Skip to main content

Abstract

BEHAVIOUR IS determined, or at least influenced at every step, by the Stimuli to which the sense organs are subjected; and the functions of the sense organs and their powers of discrimination are discovered largely by observations on behaviour. It is not possible therefore to separate these two subjects completely. But before discussing the general principles in the control of behaviour we must consider the sensory apparatus.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. ABBOTT, C. E. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 20 (1927), 117–22 (effect of monochromatic light on Formica).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. ADRIAN, E. D. J. Physiol., 91 (1937), 66–89 (electrical response of optic ganglion: Dytiscus).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. ALTENBERG, E. Brit. J. Exp. Biol., 4 (1926), 38–45 (model of Compound eye).

    Google Scholar 

  4. ALVERDES, F. Biol. Zbl., 43 (1924), 577–605 (sensory perceptions of Ephemerid and Odonata larvae).

    Google Scholar 

  5. AUTRUM, H. Nachr. Akad. Wiss. Göttingen, Math.-Phys. Kl., 1948, 8–12

    Google Scholar 

  6. AUTRUM, H. Experientia, 5 (1949), 271–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. AUTRUM, H. Naturwiss., 39 (1952), 290

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. AUTRUM, H. Klint. Wockenschr., 31 (1953), 241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. AUTRUM, H. Exp. Cell Res., Suppl. 5 (1958), 426–39 (visual resolving power in Aying insect).

    Google Scholar 

  10. BALDUS, K. Z. wiss. Zool., 121 (1924), 557–620 (function of brain: larvae and adults of Odonata).

    Google Scholar 

  11. BALDUS, K. Z. vergl. Physiol., 3 (1926), 475–505 (distance localization: Aeschna larva).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. BAUMGARTNER, H. Z. vergl. Physiol., 7 (1928), 56–143 (visual acuity: honey-bee).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. BEDAU, K. Z. wiss. Zool., 97 (1911) (compound eyes of Notonecta, c., Hem.).

    Google Scholar 

  14. BERTHOLF, L. M. J. Agric. Res., 42(1931)

    Google Scholar 

  15. BERTHOLF, L. M. J. Agric. Res., 379–419; 43 (1931), 703–13 (extent of visible spectrum: honey-bee)

    Google Scholar 

  16. BERTHOLF, L. M. Z. vergl. Physiol., 18 (1932), 32–64 (ditto: Drosophila).

    Google Scholar 

  17. BOLWIG, N. Entom. Medd., 20 (1938), 80–101 (response of bee to ‘honey-guides’).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Vidensk. Medd. Dansk Naturhist. Foren., 109 (1946), 81–207 (sense organs of Musca larva).

    Google Scholar 

  19. BOZLER, E. Z. vergl. Physiol., 3 (1925), 145–82 (function of ocelli: Drosophila, Dipt.).

    Google Scholar 

  20. BRECHER, G. Z. vergl. Physiol., 10 (1929), 495–526 (dermal light sense: Periplaneta, Orth.).

    Google Scholar 

  21. BUCK, J. B. Physiol. Zool. 10 (1937), 45–58 (perception of red light by firefly, Photinus, Col.).

    Google Scholar 

  22. V. BUDDENBROCK, W. Naturwiss., 23 (1935), 98–100 (sense of form: Eristalis, Dipt.).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Biol. Rev., 10 (1935), 283–316; Naturzviss., 23 (1935), 154–7 (Physiology of Compound eye).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Grundriss der vergleichenden Physiologie, Berlin, 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  25. V. BUDDENBROCK, W., and SCHULZ, E. Zool. Jahrb., Physiol., 52 (1933), 513–36 (ommatidium as functional unit).

    Google Scholar 

  26. BUGNION, E., and POPOFF, N. Arch. Anat. Microsc., 16 (1914), 261–304 (eyes of nocturnal insects).

    Google Scholar 

  27. CAMERON, J.W. MacB. Canad. J. Res., D, 16 (1938), 307–42 (reactions to light of different wavelengths: Musca, Dipt.).

    Google Scholar 

  28. CHEN, S. H., and YOUNG, B. Sinensia, 14 (1943), 55–60 (vision and flight: Cryptotympana, Hem.).

    Google Scholar 

  29. COLLINS, D. L. J. Exp. Zool., 69 (1934), 165–97 (iris pigment migration: Carpocapsa, Lep.).

    Google Scholar 

  30. CRESCITELLI, F., and JAHN, T. L. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 13 (1939), 105–12; 19 (1942), 47–66 (electrical response of insect eye).

    Google Scholar 

  31. CROZIER, W. J., et al. J. Gen. Physiol., 20 (1937), 363–410 (response to flickering light: larva of Anax, Odonata).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. DAY, M. F. Biol. Bull., 80 (1941), 275–91 (pigment movements in eye: Ephestia, Lep.).

    Google Scholar 

  33. DEBAISIEUX, P. Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, 59 (1939), 2–23 (sense organs in head of Lucilia larva, Dipt.).

    Google Scholar 

  34. DEMOLL, R. Arch. ges. Physiol, 129 (1909), 461–75 (pigment migration in eyes of day-flying Lepidoptera).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Zool. Jahrb., Physiol., 30 (1911), 169–80 (movements of iris pigment in Compound eye).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Die Sinnesorgane der Arthropoden ihr Bau und ihre Funktion, Braunschweig, 1917.

    Google Scholar 

  37. DETHIER, V. G. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 19 (1942), 301–13; 22 (1943), 116–26 (lateral ocelli of caterpillars).

    Google Scholar 

  38. DOLLEY, W. L. Physiol. Zool., 2 (1929), 483–90 (dark adaptation: Eristalis, Dipt.).

    Google Scholar 

  39. EGGERS, F. Zool. Jahrb.) Abt. Syst., 71 (1938), 277–90 (vision in mating: Pieridae, Lep.).

    Google Scholar 

  40. ELTRINGHAM, H. The Senses of Insects, Methuen’s Biological Monographs, London, 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  41. EXNER, S. Die Physiologie der facettierten Augen von Krebsen und Insekten, Leipzig, 1891.

    Google Scholar 

  42. FALCONER, D. S. J. Exp. Biol., 21 (1945), 33–8 (sensitivity to light: Agriotes larva, Col.).

    Google Scholar 

  43. FOREL, A. Rev. Sci. (Paris), 38 (1886), 660–1 (vision of ultra-violet by ants).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Das Sinnesleben der Insekten, Munich, 1910.

    Google Scholar 

  45. FRIEDERICHS, H. F. Z. Morph. Oekol. Tiere, 21 (1931), 1–172 (vision in Cicindelidae, Col. larva and adult).

    Google Scholar 

  46. FRIEDLAENDER, M. Z. vergl. Physiol., 15 (1931), 193–260 (visual training of honey-bee).

    Google Scholar 

  47. V. FRISCH, K. Zool. Jahrb., Physiol., 35 (1914), 1–182 (sense of form and colour in honey-bee).

    Google Scholar 

  48. FRIZA, F. Z. vergl. Physiol., 8 (1928), 289–336 (colours and pigment movements in Compound eyes).

    Google Scholar 

  49. GAFFRON, M. Z. vergl. Physiol., 20 (1934), 299–337 (perception of movement: Odonata larvae and Muscidae).

    Google Scholar 

  50. V. GAVEL, L. Z. vergl. Physiol., 27 (1939), 80–135 (visual acuity: Drosophila).

    Google Scholar 

  51. GODGLÜCK, U. Biol. Zbl., 55 (1935), 187–97 (dermal light sense: Neides, Hem.).

    Google Scholar 

  52. GÖTZ, B. Z. vergl. Physiol., 23 (1936), 429–503 (perception of colour and form in larvae of Lepidoptera).

    Google Scholar 

  53. GRABER, V. Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Abt. 1, 87 (1883), 201–36 (dermal light sense: Blattella, Orth.).

    Google Scholar 

  54. HAMILTON, W. F. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 8 (1922), 350 (colour vision: Drosophila).

    Google Scholar 

  55. HANSTRÖM, B. Z. vergl. Physiol., 6 (1927), 566–97 (functional differentiation of colour perceiving elements in retina).

    Google Scholar 

  56. HARTLINE, H. K. Amer. J. Physiol., 83 (1928), 466–83 (electric response to illumination in Compound eye).

    Google Scholar 

  57. HECHT, S., and WALD, G.J. Gen. Physiol., 17 (1934), 517–47 (visual acuity and intensity discrimination: Drosophila, Dipt.).

    Google Scholar 

  58. HECHT, S., and WOLF, E. J. Gen. Physiol., 12 (1929), 727–60 (visual acuity: honey-bee).

    Google Scholar 

  59. HERTWECK, H. Z. wiss. Zool., 139 (1931), 559–663 (anatomy of sense organs: Drosophila, Dipt.).

    Google Scholar 

  60. HERTZ, M. Z. vergl. Physiol., 8 (1929), 693–748; 11 (1929), 107–45; 14 (1931), 629–74; 21 (1934), 579–603; Naturwiss., 23 (1935), 618–24 (perception of form by honey-bee).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Z. vergl. Physiol., 25 (1938), 239–50; J. Exp. Biol., 16 (1938), 1–8 (colour vision in bee: technique).

    Google Scholar 

  62. HESS, C. Arch. ges. Physiol., 181 (1920), 1–16 (function of ocelli: Odonata).

    Google Scholar 

  63. HOMANN, H. Z. vergl. Physiol., 1 (1924), 541–78 (function of ocelli: Eristalis, Dipt., Formica, Hym.).

    Google Scholar 

  64. HORSTMANN, E. Biol. Zbl., 55 (1935), 93–7 (diurnal periodicity of pigment movements in eyes of Noctuidae).

    Google Scholar 

  65. HUNDERTMARK, A. Z. vergl. Physiol., 24 (1936), 42–57; 563–82 (perception of form and colour by larvae of Lymantria, Lep.).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Biol. Zbl., 57 (1937), 228–33 (luminosity discrimination: Dixippus, Orth.).

    Google Scholar 

  67. ILSE, D. Z. vergl. Physiol., 8 (1928), 658–92 (colour sense in butterflies).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Z. vergl. Physiol., 17 (1932), 537–56 (perception of form in butterflies).

    Google Scholar 

  69. Biol. Zbl., 52 (1932), 660–7 (apparent luminosity of colours: Lepidoptera).

    Google Scholar 

  70. Nature, 140 (1937), 544 (responses to colours in egg-laying butterflies).

    Google Scholar 

  71. Nature, 163 (1949), 255–6 (colour vision: Eristalis, Dipt.).

    Google Scholar 

  72. IMMS, A. D. Textbook of Entomologyy Methuen, London, 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  73. JAHN, T. L. J. N.,. Ent. Soc., 54 (1946), 1–8 (wave-length sensitivity: Melanoplus, Orth.).

    Google Scholar 

  74. JAHN, T. H., et al. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 12 (1938), 35–55; 3 (1938), 39; Biol. Bull., 78 (1940), 42–52; Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 48 (1942), 656–60; J. Gen. Physiol., 26 (1942), 75–88; Physiol. Zool., 16 (1943), 101–9 (electrical responses of Compound eye).

    Google Scholar 

  75. KALMUS, H. Z. vergl. Physiol., 24 (1937), 644–55 (visual acuity: Dixippus, Orth.).

    Google Scholar 

  76. J Geneties, 45 (1943), 206–13 (optomotor responses of Drosophila mutants).

    Google Scholar 

  77. Proc. RoJ. Ent. Soc. Lond., A, 20 (1945), 846 (correlation between wings and ocelli).

    Google Scholar 

  78. KLINGSBEIL, K. H. Biol. Zbl., 58 (1938), 631–46 (reactions to light in Ephestia mutants).

    Google Scholar 

  79. KNOLL, F. Z. vergl. Physiol., 2 (1921), 329–80; Abhandl. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 12 (1926), 1–616 (insects and flowers; colour vision).

    Google Scholar 

  80. KOEHLER, o. Verhandl. deutsch. Zool. Ges., 29 (1924), 83–91 (colour vision: nymphs of Aeschna, Odonata).

    Google Scholar 

  81. KÜHN, A. Z. vergl. Physiol., 5 (1927), 762–800 (colour sense of honey-bee).

    Google Scholar 

  82. LAMMERT, A. Z. vergl. Physiol., 3 (1925), 225–78 (pigment movements in ocelli).

    Google Scholar 

  83. de LEPINEY, J. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., 53 (1928), 479–90 (vision in larvae of Lymantria, Lep.).

    Google Scholar 

  84. LOTMAR, R. Z. vergl. Physiol., 19 (1933), 671–723 (perception of ultra-violet light: honey-bee).

    Google Scholar 

  85. LUBBOCK, SIR J. Ants, Bees and Wasps, London, 1885.

    Google Scholar 

  86. LÜDTKE, H. Z. vergl. Physiol., 22 (1935), 67–118 (visual responses of Notonecta, Hem.).

    Google Scholar 

  87. LUTZ, F. E. Ann. N.,. Acad. Sci., 29 (1924), 181–283 (perception of ultra-violet by flower-visiting insects).

    Google Scholar 

  88. Amer. Mus. Novit., No. 641 (1933), 1–26 (perception of ultra-violet patterns by Trigona, Hym.).

    Google Scholar 

  89. LUTZ, F. E., and GRISEWOOD, E. N. Amer. Mus. Novit., No. 706 (1934), 1–14 (extent of visible spectrum for Drosophila, Dipt.).

    Google Scholar 

  90. MARCHAL, P. Richens Dictionaire de Physiologie 9 (1910), 273–386 (Physiology of insects).

    Google Scholar 

  91. MERKER, E. Zool. Jahrb., Physiol., 46 (1929), 297–374; Biol. Rev., 9 (1934), 49–78 (visibility of ultra-violet light).

    Google Scholar 

  92. MÜLLER, E. Z. vergl. Physiol., 14 (1931), 348–84 (function of ocelli: bees and ants).

    Google Scholar 

  93. OEHRING, w. Zool. Jahrb., Physiol., 53 (1934), 342–66 (dermal light sense: Chironomus, Dipt. larva).

    Google Scholar 

  94. PARKER, G. H. Ergeb. Biol., 9 (1932), 239–91 (movements of retinal pigment: review).

    Google Scholar 

  95. PARRY, D. A. J. Exp. Biol., 24 (1947), 211–9 (function of ocelli: Locusta, Orth.).

    Google Scholar 

  96. PATTEN, B. M. J. Exp. Zool., 17 (1914), 213–80; 20 (1916), 585–98; Amer. J. Physiol, 38 (1915), 313–38 (photic responses of blow–fly larva).

    Google Scholar 

  97. del PORTILLO, J. Z. vergl. Physiol., 23 (1936), 100–45 (ommatidial angle and visual acuity).

    Google Scholar 

  98. POUCHET, G. Rev. Mag. Zool. (ser. 2), 23 (1872), 110; 312 (the perception of light by blow-fly larvae).

    Google Scholar 

  99. PRIEBATSCH, i. Z. vergl. Physiol., 19 (1933), 453–88 (light and colour change in Dixippusy Orth.).

    Google Scholar 

  100. ROKOHL, R. Z. vergl. Physiol., 29 (1942), 638–76 (sensitivity of regions of the retina: Notonecta, Hem.).

    Google Scholar 

  101. ROONWAL, M. L. Proc. RoJ. Soc., B, 134 (1947), 245–72 (eyes of locust phases: Schistocerca, Orth.).

    Google Scholar 

  102. SÄLZLE, K. Z. vergl. Physiol., 18 (1932), 347–68 (perception of movement: Odonata larvae).

    Google Scholar 

  103. SANDER, w. Z. vergl. Physiol., 20 (1933), 267–86 (response to light of different wave-length in honey–bee).

    Google Scholar 

  104. SCHLEGTENDAL, A. Z. verg. Physiol., 20 (1934), 545–81 (colour sense demonstrated by optomotor response).

    Google Scholar 

  105. SCHLIEPER, c. Z. vergl. Physiol., 6 (1927), 453–72; 8 (1928), 281–8 (colour sense of insects studied by the optomotor reaction).

    Google Scholar 

  106. SCHREMMER, F. Z. vergl. Physiol. 28 (1941), 457–66 (red-blindness: Vespa, Hym.).

    Google Scholar 

  107. STEHR, w. c. J. Exp. Zool., 59 (1931), 297–335 (activating influence of light on aquatic Hemiptera).

    Google Scholar 

  108. SÜFFERT, F. Z. Morph. Oekol. Tiere, 26 (1932), 147–316 (dermal light sense: caterpillars).

    Google Scholar 

  109. SÜFFERT, F., and GÖTZ, B. Naturwiss., 24 (1936), 815 (colour vision: Vanessa larva, Lep.).

    Google Scholar 

  110. TAYLOR, I. R., et al. Physiol. Zool., 16 (1943), 213–22; 17 (1944), 193–9 (electrical responses of retina of insects).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. TINBERGEN, N. Z. vergl. Physiol., 16 (1932), 305–34; 21 (1935), 699–716; Biol. Zbl., 58 (1938), 425–35 (visual orientation of Philanthus, Hym.).

    Google Scholar 

  112. TISCHLER, w. Zool. yahrb., Physiol., 57 (1936), 157–202 (sense of form).

    Google Scholar 

  113. TUCOLESCO, J. Bull. Biol. Fr. Belg., 67 (1933), 480–514 (dermal light sense: larva of Tenebrio, Col.).

    Google Scholar 

  114. WEBER, H. Z. Morph. Oekol. Tiere, 23 (1931), 575–753 (Biology of Trialeurodes, Hem.).

    Google Scholar 

  115. WEISS, H. B., et al. J. N., Ent. Soc., 49 (1941), 1–20; 149–59; 5 (1942), 1–35; 5 (1943), 117–31; 52 (1944), 267–71; 54 (1946), 17–30; J, Econ. Ent., 36 (1943), 1–17 (colour perception in insects).

    Google Scholar 

  116. WELSH, J. H. Science, 85 (1937), 430–1 (sensory papillae of larvae of Lucilia, Dipt.).

    Google Scholar 

  117. WIECHERT, E. Z. vergl. Physiol., 25 (1938), 455–93 (perception of space by bee).

    Google Scholar 

  118. WIGGLESWORTH, v. B. Parasitology, 33 (1941), 67–109 (senses of Pediculus, Anopl.).

    Google Scholar 

  119. WOLF, E. J. Gen. Physiol., 16 (1933), 407–22 (intensity discrimination: honey-bee).

    Google Scholar 

  120. WOLF, E., et al. Z. vergl. Physiol., 20 (1933), 151–61; J. Gen. Physiol., 17 (1933), 7–19; 20 (1937), 511–18; Naturwiss., 23 (1935), 369–71 (responses of honey-bee to moving objects or flicker).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. WOLF, E., and ZERRAHN–WOLF, B. J. Gen. Physiol., 19(1935), 229–38 (dark adaptation of eye in honey-bee).

    Google Scholar 

  122. WOLSKY, A. Z. vergl. Physiol, 12 (1930), 783–7; 14 (1931), 385–9 (function of ocelli).

    Google Scholar 

  123. WULFF, v. J., and JAHN, T. L.,. N.,. Ent. Soc., 55 (1947), 65–83 (electroretinogram: Cynomyia, Dipt.).

    Google Scholar 

  124. ZERRAHN, G. Z. vergl. Physiol., 20 (1933),117–5 (perception of form by honey-bee).

    Google Scholar 

Supplementary References (A)

  1. AUTRUM, H. Z. vergl. Physiol., 32 (1950), 176–227 (potential changes in eye of Calliphora and Dixippus).

    Google Scholar 

  2. AUTRUM, H., and GALLOWITZ, U. Z. vergl. Physiol., 33 (1951), 407–35 (potential changes in eyes of insects).

    Google Scholar 

  3. AUTRUM, H., and STOECKER, M. Z. Naturforsch., 5b (1950), 38–43 (fusion frequency in eye of bee).

    Google Scholar 

  4. AUTRUM, H., and STUMPF, H. Z. Naturforsch., 5b (1950), 116–22 (perception of polarized light in Compound eye).

    Google Scholar 

  5. V. FRISCH, K. Experientia, 6 (1950), 210–21 (perception of polarized light by insects).

    Google Scholar 

  6. MENZER, G., and STOCKHAMMER, K. Naturwissenschaften, 38 (1951), 190–1 (analysis of polarized light by insect eye).

    Google Scholar 

  7. MOERICKE, V. Z. Tierpsychol., 7 (1950), 265–74; Z. Naturforsch., 7b (1952), 304–9; Mitt. Biol. Zent Anst., 1952, 90–7 (colour perception by Aphids).

    Google Scholar 

  8. SCHÖNE, H. Z. vergl. Physiol., 33 (1951), 63–98 (dermal light sense in Acilius and Dytiscus larvae).

    Google Scholar 

  9. WATERMAN, T. H. Trans. N.,. Acad. Sci., 14 (1951), 11–14 (polarized light and orientation by insects).

    Google Scholar 

  10. WELLINGTON, W. G., et al. Canad. J. Zool., 29 (1951), 339–51 (polarized light and orientation in larvae of Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Supplementary References (B)

  1. AUTRUM, H., and BURKHARDT, D. Nature, 190 (1961), 639 (spectral sensitivity of single visual cells in Calliphora).

    Google Scholar 

  2. AUTRUM, H., and METSCHL, N. Z. Naturforsch., 16b (1961), 385–8; Z. vergl. Physiol., 47 (1963), 256–73 (electrical responses of ocelli in Calliphora to light and darkness).

    Google Scholar 

  3. AUTRUM, H., and STUMPF, H. Z. vergl. Physiol., 35 (1953), 71–104 (extent of the visible spectrum in Calliphora).

    Google Scholar 

  4. AUTRUM, H., and TSCHARNTKE, H. Z. vergl. Physiol., 45 (1962), 696–710 (oxygen consumption of the insect retina on Stimulation).

    Google Scholar 

  5. AUTRUM, H., and V. ZWEHL, v. Z. vergl. Physiol., 46 (1962), 8–12; Naturwiss., 50 (1963), 698 (spectral sensitivity of single visual cells in Apis drone).

    Google Scholar 

  6. BARLOW, H. B. J. Exp. Biol., 29 (1952), 675–84 (comparison between insect and vertebrate eye).

    Google Scholar 

  7. BAYLOR, E. R., and SMITH, F. E. Amer. Nat., 87 (1953), 97–102 (perception of the plane of polarized light in insects).

    Google Scholar 

  8. BERNHARD, C. G., and OTTOSON, D. J. Gen. Physiol., 44 (1960), 195–203; 205–15; 47 (1964), 465–78 (dark adaptation in the eyes of Lepidoptera).

    Google Scholar 

  9. BOOTH, C. O. Nature, 197 (1963), 265–6 (photokinetic function of antennae in Aphids).

    Google Scholar 

  10. BRIGGS, M. H. Nature, 192 (1961), 874–5 (retinene in insects).

    Google Scholar 

  11. BURKHARDT, D., et al. Verh. dtsch. Zool. Ges., 1961, 182–5; Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 16 (1962), 87–109 (spectral sensitivity of single visual cells in insects). 139a BURKHARDT, D., and AUTRUM, H. Z. Naturforsch., 15b (1960), 612–16 (electrical responses of single visual cells in Calliphora).

    Google Scholar 

  12. BURKHARDT, D., and WENDLER, L. Z. vergl. Physiol., 43 (1960), 687–92 (perception of the plane of polarized light by single visual cells in Calliphora).

    Google Scholar 

  13. BURTT, E. T., and CATTON, w. T. J. Physiol., 125 (1954), 566–80 (effective ommatidial angle in Locusta).

    Google Scholar 

  14. J. Physiol., 133 (1956), 68–88 (electrical responses to Stimulation of Compound eyes and ocelli in Locusta).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Proc. RoJ. Soc., B, 157 (1962), 53–82; Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 16 (1962), 73–85 (diffraction theory of insect vision).

    Google Scholar 

  16. COHEN, C. F., and BARKER, R. J. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 62 (1963), 43–7 (vitamin A and spectral response in Musca).

    Google Scholar 

  17. CORNWELL, P. B. J. Exp. Biol., 32 (1955), 217–37 (function of ocelli in Calliphora and Locusta).

    Google Scholar 

  18. CRANE, J. Zoologica, 39 (1954), 85–115; 40 (1955), 167–96 (ultra-violet sensitivity and reflectance in butterflies).

    Google Scholar 

  19. DANNEEL, R., and ZEUTZSCHEL, B. Z. Naturforsch., 12b (1957), 581–3 (fine structure of retinula in Drosophila).

    Google Scholar 

  20. DAUMER, K. Z. vergl. Physiol., 38 (1956), 413–78 (colour sense in the honey-bee).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Z. vergl. Physiol., 41 (1958), 49–110 (ultra-violet reflection from flowers).

    Google Scholar 

  22. DUPONT–RAABE, M. C.R. Acad. Sci., 230 (1950), 873–4 (pigment migration in eyes of Carausius).

    Google Scholar 

  23. DE VRIES, H., and KUIPER, J. W. Ann. N. J. Acad. Sci., 74 (1958), 196–203 (optics of the insect eye).

    Google Scholar 

  24. EGUCHI, E., NAKA, K., and KUWABARA, M. J. Gen. Physiol., 46 (1962), 143–57 (first appearance of electrical responses in the developing eye of Bombyx).

    Google Scholar 

  25. FERNÄNDES–MORAN, H. Nature, 177 (1956), 742–3; Exp. Cell. Res., 5 (1958), 586–644 (fine structure of the Compound eye).

    Google Scholar 

  26. FINGERMAN, M. J. Exp. Zool., 120 (1952), 131–64 (role of eye pigments in Drosophila).

    Google Scholar 

  27. FINGERMAN, M., and BROWN, F. A. Physiol. Zool., 26 (1953), 59–67 (colour vision and ‘Purkinje shift’ in Drosophila).

    Google Scholar 

  28. V. FRISCH, K. S. B. Bayer Akad. Wiss. Math. Nat. Kl. 1953, 197–9 (wave-length and polarized light in Apis).

    Google Scholar 

  29. V. FRISCH, K., LINDAUER, M., and DAUMER, K. Experientia, 16 (1960), 289 (direct perception of polarized light by the honey-bee).

    Google Scholar 

  30. V FRISCH) K., LINDAUER, M., and SCHNEIDER, F. Naturwiss. Rdseh., 5 (1960), 169–72 (perception of the sun through cloud in the honey–bee).

    Google Scholar 

  31. FYG, W. Schweiz, ent. Ges., 33 (1960), 185–94 (glycogen in crystalline cone of Apis).

    Google Scholar 

  32. GIULIO, L. Z. vergl. Physiol., 46 (1963), 491–5 (dichroitic properties of the retina in Calliphora).

    Google Scholar 

  33. GOLDSMITH, T. H., et al. Ann. N. J. Acad. Sci., 74 (1958), 223–9; Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 44 (1958), 123–6; J. Gen. Physiol., 46 (1962), 357A–367A; 47 (1964), 433–4 (retinene and vitamin A in Compound eye of honey-bee).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. GOLDSMITH, T. H. J. Gen. Physiol., 43 (1960), 775–99 (spectral sensitivity in Compound eye of Apis).

    Google Scholar 

  35. In Sensory Communication (W. A. Rosenblith, Ed.), Wiley, New York, 1961, 357–75 (wave-length discrimination and types of retinene).

    Google Scholar 

  36. In Light and life (W. D. McElroy and B. Glass, Edd.) Johns Hopkins Press, 1961, 771–94 (colour vision in insects: review).

    Google Scholar 

  37. J. Cell. Biol., 14 (1962), 489–94 (fine structure of retinulae in Apis).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 10 (1963), 227–37 (light and dark adaptation in Apis).

    Google Scholar 

  39. GOLDSMITH, T. H., and PHILPOTT, D. E. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 3 (1957), 429–40 (fine structure of retina in Apis).

    Google Scholar 

  40. GOLDSMITH, T. H., and RUCK, P. R. J. Gen. Physiol., 41 (1958), 1171–85 (spectral sensitivity of ocelli in cockroaches and honey-bee).

    Google Scholar 

  41. HASSELMANN, E. M. Zool. Jahrb., Physiol., 69 (1962), 537–76 (spectral sensitivity in Compound eyes of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera).

    Google Scholar 

  42. HASSENSTEIN, B., and REICHARDT, W. Z. Naturforsch., 11b (1956), 513–24 (perception of small movements by the Compound eye).

    Google Scholar 

  43. HOYLE, G. J. Exp. Biol., 32 (1955), 397–407 (response of the ocellar nerve in Locusta to darkening).

    Google Scholar 

  44. KALMUS, H. Nature, 182 (1958), 1526–7 (perception of polarized light by insects).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Vision Res., 1 (1961), 192–7 (optomotor response in white-eyed mutants of Musca, See.).

    Google Scholar 

  46. KENNEDY, D., and BAYLOR, E. R. Nature, 191 (1961), 34–7 (analysis of polarized light by the eye of Apis).

    Google Scholar 

  47. KIRSCHFELD, K. Z. vergl. Physiol., 44 (1961), 371–413 (electric response of retina in Hylobius to bright and dark stimulus).

    Google Scholar 

  48. KUIPER, J. W. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 16 (1962), 58–71 (optics of the Compound eye).

    Google Scholar 

  49. LANGER, H. J. Ins. Physiol., 4 (1960), 283–303 (energy metabolism in retina of Calliphora on Stimulation).

    Google Scholar 

  50. LINDAUER, M., and SCHRICKER, B. Biol. Zbl., 82 (1963), 721–5 (role of ocelli in twilight vision in Apis).

    Google Scholar 

  51. LÜDTKE, H. Z. vergl. Physiol., 35 (1953), 129–52 (dark adaptation in retina of Notonecta).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Z. vergl. Physiol., 40 (1957), 329–44 (fine structure of retina in Notonecta and analysis of polarized light).

    Google Scholar 

  53. MANNING, M. Behaviour, 9 (1956), 114–39 (acrion of honey-guides).

    Google Scholar 

  54. MAZOKHIN–PORSHNIAKOV, G. A. Biofizika, 2 (1956), 352–62; 4 (1959), 46–57 (ultra-violet reflection from wings of butterflies and role of ultra-violet in insect vision).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Biophysica, 4 (1959), 427–36 (colour vision in Odonata).

    Google Scholar 

  56. METSCHL, N. Z. vergl. Physiol., 47 (1963), 230–55 (electrical responses in ocelli of Calliphora).

    Google Scholar 

  57. MOLLER–RACKE, 1. Zool. yahrb., Physiol., 63 (1952), 237–74 (optomotor reaction and colour vision in insects).

    Google Scholar 

  58. NAKA, K., and EGUCHI, E. J. Gen. Physiol., 45 (1962), 663–80 (electroretinogram from single retinula cells).

    Google Scholar 

  59. NAKA, K., and KUWABARA, M. J. Ins. Physiol., 3 (1959), 41–9; (analysis of electro-retinogram).

    Google Scholar 

  60. NAKA, K., and KUWABARA, M., Nature, 184 (1959), 455–6 (analysis of polarized light by single visual cell in Calliphora).

    Google Scholar 

  61. NOWIKOFF, M. Biol. Zbl., 51 (1931), 325–9 (model of the Compound eye).

    Google Scholar 

  62. ROGERS, G. L. Proc. RoJ. Soc., B, 157 (1962), 83–98 (diffraction theory of insect vision).

    Google Scholar 

  63. RUCK, P. Ins. Physiol., 1 (1957), 109–23; 2 (1958), 189–98; J. Gen. Physiol., 44 (1961), 605–57 (electro Physiology of insect ocellus).

    Google Scholar 

  64. J. Ins. Physiol., 2 (1958), 261–74 (ocellar nerve responses in insects with ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ eyes).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Ann. Rev. Ent. 9 (1964), 83–102 (retinal structure and photoreception in insects: review).

    Google Scholar 

  66. SCHNEIDER, G. Verh. dtsch. Zool. Ges., (1954), 346–51; Z. vergl. Physiol., 39 (1956), 1–29 (spectral sensitivity in Calliphora and penetration of longer wave–lengths).

    Google Scholar 

  67. SCHÖNE, H. Z. vergl. Physiol., 35 (1953), 27–55 (luminosity curve in Dytiseus c.).

    Google Scholar 

  68. SOTAVALTA, o., TUURALA, O., and OURA, A. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fennieae, 62 (1962), 6–13 (pigment migration, c., in eyes of Tipulidae).

    Google Scholar 

  69. STOCKHAMMER, K. Z. vergl. Physiol., 38 (1956), 30–83; Ergebn. Biol., 21 (1959), 23–56 (analysis of polarized light by the Compound eye).

    Google Scholar 

  70. SUZUKI, K. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ., 15 (1962), 137–47 (glycogen, c. in the Compound eye).

    Google Scholar 

  71. WADDINGTON, c. H., and PERRY, M. M. Proc. RoJ. Soc., B, 153 (1960), 155–78 (fine structure of developing eye in Drosophila).

    Google Scholar 

  72. WALLACE, G. K.J. Exp. Biol., 36 (1959), 512–25 (visual scanning in Schistocerca).

    Google Scholar 

  73. WALTHER, J. B. Biol. Zbl., 77 (1958), 63–104; J. Ins. Physiol., 2 (1958), 142–51 (spectral sensitivity in eyes of Periplaneta).

    Google Scholar 

  74. WALTHER, J. B., and DODT, E. Experientia, 13 (1957), 333; Z. Naturforsch., 14b (1959), 273–8 (ultra–violet sensitivity in Calliphora and Periplaneta).

    Google Scholar 

  75. WATERMAN, T. H. Trans. N.,. Acad. Sci., 14 (1951), 11–14; Progress in PhotoBiol., 1961, 214–6 (polarized light orientation).

    Google Scholar 

  76. WOLKEN, J. J., CAPENOS, J., and TURANO, A. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 3 (1957), 441–8 (photoreceptor structures in Drosophila).

    Google Scholar 

  77. WÖLKEN, J. J., and GUPTA, P. D. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 9 (1961), 720–4 (photo receptor structures in cockroaches).

    Google Scholar 

  78. YAGI, N., and KOYAMA, N. The Compound eye of Lepidoptera, Shinkyo-Press, Tokyo, 1963, 319

    Google Scholar 

Supplementary References (C)

  1. AUTRUM, H. and SEIBT, U. Naturwissenschaften, 20 (1965), 566 (dark adaptation in eye of honey-bee).

    Google Scholar 

  2. BALL, H. J. J. Insect Physiol., 11 (1965), 1311–15 (photosensitivity of terminal ganglion of Periplaneta).

    Google Scholar 

  3. BERNHARD, C. G. et al. Acta Physiol. scand., 63 (1965), 9–79; Z. vergl. Physiol., 67 (1970), 1–25 (corneal nipple array and its function).

    Google Scholar 

  4. BRAITENBERG, v. Z. vergl. Physiol., 52 (1966), 212–14; Exp. Brain Res., 3 (1967), 271–98 (projection of axons from retinula cells to lamina in eye of Musca).

    Google Scholar 

  5. BRUCKMOSER, P. Z. vergl. Physiol., 59 (1968), 187–204 (spectral sensitivity of single visual cells in Notonecta).

    Google Scholar 

  6. BURTT, E. T. and PATTERSON, J. A. Nature, 228 (1970), 183–4 (internal muscle in eye of Calliphora).

    Google Scholar 

  7. CARLSON, S. D. et al. Science, 58 (1967), 628–30 (vitamin A deficiency and eye degeneration in Manduca).

    Google Scholar 

  8. COSENS, D. J. J. Insect Physiol., 12 (1966), 871–90 (dark adaptation in eye of Schistocerca).

    Google Scholar 

  9. GEMNE, G. Phil Trans. RoJ. Soc., B, 262 (1971), 343–63 (fine structure of Cornea in nocturnal Lepidoptera).

    Google Scholar 

  10. GOLDSMITH, T. H. J. Gen. Physiol., 49 (1965), 265–87 (probable absence of red receptor in Calliphora).

    Google Scholar 

  11. GOODMAN, L. J. Adv. Insect Physiol., 7 (1970), 97–195 (structure and function of dorsal ocelli in insects: review).

    Google Scholar 

  12. GÖTZ, K. G. Kybernetik, 2 (1964), 77–92, 215–22 (optomotor responses and light reception in Drosophila).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. HAMDORF, K., SCHWEMER, J. and GOGALA, M. Nature, 213 (1971), 458–9 (visual pigment sensitive to ultra-violet in Ascalaphus).

    Google Scholar 

  14. HORRIDGE, G. A. Proc. RoJ. Soc. Lond., B 171 (1969), 445–63 (the path of light rays entering the ‘pseudocone’ eye of Photuris).

    Google Scholar 

  15. HORRIDGE, G.A. Proc. RoJ. Soc. Lond., B, 179 (1971), 87–124 (retina of Ephestia: image reception in the dark-adapted eye).

    Google Scholar 

  16. HORRIDGE, G. A. and MEINERTSHAGEN, I. A. Z. vergl. Physiol., 66 (1970), 369–78 (projection of axon pathways from retina to medulla).

    Google Scholar 

  17. KAY, R. E. J. Insect Physiol., 15 (1969), 2021–38 (ultra-violet sensitive pigments in eye of Manduca).

    Google Scholar 

  18. KERFOOT, W. B. Nature, 215 (1967), 305–7 (ocelli as moderators of Compound eye sensitivity).

    Google Scholar 

  19. KIM, CHANG–WHAN, Korean J. Zool., 7 (1964), 90–4 (mucopolysaccharide substance of crystalline cone of Pieris).

    Google Scholar 

  20. KIRSCHFELD, K. Exp. Brain Res., 3 (1967), 248–70 (projection of visual field on the separated rhabdomeres of Musca eye).

    Google Scholar 

  21. KUNZE, P. and HAUSEN, K. Nature, 231 (1971), 392–3 (graded refractive index in crystalline cone of Ephestia eye).

    Google Scholar 

  22. LANGER, H. and HOFFMANN, C. J. Insect Physiol., 12 (1966), 357–87 (Screening effect of pteridines and ommochromes in eye of Calliphora).

    Google Scholar 

  23. MCCANN, G. D. and MACGINITIE, G. F. Proc. RoJ. Soc. Lond., B, 163 (1965), 369–401 (change in width of ommatidial field with dark- and light-adaptation in Musca).

    Google Scholar 

  24. MALDONADO, H. et al. Z vergl. Physiol., 67 (1970), 58–101 (foveal vision in praying mantis).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. MAZOKHIN-PORSHNYAKOV, G. A. Insect Vision (tranl. T. H. Goldsmith) Plenum Press: New York. 1969, 306 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  26. MIMURA, K. et al. Z. vergl. Physiol., 62 (1969), 382–94; 68 (1970), 301–10 (regulation of insect brain excitability by the ocelli).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. SEIBT, U. Z. vergl. Physiol., 57 (1967), 77–102 (temperature and rate of dark-adaptation in Apis).

    Google Scholar 

  28. SEITZ, G. Z. vergl. Physiol., 59 (1968), 205–31 (optical path of light entering the apposition eye of Calliphora).

    Google Scholar 

  29. SEITZ, G. Z. vergl. Physiol., 62 (1969), 61–74 (dioptric apparatus of Lampyris).

    Google Scholar 

  30. SHAW, S. R. Science, 165 (1969), 88–90 (optics of Compound eye in honey-bee and locust).

    Google Scholar 

  31. SWIHART, S. L. J. Insect Physiol., 13 (1967), 1679–88; 16 (1970), 1623–36 (red receptors in eyes of butterflies).

    Google Scholar 

  32. THOMAS, 1. and AUTRUM, H. Z. vergl. Physiol., 51 (1965), 204–18 (Purkinje phenomenon in eyes of insects).

    Google Scholar 

  33. TRUJILLO–CENÖZ, O. and MELAMED, J. J. Ultrastruct. Res., 16 (1966), 395–8; 21 (1968), 313–34 (axon tracts from retinula cells of Cyclorrhapha).

    Google Scholar 

  34. TUNSTALL, J. and HORRIDGE, G. A. Z. vergl. Physiol., 55 (1967), 167–82 (optics of locust retina).

    Google Scholar 

  35. WALCOTT, B. Nature, 223 (1969), 971–2 (movement of retinula cells in light adaptation in Dytiscus and Lethocerus).

    Google Scholar 

  36. WATERMAN, T. H., FERNANDEZ, H. R. and GOLDSMITH, T. H. J. gen. Physiol., 54 (1969), 415–32 (dichroism of the rhabdoms in the Compound eye).

    Google Scholar 

  37. WHITE, R. H. et al. J. Exp. Zool., 164 (1967), 461–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. WHITE, R. H. et al. J. Exp. Zool., 166 (1967), 405–26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. WHITE, R. H. et al. J. Exp. Zool., 169 (1968), 261–78 (effect of prolonged darkness on the larval eye in mosquito).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. YINON, U. J. Insect Physiol., 16 (1970), 221–5 (electroretinograms of ‘slow’ and ‘fast’ eyes).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. ZETTLER, F. Z. vergl. Physiol., 56 (1967), 129–41 (analysis of electroretinogram in Calliphora).

    Google Scholar 

  42. ZIMMERMANN, W. F. and GOLDSMITH, T. H. Science, 171 (1971), 1167–9 (circadian rhythm in carotenoid-depleted Drosophila).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1972 V. B. Wigglesworth

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wigglesworth, V.B. (1972). Sense Organs: Vision. In: The Principles of Insect Physiology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5973-6_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5973-6_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-412-24660-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-5973-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics