, UK

    R. S. S. Fraser (Honorary Visiting Professor) (Honorary Visiting Professor)

  3. Utrecht University, The Netherlands

    L. C. van Loon

  4. University of Manchester, UK

    R. S. S. Fraser (Honorary Visiting Professor) (Honorary Visiting Professor)

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De Wit, P.J.G.M. (2000). The Cladosporium Fulvum–Tomato Interaction. In: Slusarenko, A.J., Fraser, R.S.S., van Loon, L.C. (eds) Mechanisms of Resistance to Plant Diseases. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3937-3_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3937-3_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-0399-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-3937-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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