Abstract
Until now we have been concerned mainly with beams, the deviations in velocity space from isotropy to distributions enhanced in the direction parallel to the magnetic field. In this chapter we study the opposite: particle distributions with predominantly perpendicular velocities, characteristic of magnetically reflected or trapped particles. The solar and stellar coronae are permeated by loop-shaped magnetic fields forming ‘magnetic bottles’ for collisionless (fast) particles. After one bounce, particles of pitch angle α < α c , are lost, so they are missing in the reflected population (Section 2.2). If this population is again reflected, it is trapped and has a double loss-cone distribution in velocity space.
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Further Reading and References
Loss-cone instabilities
Aschwanden, M.J.: 1990, ‘Relaxation of the Loss-cone by Quasi-Linear Diffusion of the Electron-Cyclotron Maser Instability in the Solar Corona’, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 85, 1141.
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Melrose, D.B.: 1986, Instabilities in Space and Laboratory Plasmas, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Melrose, D.B.: 1991, ‘Emission at Cyclotron Harmonics due to Coalescence of Z-Mode Waves’, Astrophys. J. 380, 256.
Vlahos, L.: 1987, ‘Electron Cyclotron Maser Emission for Solar Flares’, Solar Phys. 111, 155.
Winglee, R.M. and Dulk, G.A.: 1986, ‘The Electron-Cyclotron Maser Instability as a Source of Plasma Radiation’, Astrophys. J. 307, 808.
Wu, C.S. and Lee, L.C.: 1979, ‘A theory of the Terrestrial Kilometric Radiation’, Astrophys. J. 230, 621.
Observations of trapped particles(Sun)
Alissandrakis, C.E., Schadee, A., and Kundu, M.R.: 1988, ‘High resolution microwave and X-Ray Observations of Solar Flares’, Astron. Astrophys. 195, 290.
Benz, A.O.: 1986, ‘Millisecond Radio Spikes’ Solar Phys. 104.
Dulk, G.A. and Marsh, K.A.: 1982, ‘Simplified Expression for the Gyrosynchrotron Radiation from Mildly Relativistic, Non-Thermal and Thermal Electrons’, Astrophys. J. 259, 350.
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Stewart, R.T.: 1985, ‘Moving Type IV Bursts’, in Solar Radiophysics (ed. D.J. McLean and N.R. Labrum), Cambridge University Press, p. 361.
Emissions of trapped particles(stars)
Bastian, T.S.: 1990, ‘Radio Emission from Flare Stars’, Solar Phys. 130, 265.
Dulk, G.A..: 1985, ‘Radio Emission from the Sun and Stars’, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 23, 169.
Kuijpers, J.: 1989, ‘Radio Emission from Stellar Flares’, Solar Phys. 121, 163
Klein, K.-L. and Chiuderi-Drago, F.: 1987, ‘Radio Outbursts in HR 1099: A Quantitative Analysis of Flux Spectrum and Intensity Distribution’, Astron. Astrophys. 175, 179.
Lang, K.: 1993, ‘Radio Observations of Particle Acceleration on Stars of Late Spectral Type’, Astrophys. J. Suppl.,in press.
Pacholczyk, A.G.: 1970, Radio Astrophysics, Chapters 3 and 4 on synchrotron emission, W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.
White, S.M., Kundu, M.R., and Jackson, P.D.: 1989, ‘Simple Non-thermal Models for the Quiescent Radio Emission of dMe Flare Stars’, Astron. Astrophys. 225, 112.
References
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© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
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Benz, A. (1993). Electrons Trapped in Magnetic Fields. In: Plasma Astrophysics. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 184. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2064-7_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2064-7_8
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