Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Acceleration processes of heliospheric particle populations

  • Chapter
The Century of Space Science

Abstract

Through space exploration an amazing variety of populations of energetic particles have been discovered in our Sun’s surroundings. Wherever we look in the heliosphere, we find processes that can accelerate ions and electrons of the local plasma to energies of ~0.01 to ~1000MeV, or even more.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams, J.H., Garcia-Munoz, M., Grigorov, N.L., Klecker, B., Kondratyeva, M.A., Mason, G.M., McGuire, R.E., Mewaldt, R.A., Panasyuk, M.I., Tretyakova, Ch.A., Tylka, A.J. and Zhuravlev, D.A. (1991). The charge state of the anomalous component of cosmic rays. Astrophysical Journal, 375, L45–L48.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, T.P., Krimigis, S.M. and Behannon, K.W. (1970). Proton fluxes at 300 keV associated with propagating interplanetary shock waves. Journal of Geophysical Research, 75, 5980–5988.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Asbridge, J.R., Bame, S.J. and Strong I.B. (1968). Outward flow of protons from the Earth’s bow shock. Journal of Geophysical Research, 73, 5777–5782.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Axford, W.I. (1965). Anisotropic diffusion of solar cosmic rays. Planetary and Space Science, 13, 1301–1309.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Axford, W.I., Leer, E. and Skadron, G. (1977). The acceleration of cosmic rays by shock waves. In Proceedings of the 15th Interational Cosmic Ray Conference, Plovdiv, Vol. 11, pp. 132–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, C.W. and Simpson, J.A. (1976). Evidence for interplanetary acceleration of nucleons in corotating interaction regions. Astrophysical Journal, 210, L91–L96.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, A.R. (1978). The acceleration of cosmic rays in shock fronts. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 182, 147–156.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertaux, J.L. and Blamont, J.E. (1971). Evidence for a source of an extraterrestrial hydrogen Lyman-alpha emission: The interstellar wind. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 11, 200–217.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Biswas, S., Durgaprasad, N., Nevatia, J., Sarkar, S. and Venkatavaradan, V.S. (1977). Energy spectra and abundances of carbon to nickel ions in the low energy 8–100MeV/amu cosmic rays observed in the Skylab experiment. In Proceedings of the 15th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Plovdiv, Vol. 2, pp. 327–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biswas, S., Durgaprasad, N. and Trivedi, S.S. (1981). On the origin of the low energy rays from stellar sources. Earth Planet Science (Indian Academy of Sciences), 90, 337–344.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Blandford, R.D. and Ostriker, J.P. (1978). Particle acceleration by astrophysical shocks. Astrophysical Journal, 221, L29–L32.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum, P.W. and Fahr, H.-J. (1970). Interaction between interstellar hydrogen and the solar wind. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 4, 280–290.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Breneman, H.H. and Stone, E.C. (1985). Solar coronal and photospheric abundances from solar energetic particle measurements. Astrophysical Journal, 299,L57–L61.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, D.A., Cline, T.L., Desai, U.D. and McDonald, F.B. (1962). Explorer 12 observations of solar cosmic rays and energetic storm particle events after the solar flare of September 28, 1961. Journal of Geophysical Research, 67, 4983–5000.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant D.A., Cline, T.L., Desai, U.D. and McDonald, F.B. (1965). Continual acceleration of solar protons in the MeV range. Physical Review Letters, 14, 481–484.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L.F., McDonald, F.B., Goldstein, M.L. and Lazarus, A.J. (1985). Cosmic ray modulation and turbulent interaction regions near 11AU. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90, 12027–12039.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L.F., Ness, N.F., Belcher, J.W., Lazarus, A.J. and Richardson, J.D. (1996). Voyager observations of the magnetic field, interstellar pickup ions and solar wind in the distant heliosphere. Space Science Reviews, 78, 33–42.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cane, H.V., McGuire, R.E. and von Rosenvinge, T.T. (1986). Two classes of solar energetic particle events associated with impulsive and long-duration soft x-ray flares. Astrophysical Journal, 301, 448–459.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cane, H.V. and Reames, D.V. (1990). The relationship between energetic particles and flare properties for impulsive solar flares. Astrophysical Journal, 73, 253–258.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cane, H.V., Reames, D.V. and von Rosenvinge, T.T. (1988). The role of interplanetary shocks in the longitude distribution of solar energetic particles. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93, 9555–9567.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cane, H.V., Reames, D.V. and von Rosenvinge, T.T. (1991). Solar particle abundances at energies of greater than 1 MeV per nucleon and the role of interplanetary shocks. Astrophysical Journal, 373, 675–682.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cane, H.V., Sheeley, Jr., N.R. and Howard, R.A. (1987). Energetic interplanetary shocks, radio emission and coronal mass ejections. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 9869–9874.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cane, H.V., von Rosenvinge, T.T. and McGuire, R.E. (1990). Energetic particle observations at the Helios 1 spacecraft of shocks associated with coronal mass ejections. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 6575–6579.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Carrington, R.C. (1860). Description of a singular appearance seen on the sun on September 1, 1859. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 20, 13–15.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, S. and Bartels, J. (1940). Geomagnetism. Oxford University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christian, E.R., Cummings, A.C. and Stone, E.C. (1988). Evidence for anomalous cosmic-ray hydrogen. Astrophysical Journal, 334, L77–L80.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chupp, E.L., Forrest, D.J., Higbie, P.R., Suri, A.N., Tsai, C. and Dunphy, P.P. (1973). Solar gamma ray lines observed during the solar activity of August 2 to August 11, 1972. Nature, 241, 333–335.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cliver, E.W. (1996). Solar flare gamma-ray emission and energetic particles in space. In R. Ramaty, N. Mandzhavidze and X.M. Hua, (eds), High Energy Solar Physics, AIP Conference Proceedings, 374, pp. 45–60.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cliver, E.W. (2000). Solar flares photons and energetic particles in space. In R.A. Mewaldt, J.R. Jokipii, M.A. Lee, E. Möbius and T.H. Zurbuchen (eds), Acceleration and Transport of Energetic Particles observed in the Heliosphere, ACE-2000 Symposium, AIP Conference Proceedings, 528, pp. 21–31.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cliver, E.W., Forrest, D.J., Cane, H.V., Reames, D.V., McGuire, R.E., von Rosenvinge, T.T., Kane, S.R. and MacDowall, R.J. (1989). Solar flare nuclear gamma-rays and interplanetary proton events. Astrophysical Journal, 343, 953–970.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cliver, E.W., Kahler, S.W. and Mclntosh, P.S. (1983). Solar proton flares with weak impulsive phases. Astrophysical Journal, 264, 699–707.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cliver, Kahler, S.W., Shea, M.A. and Smart, D.F. (1982). Injection of ~2GeV protons, ~ 1 MeV electrons, and ~ 100keV electrons in solar cosmic ray flares. Astrophysical Journal, 260, 362–370.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, C.M.S., Mewaldt, R.A., Leske, R.A., Cummings, A.C. and Stone, E.C. (1999). New observations of heavy ion-rich solar particle events from ACE. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 2697–2700.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, W.R., Stone, E.C. and Vogt, R.E. (1980). Elemental composition of solar energetic nuclei. Astrophysical Journal, 238, L97–L101.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, A.C., Mewaldt, R.A., Blake, J.B., Cummings J.R., Fränz, M., Hovestadt, D., Klecker, B., Mason, G.M., Mazur, J.E., Stone, E.C., von Rosenvinge, T.T. and Webber, W.R. (1995). Anomalous cosmic ray oxygen gradients throughout the heliosphere. Geophysical Research Letters, 22, 341–344.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, A.C. and Stone E.C. (1987). Elemental composition of the anomalous cosmic ray component. In Proceedings of the 20th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Moscow, Vol. 3, pp. 413–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, A.C., Stone, E.C. and Steenberg, CD. (1999). Composition of anomalous cosmic rays and other ions from Voyager observations. In Proceedings of the 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Utah, Vol. 7, pp. 531–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, A.C., Stone, E.C. and Webber, W.R. (1984). Evidence that the anomalous cosmic-ray component is singly ionized. Astrophysical Journal, 287, L99–L103.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Decker, R.B. (1981). The modulation of low-energy proton distributions by propagating interplanetary shock waves. A numerical simulation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 86, 4537–4554.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Decker, R.B., Pesses, M.E. and Krimigis, S.M. (1981). Shock-associated low-energy ion enhancements observed by Voyagers 1 and 2. Journal of Geophysical Research, 86, 8819–8831.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Desai, M.I., Mason G.M., Dwyer, J.R., Mazur, J.E., Von Rosenvinge, T.T. and Lepping, R.P. (2000). Characteristics of energetic (≥30keVnuc_1) ions observed by the Wind/STEP instrument upstream of the Earth’s bow shock. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 61–78.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dessler, A. (1967). Solar wind and interplanetary field. Review of Geophysics, 5, 1–41.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Domingo, V.R., Hynds, R.J. and Stevens G. (1979). A solar proton event of possible non-flare origin. In Proceedings of the 16th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Kyoto, Vol. 5, pp. 192–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, J.R., Mason, G.M., Desai, M.I., Mazur, J.E. and von Rosenvinge, T.T. (2000). The spatial size of ion events measured far upstream of the earth’s bow shock by ACE/ULEIS and WIND/STEP. Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 65–68.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Eichler, D. (1981). A cosmic-ray-mediated shock in the solar system. Astrophysical Journal, 247, 1089–1092.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, D.C., Möbius, E. and Paschmann, G. (1990). Particle injection and acceleration at Earth’s bow shock: comparison of upstream and downstream events. Astrophysical Journal, 352, 376–394.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, C.Y., Gloeckler, G. and Simpson, J.A. (1965). Protons and helium nuclei within interplanetary magnetic regions which corotate with the Sun. In Proceedings of the 9th International Cosmic Ray Conference, London, Vol. l,pp. 109–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fichtel, C.E. and Guss, D.E. (1961). Heavy nuclei in solar cosmic rays. Physical Review Letters, 6, 495–497.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, L.A. (1971). Increases in the low-energy cosmic ray intensity at the front of propagating interplanetary shock waves. Journal of Geophysical Research, 76, 1662–1672.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, L.A. (1976a). The acceleration of energetic particles in the interplanetary medium by transit time damping, Journal of Geophysical Research, 81, 4633–4645.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, L.A. (1976b). Solar modulation and a galactic origin for the anomalous component observed in low-energy cosmic rays. Astrophysical Journal, 206, 333–341.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, L.A. (1978). 3He-rich flares: A possible explanation. Astrophysical Journal 224, 1048–1055.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, L.A. (1986). The anomalous component, its variation with latitude and related aspects of modulation. In R.G. Marsden (ed.), The Sun and the Heliosphere in Three Dimensions, Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 401–411.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, L.A. (1996). Motions of footpoints of heliospheric magnetic field lines at the Sun: Implications for recurrent energetic particle events at high heliographic latitudes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 15,547–15,554.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, L.A., Kozlovsky, B. and Ramaty, R. (1974). An interpretation of the observed oxygen and nitrogen enhancements in low-energy cosmic rays. Astrophysical Journal, 190, L35–L37.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, L.A. and Lee, M.A. (1980). Shock acceleration of energetic particles in corotating interaction regions in the solar wind. Astrophysical Journal, 237, 620–626.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Forbush, S.E. (1946). Three unusual cosmic-ray increases possibly due to charged particles form the Sun. Physical Review, 70, 771.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, P.H., Redfern, R.M. and Swordy, S.P. (1979). Do comets provide material for the anomalous component of the cosmic rays? Nature, 279, 622–624.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Munoz, M., Mason, G.M. and Simpson, J.A. (1973). A new test for solar modulation theory: the 1972 May-July low-energy galactic cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra. Astrophysical Journal, 182, L81–L84.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Geiss, J., Gloeckler, G., Fisk, L.A. and Von Steiger, R. (1995). C+ pickup ions in the heliosphere and their origin. Journal of Geophysical, 100, 23,373–23,377.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Geiss, J., Gloeckler, G., Mall, G., Von Steiger, R., Galvin, A.B. and Ogilvie, K.W. (1994). Interstellar oxygen, nitrogen and neon in the heliosphere. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 282, 924–933.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Geiss, J., Gloeckler, G. and von Steiger, R. (1996). Origin of C+ ions in the heliosphere. Space Science Reviews, 78, 43–52.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G. (1970). The measurements of non-relativistic charged particles of extra-terrestrial origin. In H. Ögelman and J.R. Wayland (eds), Introduction to Experimental Techniques of High-Energy Astrophysics, NASA Publ.SP-243, pp. 1–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G. (1975). Low energy particle composition. In Proceedings of the 14th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Munich, Vol. 11, pp. 3784–3804.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G. (1979). Composition of energetic particle populations in interplanetary space. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 17, 569–582.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G. (1999). Observation of injection and pre-acceleration processes in the slow solar wind. Space Science Reviews, 89, 91–104.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G., Balsiger, H., Bürgi, A., Bochsler, P., Fisk, L.A., Galvin, A.B., Geiss, J., Gliem, F., Hamilton, D.C., Holzer, T.E., Hovestadt, D., Ipavich, F.M., Kirsch, E., Lundgren, R.A., Ogilvie, K.W., Sheldon, R.B. and Wilken, B. (1995). The solar wind and supra-thermal ion composition investigation on the Wind spacecraft. Space Science Reviews, 71, 79–124.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G., Cain, J., Ipavich, F.M., Tums, E.O., Bedini, P., Fisk, L.A., Zurbuchen T.H., Bochsler, P., Fischer, J., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R.F., Geiss, J. and Kallenbach, R. (1998). Investigation of the composition of solar and interstellar matter using solar wind and pick up ion measurements with SWICS and SWIMS on the ACE spacecraft. Space Science Reviews, 86, 497–538.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G., Fisk, L.A. and Geiss, J. (1997). Anomalously small magnetic field in the local interstellar cloud. Nature, 386, 374–377.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G., Fisk, L.A., Geiss, J., Schwadron, N.A. and Zurbuchen, T.H. (2000a). Elemental composition of the inner source pickup ions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 7459–7463.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G., Fisk, L.A., Zurbuchen, T.H. and Schwadron, N.A. (2000b). Sources, injection and acceleration of heliospheric ion populations. In R.A. Mewaldt, J.R. Jokipii, M.A. Lee, E. Möbius and T.H. Zurbuchen (eds.), Acceleration and Transport of Energetic Particles Observed in the Heliosphere, ACE-2000 Symposium, AIP Conference Proceedings, 528, 221–228.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G. and Geiss, J. (1996). Abundance of 3He in the local interstellar cloud. Nature, 381, 210–212.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G. and Geiss, J. (1998). Interstellar and inner source pickup ions observed with SWICS on Ulysses. Space Science Reviews, 86, 127–159.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G. and Geiss J. (2001). Heliospheric phenomena deduced from pickup ion observations. In R.G. Marsden (ed.), The 3-D Heliosphere at Solar Maximum. Proceedings of the 34th ESLAB Symposium. Space Science Review, 97, 169–181.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G., Geiss, J., Balsiger, H., Bedini, P., Cain, J.C., Fischer, J., Fisk, L.A., Galvin, A.B., Geiss, J., Gliem, F., Hamilton, D.C., Hollweg, J.V., Ipavich, F.M., Joos, R., Livi, S., Lundgren, R., Mall, U., McKenzie, J.F., Ogilvie, K.W., Ottens, F., Rieck, W., Tums, E.O., von Steiger, R., Weiss, W. and Wilken, B. (1992). The solar wind ion composition spectrometer.Astronomy and Astrophysics Suppl.,92, 267–289.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G., Geiss, J., Balsiger, H., Fisk, L.A., Galvin, A.B., Ipavich, F.M., Ogilvie, K.W., von Steiger, R. and Wilken, B. (1993). Detection of interstellar pick-up hydrogen in the solar system. Science, 261, 70–73.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G., Geiss, J. and Fisk, L.A. (2001). Heliospheric and interstellar phenomena revealed from observations of pickup ions. In A. Balogh, E.J. Smith, and R.G. Marsden (eds), The Heliosphere near Solar Minimum: The Ulysses Perspective. Springer-Praxis, Berlin, 287–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G., Geiss, J., Roelof, E.C., Fisk, L.A., Ipavich, F.M., Ogilvie, K.W., Lanzerotti, L.J., von Steiger, R. and Wilken, B. (1994). Acceleration of interstellar pickup ions in the disturbed solar wind observed on Ulysses. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 17,637–17,643.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G., Hovestadt, D. and Fisk, L.A. (1979). Observed distribution functions of H, He, C, O, and Fe in corotating energetic particles streams: Implications for interplanetary acceleration and propagation. Astrophysical Journal, 230, L191–L195.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gloeckler, G. and Hsieh, K.C. (1979). Time-of-flight technique identification at energies from 2 to 400 keV/nucleon. Nuclear Instruments and Methods, 165, 537–544.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gloecker, G., Sciambi, R.K., Fan, C.Y. and Hovestadt, D. (1976). A direct measurement of the charge states of energetic iron emitted by the sun. Astrophysical Journal Letters, 209, L93–L96.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J.T. (1993). The solar flare myth. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 18937–18949.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J.T., Hildner, E., MacQueen, R.M., Munro, R.H., Poland, A.I. and Ross, C.L. (1974). Mass ejections from the Sun: a view from Skylab. Journal of Geophysical Research, 79, 4581–4587.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenstadt, E.W., Green, I.M., Inouye, G.T., Hundhausen, A.J., Bame, S.J. and Strong, I.B. (1968). Corrrelated magnetic field and plasma observations of the Earth’s bow shock. Journal of Geophysical Research, 73, 51–60.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoppe, M.M. and Russell, C.T. (1982). Particle acceleration at planetary bow shocks waves. Nature, 295, 41–42.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoppe, M.M., Russell, C.T., Frank, L.A., Eastman, T.E. and Greenstadt, E.W. (1981). Upstream hydromagnetic waves and their association with backstreaming ion populations: ISEE 1 and 2 observations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 86, 4471–4492.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hovestadt, D. and Vollmer, O. (1971). A satellite experiment for detecting low energy heavy cosmic rays. In Proceedings of the 12th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Hobart, Vol. 4, 1608–1613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hovestadt, D., Vollmer, O., Gloeckler, G. and Fan C.Y. (1973). Differential energy spectra of low energy (<8.5MeV per nucleon) heavy cosmic rays during solar quiet times. Physical Review Letters, 31, 650–653.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyle, F. and Clayton, D.D. (1974). Nucleosynthesis in white-dwarf atmospheres. Astrophysical Journal, 191, 705–710.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh, K.C. and Simpson, J.A. (1970). The relative abundances an energy spectra of 3He and 4He from solar flares. Astrophysical Journal, 162,L191–L196.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, H., Haisch, B. and Strong, K.T. (1995). Comment on ‘The solar flare myth’ by J.T. Gosling. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100,3473–3477.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Intriligator, D.S., Siscoe, G.L. and Miller, W.D. (1996). Interstellar pickup H+ ions at 8.3 AU: Pioneer 10 plasma and magnetic field analyses.Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 2181–2184.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J.R. (1971). Deceleration and acceleration of cosmic rays in the solar wind. Physical Review Letters, 26, 666–669.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J.R. (1982). Particle drift, diffusion, and acceleration at shocks.Astrophysical Journal, 255, 716–720.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J.R. (1986). Particle acceleration at the termination shock 1:Applications to the solar wind and the anomalous component. Journal of Geophysical Research, 91, 2929–2932.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J.R. (1992). Constraints on the acceleration of anomalous cosmic rays. Astrophysical Journal, 393, L41–L43.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J.R., Kota, J., Giacalone, J., Horbury, T.S. and Smith, E.J. (1995).Interpretation and consequences of large-scale magnetic variances at high heliographic latitude. Geophysical Research Letters, 22, 3385–3388.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahler, S.W. (1994). Injection profiles of solar energetic particles as functions of coronal mass ejection heights. Astrophysical Journal, 428,837–842.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahler, S.W., Hildner, E. and Van Hollebeke, M.A.I. (1978). Prompt solar proton events and coronal mass ejections. Solar Physics, 57, 429–443.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennel, C.F., Coroniti, F.V., Scarf, F., Livesey, W.A., Russell, C.T., Smith,E.J., Wenzel, K.P. and Scholer, M. (1986). A test of Lee’s quasi-linear theory of ion acceleration by interplanetary travelling shocks. Journal of Geophysical Research, 91, 11,917–11,928.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Keppler, E. (1998). The acceleration of charged particles in corotating interaction regions (CIR): A review with particular emphasis on the Ulysses mission. Surveys in Geophysics, 19, 211–278.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Keppler, E., Fränz, M., Korth, A., Krupp, N., Reuss, M.K., Wilken, B.,Balogh, A., Forsyth, R.J., Quenby, J.J. and Blake, B. (1995). Energetic particle observations at high heliographic latitudes. Space Science Reviews, 72, 285–290.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Klecker, B. (1977). The anomalous component of low energy cosmic rays:A comparison of observed spectra with model calculations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 82, 5287–5291.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Klecker, B. (1995). The anomalous component of cosmic rays in the 3-D heliosphere. Space Science Reviews, 72, 419–430.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Klecker, B., Hovestadt, D., Gloeckler, G. and Fan, C.Y. (1980). On the charge state of the anomalous oxygen component. Geophysical Research Letters, 7, 1033–1036.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Klecker, B., Hovestadt, D., Gloeckler, G., Ipavich, F.M., Scholer, M., Fan,C.Y. and Fisk, L.A. (1984). Direct determination of the ionic charge distribution of helium and iron in 3He-Rich solar energetic particle events. Astrophysical Journal, 281, 458–462.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Klecker, B., McNab, M.C., Blake, J.B., Hamilton, D.C., Hovestadt, D.,Kästle, H., Looper, M.D., Mason, G.M., Mazur, J.E. and Scholer, M.(1995). Charge states of anomalous cosmic-ray nitrogen, oxygen, and neon: Sampex observations. Astrophysical Journal, 442, L69–L72.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Klecker, B., Mewaldt, R.A., Bieber, J.W., Cummings, A.C., Drury, L.,Giacalone, J., Jokipii, J.R., Jones, F.C., Krainev, M.B., Lee, M.A., Le Roux, J.A., Marsden, R.G., McDonald, F.B., McKibben, R.B., Baring,M.G., Ellison, D.C., Lanzerotti, L.J., Leske, R.A., Mazur, J.E., Moraal,H., Oetliker, M., Ptuskin, V.S., Selesnick, R.S. and Trattner, K.J. (1998).Anomalous cosmic rays. Space Science Reviews, 83, 259–308.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Klecker, B., Oetliker, M., Blake, J.B., Hovestadt, D., Mason, G.M., Mazur,J.E. and McNab, M.C. (1997). Multiply charged anomalous cosmic ray N, O, and Ne: observations with HILT/SAMPEX. In Proceedings of the 25th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Durban, Vol. 2, 273–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krimigis, S.M. (1992). Voyager energetic particle observations at interplanetary shocks and upstream of planetary bow shocks: 1977–1990. Space Science Reviews, 59, 167–201.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Krimigis, S.M., Armstrong, T.P., Axford, W.I., Bostrom C.O., Fan, C.Y., Gloeckler, G. and Lanzerotti, L.J. (1977). The low energy charged particle (LECP) experiment on the Voyager spacecraft. Space Science Reviews, 21, 329–354.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Krimigis, S.M., Decker, R.B., Hamilton, D.C. and Gloeckler, G. (2000). Observations of pick-up ions in the outer heliosphere by Voyagers 1 and 2. In R.A. Mewaldt, J.R. Jokipii, M.A. Lee, E. Möbius, and T.H. Zurbuchen (eds), Acceleration and Transport of Energetic Particles observed in the Heliosphere, ACE-2000 Symposium, AIP Conference Proceedings, 528, 333–340.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunow, H., Lee, M.A., Fisk, L.A., Forsyth, R.J., Heber, B., Horbury, T.S., Keppler, E., Kóta, J., Lou, Y.Q., McKibben, R.B., Paizis, C., Potgieter, M.S., Roelof, E.C., Sanderson, T.R., Simnett, G.M., von Steiger, R., Tsurutani, B.T., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R.F. and Jokipii, J.R. (1999). Corotating interaction regions at high latitudes. Space Science Reviews, 89, 221–268.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M.A. (1982). Coupled hydromagnetic wave excitation and ion acceleration upstream of the Earth’s bow shock. Journal of Geophysical Research, 87, 5063–5080.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M.A. (1983). Coupled hydromagnetic wave excitation and ion acceleration at interplanetary traveling shocks. Journal of Geophysical Research, 88, 6109–6119.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M.A. (1997). Particle acceleration and transport at CME-driven shocks. In N. Crooker, J.A. Jocelyn and J. Feynman (eds), Coronal Mass Ejections. AGU Press, pp. 227–234.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M.A., Shapiro, V.D. and Sagdeev, R.Z. (1996). Pickup ion energization by shock surfing. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 4777–4789.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Leske, R.A., Mewaldt, R.A., Christian, E.R., Cohen, C.M.S., Cummings, A.C., Stone, E.C., von Rosenvinge, T.T. and Wiedenbeck, M.E. (1999b). Measurement of the isotopic composition of anomalous cosmic ray N, O, and Ne from ACE. In Proceedings of the 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Utah, Vol. 7, pp. 539–542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leske, R.A., Mewaldt, R.A., Cohen, C.M.S., Cummings, A.C., Stone, E.C., Wiedenbeck, M.E., Christian, E.R. and von Rosenvinge, T.T. (1999a). Event-to-event variations in the isotopic composition of neon in solar energetic particle events. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 2693–2696.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, R.P. (1970). The emission and propagation of ~40keV solar flare electrons. Solar Physics, 12, 266–303.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopate, C. and McKibben, R.B. (1991). The ratio 2H/1H as a test for the presence of anomalous protons at Pioneer-10 near solar minimum in 1987. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Dublin, Vol. 3, pp. 390–393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luhn, A., Klecker, B., Hovestadt, D., Gloeckler, G., Ipavich, F.M., Scholer, M., Fan, C.Y. and Fisk, L.A. (1984). Ionic charge states of N, Ne, Mg, Si and in solar energetic particle events. Advances in Space Research, 4(2-3), 161–164.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Luhn, A., Klecker, B., Hovestadt, D., and Möbius, E. (1987). The mean ionic charge of silicon in 3He-rich solar flares. Astrophysical Journal, 317, 951–955.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, G., Gold, R.E., Krimigis, S.M., Mazur, J.E., Andrews, G.B., Daley, K.A., Dwyer, J.R., Heuerman, K.F., James, T.L., Kennedy, M.J., Lefevere, T., Malcom, H., Tossman, B. and Walpole, P.H. (1998). The ultra-low-energy isotope spectrometer (ULEIS) for the ACE spacecraft. Space Science Reviews, 86, 409&#x2013;448.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, G.M., Gloeckler, G. and Hovestadt, D. (1984). Temporal variations of nucleonic abundances in solar flare energetic particle events: II.Evidence for large-scale shock acceleration. Astrophysical Journal, 280, 902&#x2013;916.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, G.M., Mazur, J.E. and Dwyer, J.R. (1999). 3He enhancements in large solar energetic particle events. Astrophysical Journal, 525, L133&#x2013;L136.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, G.M., Mazur, J.E., Dwyer, J.R., Reames, D.V. and von Rosenvinge, T.T. (1997). New spectral and abundance features of interplanetary heavy ions in corotating interaction regions. Astrophysical Journal, 486, L149&#x2013;L152.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazur, J.E., Mason, G.M., Klecker, B. and McGuire, R.E. (1992). The energy spectra of solar flare hydrogen, helium, oxygen, and iron: evidence for stochastic acceleration. Astrophysical Journal, 401, 398&#x2013;410.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazur, J.E., Mason, G.M., Lopper, M.D., Leske, R.A. and Mewaldt, R.A. (1999). Charge state of solar energetic particles using the geomagnetic cutoff technique: SAMPEX measurements in the 6 November 1997 solar particle event. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 173&#x2013;176.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, F.B., Lukasiak, A. and Webber, W.R. (1995). Pioneer 10 and Voyager 1 observations of anomalous cosmic-ray hydrogen in the outer heliosphere. Astrophysical Journal, 446, L101&#x2013;L104.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, F.B., Teegarden, B.J., Trainor, J.H., von Rosenvinge, T.T. and Webber, W.R. (1976). The interplanetary acceleration of energetic nucleons. Astrophysical Journal, 203, L149&#x2013;L154.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, F.B., Teegarden, B.J., Trainor, J.H. and Webber, W.R. (1974). The anomalous abundance of cosmic-ray nitrogen and oxygen nuclei at low energies. Astrophysical Journal, 187, L105&#x2013;L108.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McKibben, R.B. (1977). An experimental test for the charge state of the anomalous helium component. Astrophysical Journal, 217, L113&#x2013;L116.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, P., Parker, E.N. and Simpson, J.A. (1956). Solar cosmic rays of February, 1956 and their propagation through interplanetary space. Physical Review, 104, 768&#x2013;783.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mewaldt, R.A. (1999). Solar and interplanetary particles re-accelerated at the solar wind termination shock. Advances in Space Research, 23(3), 541&#x2013;545.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mewaldt, R.A. (2000). New views of solar energetic particles from the Advanced Composition Explorer. In B.L. Dingus, D.B. Kieda and M.H. Salamon (eds), 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Invited, Rapporteur and Highlight Papers, AIP Conference Proceedings, 516, 265&#x2013;273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mewaldt, R.A., Cummings, J.R., Leske, R.A., Selesnick, R.S., Stone, E.C. and von Rosenvinge, T.T. (1996). A study of the composition and energy spectra of anomalous cosmic rays using the geomagnetic field. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 617&#x2013;620.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J.A. (1995). Much ado nothing. EOS, 76, 401&#x2013;407.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J.A., Cargill, P.J., Emslie, A.G., Holman, G.D., Dennis, B.R., LaRosa, T.H., Winglee, R.M., Benka, S.G. and Tsuneta, S. (1997). Critical issues for understanding particle acceleration in impulsive solar flares. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 14,631-14,659.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Möbius, E., Hovestadt, D., Klecker, B., Scholer, M., Gloeckler, G. and Ipavich, F.M. (1985). Direct Observation of He+ pick-up ions of interstellar origin in the solar wind. Nature, 318, 426&#x2013;429.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Möbius, E., Popecki, M., Klecker, B., Kistler, L.M., Bogdanov, A., Galvin, A.B., Heirtzler, D., Hovestadt, D., Lund, E.J., Morris, D. and Schmidt, W.K.H. (1999). Energy dependence of the ionic charge state distribution during the November 1997 solar energetic particle event. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 145&#x2013;148.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mogro-Campero, A. and Simpson, J.A. (1972). The abundances of solar accelerated nuclei from carbon to iron. Astrophysical Journal, 177, L37&#x2013;L41.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, R.J., Ramaty, R., Kozlovsky, B. and Reames, D.V. (1991). Solar abundances from gamma-ray spectroscopy: Comparisons with energetic particle, photospheric, and coronal abundances. Astrophysical Journal, 371, 793&#x2013;803.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, C.K., Reames D.V. and Tylka A.J. (1999). Effect of proton-amplified waves on the evolution of solar energetic particle composition in gradual events. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 2145&#x2013;2148.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Oschlies, K., Beaujean, R. and Enge, W. (1989). On the charge state of anomalous oxygen. Astrophysical Journal, 345, 776&#x2013;781.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pallavicini, R., Serio, S. and Vaiana, G.S. (1977). A survey of soft x-ray limb flare images: The relation between their structure in the corona and other physical parameters. Astrophysical Journal, 216, 108&#x2013;122.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, I.D. and Gosling, J.T. (1978). Shock associated energetic proton events at large heliocentric distances. Journal of Geophysical Research, 83, 2037&#x2013;2046.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Paschmann, G., Sckopke, N., Papamastorakis, I., Asbridge, J.R., Bame, S.J. and Gosling, J.T. (1981). Characteristics of reflected and diffuse ions upstream from the Earth’s bow shock. Journal of Geophysical Research, 86, 4355&#x2013;4364.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pesses, M.E., Decker, R.B. and Armstrong, T.P. (1982). The acceleration of charged particles in interplanetary space. Space Science Reviews, 32, 185&#x2013;204.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pesses, M.E., Jokipii, J.R. and Eichler, D. (1981). Cosmic ray drift, shock wave acceleration, and the anomalous component of cosmic rays. Astrophysical Journal, 246, L85&#x2013;L88.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Popecki, M.A., Möbius, E., Klecker, B., Kistler, L.M., Galvin, A.B., Heirtzler, D., Morris, D., Siren, C., Bogdanov, A. and Hovestadt, D. (1999). Time profiles of ionic charge states for rapidly rising solar active periods. In Proceedings of the 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Utah, Vol. 6, 187&#x2013;190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, P.B., Fleischer, R.L., Peterson, D.D., O’Ceallaigh, C., O’Sullivan, D. and Thompson, A. (1967). Identification of isotopes of energetic particles with dielectric track detectors. Physical Review, 164, 1618&#x2013;1620.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pyle, K.R., Simpson, J.A., Barnes, A. and Mihalov, J.D. (1984). Shock acceleration of nuclei and electrons in the heliosphere beyond 24 AU. Astrophysical Journal, 282, L107&#x2013;L111.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, U.R., McCracken, K.G. and Bukata, R.P. (1967). Cosmic ray propagation processes: 2. The energetic particle event. Journal of Geophysical Research, 72, 4325&#x2013;4341.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reames, D.V. (1988). Bimodal abundances in the energetic particles of solar and interplanetary origin. Astrophysical Journal, 330, L71&#x2013;L75.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reames, D.V. (1995). Solar energetic particles: a paradigm shift. Review of Geophysics Suppl., 33, 585&#x2013;589.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reames, D.V. (1999). Particle acceleration at the sun and in the heliosphere. Space Science Reviews, 90, 413&#x2013;491.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reames, D.V., Barbier, L.M. and von Rosenvinge, T.T. (1997b). Wind, EPACT observations of anomalous cosmic rays. Advances in Space Research, 19(5), 809&#x2013;812.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reames, D.V., Kahler, S.W. and Ng, C.K. (1997a). Spatial and temporal invariance in the spectra of energetic particles in gradual solar events. Astrophysical Journal, 491, 414&#x2013;420.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reames, D.V., Meyer, J.P. and von Rosenvinge, T.T. (1994). Energetic-particles abundances in impulsive solar flare events. Astrophysical Journal Suppl., 90, 649&#x2013;667.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reames, D.V., von Rosenvinge, T.T. and Lin, R.P. (1985). Solar 3He-rich event and nonrelativistic electron events: A new association. Astrophysical Journal, 292, 716&#x2013;724.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, G.C. (1964). A diffusive model for the initial phase of a solar proton event. Journal of Geophysical Research, 69, 2659&#x2013;2667.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinecke, J.P.L. and Moraal, H. (1992). On the form of the 1987 hydrogen spectrum in the outer heliosphere. Astrophysical Journal, 392, 272&#x2013;276.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Roelof, E.C. and Krimigis, S.M. (1973). Analysis and synthesis of coronal and interplanetary energetic particle, plasma, and magnetic field observations over three solar rotations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 78, 5375&#x2013;5410.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, C.T., Mewaldt, R.A. and von Rosenvinge, T.T. (eds) (1998). The Advanced Composition Explorer mission. Space Science Reviews, 86, 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson, T.R., Reinhard, R. Van Nes, P. and Wenzel, K.P. (1985a). Observations of three-dimensional anisotropies of 35-to 1000-keV protons associated with interplanetary shocks. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90, 19&#x2013;27.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson, T.R., Reinhard, R. Van Nes, P. and Wenzel, K.P. (1985b). Observations of 35-to 1600-keV protons and low-frequency waves upstream of interplanetary shocks. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90, 3973&#x2013;3980.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson, T.R., Reinhard, R. and Wenzel, K.P. (1981). The propagation of upstream protons between the earth’s bow shock and ISEE 3. Journal of Geophysical Research, 86, 4425&#x2013;4434.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarris, E.T., Krimigis, S.M. and Armstrong, T.P. (1976). Observations of high energy protons and electrons at ~35RE with IMP 7. Journal of Geophysical Research, 81, 2341&#x2013;2355.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholer, M. and Burgess, D. (1992). The role of upstream waves in supercritical quasi-parallel shock re-formation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 8319&#x2013;8326.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholer, M. Ipavich, F.M. Gloeckler, G. and Hovestadt, D (1983). Acceleration of low-energy protons and alpha particles at interplanetary shock waves. Journal of Geophysical Research, 88, 1977&#x2013;1988.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholer, M. and Morfill, G. (1975). Simulation of solar flare particle interaction with interplanetary shock waves. Solar Physics, 45, 227&#x2013;240.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwadron, N.A., Fisk, L.A. and Gloeckler, G. (1996). Statistical acceleration of interstellar pick-up ions in co-rotating interaction regions. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 2871&#x2013;2874.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwadron, N.A., Geiss, J., Fisk, L.A., Gloeckler, G., Zurbuchen, T.H. and von Steiger, R. (2000). Inner source distributions: Theoretical interpretation, implications, and evidence for inner source protons. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 7465&#x2013;7472.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Selesnick, R.S., Mewaldt, R.A. and Cummings, J.R. (1997). Multiply charged anomalous cosmic rays above 15MeV/nucleon. In Proceedings of the 25th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Durban, Vol. 2, pp. 269&#x2013;272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheeley Jr, N.R., Howard, R.A., Koomen, M.J., Michels, D.J., Schwenn, R., Mühlhäuser, K.H. and Rosenbauer, H. (1985). Coronal mass ejections and interplanetary shocks. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90, 163&#x2013;175.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Simnett, G.M. (1995). Protons in flares. Space Science Reviews, 73, 387&#x2013;432.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E.J. (1993). Magnetic fields throughout the heliosphere. Advances in Space Research, 13(6), 5&#x2013;14.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E.J. and Wolfe, J.H. (1976). Observations of interaction regions and corotating shocks between one and five AU: Pioneer 10 and 11. Geophysical Research Letters, 3, 137&#x2013;140.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonett, C.P., Colburn, D.S., Davis, L., Smith, E.J. and Coleman, Jr, P.J. (1964). Evidence for a collisionfree magnetohydrodynamic shock wave in interplanetary space. Physical Review Letters, 13, 153&#x2013;156.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Steenberg, C.D., Cummings, A.C. and Stone, E.C. (1999). Drift calculations on the calculations of anomalous cosmic rays during the 1998 solar minimum period. In Proceedings of the 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Utah, Vol. 7, pp. 593&#x2013;596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, E.C., Cohen, C.M.S., Cook, W.R., Cummings, A.C., Gauld, B., Kecman, B., Leske, R.A., Mewaldt, R.A., Thayer, M.R., Dougherty, B.L., Grumm, R.L., Milliken, B.D., Radocinski, R.G., Wiedenbeck, M.E., Christian, E.R., Shuman, S. and von Rosenvinge, T.T. (1998). The solar isotope spectrometer for the Advanced Composition Explorer. Space Science Reviews, 86, 357&#x2013;408.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, E.C. and Cummings, A.C. (1997). Evidence for anomalous cosmic ray S, Si, and Fe in the outer heliosphere and for a non-ACR source of S at 1AU. In Proceedings of the 25th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Durban, Vol. 2, pp. 289&#x2013;292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Svestka, Z. and Fritzová-Svestková, L. (1974). Type II bursts and particle acceleration. Solar Physics, 36, 417&#x2013;431.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Takashima, T., Doke, T., Hayashi, T., Kikuchi, J., Kobayashi, M., Shirai, H., Takehana, N., Ehara, M., Yamada, Y., Yanagita, S., Hasebe, N., Kashiwagi, T., Kato, C., Munakata, K., Kohno, T., Kondoh, K., Murakami, H., Nakamoto, A., Yanagimachi, T., Reames, D.V. and von Rosenvinge, T.T. (1997). The first observation of sulfur in anomalous cosmic rays by the Geotail and the Wind spacecraft. Astrophysical Journal, 477, L111&#x2013;L113.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Teegarden, B.J., von Rosenvinge, T.T. and McDonald, F.B. (1973). Satellite measurements of the charge composition of solar cosmic rays in the 6≤Z≤26 interval. Astrophysical Journal, 180, 571&#x2013;581.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Temerin, M. and Roth, I. (1992). The production of 3He and heavy ion enrichments in 3He-rich flares by electromagnetic hydrogen cyclotron waves. Astrophysical Journal, 391, L105&#x2013;L108.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Toptyghin, I.N. (1980). Acceleration of particles by shocks in a cosmic plasma. Space Science Reviews, 26, 157&#x2013;213.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tums, E., Gloeckler, G., Fan, C.Y., Cain, J. and Sciambi, R. (1974). Instrument to measure energy and charge of low energy interplanetary particles. IEEE Transactions in Nuclear Science., NS-21(1), 210&#x2013;217.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Hollebeke, M.A.I., McDonald, F.B., Trainor, J.H. and von Rosenvinge, T.T. (1978). The radial variation of corotating energetic streams in the inner and outer solar system. Journal of Geophysical Research, 83, 4723&#x2013;4730.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Nes, P., Reinhard, R., Sanderson, T.R., Wenzel, K.P. and Zwickl, J. (1984). The energy spectrum of 35-to 1600-keV protons associated with interplanetary shocks. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89, 2122&#x2013;2132.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasyliunas, V.M. and Siscoe, G.L. (1976). On the flux and the energy spectrum of interstellar ions in the solar system. Journal of Geophysical Research, 81, 1247&#x2013;1252.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vernov, S.N., Chudakov, A.E., Vakulov, P.V., Gorchakov, E.V., Kontor, N.N., Logatchev, Y.I., Lyubimov, G.P., Pereslegina N.V. and Timofeev, G.A. (1970). Propagation of solar and galactic cosmic rays of low energies in interplanetary medium. In V. Manno and D.E. Page (eds), Intercorrelated Satellite Observations Related to Solar Events, Reidel, Hingham, MA, pp. 53&#x2013;89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Rosenvinge, T.T., Barbier, L.M., Karsh, J., Liberman, R., Madden, M.P., Nolan, T., Reames, D.V., Ryan, L., Singh, S., Trexel, H. and Winkert, G. (1995). The Energetic Particles: Acceleration, Composition and Transport (EPACT) investigation on the Wind spacecraft. Space Science Reviews, 71, 155&#x2013;206.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Von Rosenvinge T.T. and McDonald, F.B. (1975). IMP 6, 7, and 8 observations of the composition and time variations of low energy cosmic rays. In Proceedings of the 14th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Munich, Vol. 2, pp. 792&#x2013;797.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Steiger, R., Schwadron, N.A., Fisk, L.A., Geiss, J., Gloeckler, G., Hefti, S., Wilken, B., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R.F. and Zurbuchen, T.H. (2000). Composition of quasi-stationary solar wind flows from SWICS/Ulysses. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 27,217&#x2013;27,238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel, K.P., Marsden, R.G., Page, D.E. and Smith, E.J. (eds) (1992). Ulysses instruments. Astronomy and Astrophysics, Suppl., 92, 207–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wild, J.P., Smerd, S.F. and Weiss, A.A. (1963). Solar bursts. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1, 291&#x2013;366.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D.J., McEntire, R.W., Krimigis, S.M., Roelof, E.C., Jaskulek, S., Tossman, B., Wilken, B., Stüdemann, W., Armstrong, T.P., Fritz, T.A., Lanzerotti, L.J. and Roederer, J.G. (1991). Energetic particles at Venus: Galileo results. Science, 253, 1525&#x2013;1528.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Witte, M., Rosenbauer, H., Banaszkiewicz, M. and Fahr, H. (1993). The Ulysses neutral gas experiment: Determination of the velocity and temperature of the interstellar neutral helium. Advances in Space Research, 13(6), 121&#x2013;130.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zirin, H. (1994). Solar storminess. Sky & Telescope, November, p. 9.

    Google Scholar 

Further Reading

  • Balogh, A., Gosling, J.T., Jokipii, J.R., Kallenbach, R. and Kunow, H.(eds) (1999). Corotating interaction regions. Space Science Reviews, 89 (1-2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mewaldt, R.A., Jokipii, J.R., Lee, M.A., Möbius, E. and Zurbuchen, T.H. (eds) (2000). Acceleration and Transport of Energetic Particles observed in the Heliosphere, ACE-2000 Symposium. AIP Conference Proceedings, 528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, J.A. (1995). The anomalous nuclear component in the three-dimensional heliosphere. Advances in Space Research, 16(9), 135&#x2013;149.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zank, G.P. and Gaisser, T.R. (eds) (1992). Particle Acceleration in Cosmic Plasmas. AIP Conference Proceedings, 264.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

    George Gloeckler

  2. ESA — European Space Research and Technology Centre, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

    Klaus-Peter Wenzel

Authors
  1. George Gloeckler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Klaus-Peter Wenzel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. SRON — National Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Johan A. M. Bleeker

  2. ISSI — International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland

    Johannes Geiss

  3. ESA — European Space Agency, Paris, France

    Martin C. E. Huber

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gloeckler, G., Wenzel, KP. (2001). Acceleration processes of heliospheric particle populations. In: Bleeker, J.A.M., Geiss, J., Huber, M.C.E. (eds) The Century of Space Science. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0320-9_42

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0320-9_42

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-7196-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0320-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation