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High Latitude Climates

  • Chapter
Phenology: An Integrative Environmental Science

Part of the book series: Tasks for Vegetation Science ((TAVS,volume 39))

Abstract

High latitudes are characterized by strong variation in day-length during different seasons of the year. North of the Arctic Circle there is sun 24 hours of the day near the Summer Solstice, but no sun at all six months earlier or later. The sun angle is always low compared to further south, which means that the aspect of slopes strongly influences light conditions. Temperatures generally decrease towards the poles and the growing seasons are shorter; e.g., at the northernmost coast of Norway there are fewer than 100 days with a daily mean temperature above 5°C (Aune 1993). In many parts of northern lowland Fennoscandia, the snow-free period is less than 120 days (Björbekk 1993). Therefore, organisms living at high latitudes have to be adapted to these conditions. This means that plants have to flower relatively soon after snowmelt (Bliss 1971) in order to ripen seeds successfully. Growth of many plant species may start even before all snow has disappeared as observed in maritime Norway (Wielgolaski, pers. obs.). (1985) stated that the more severe the environment, the more important survival adaptations seemed to be, while biological competition tended to be less important.

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  1. Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Frans E. Wielgolaski

  2. Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

    David W. Inouye

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  1. Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin — Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Mark D. Schwartz

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Wielgolaski, F.E., Inouye, D.W. (2003). High Latitude Climates. In: Schwartz, M.D. (eds) Phenology: An Integrative Environmental Science. Tasks for Vegetation Science, vol 39. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0632-3_12

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