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These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Kidney, Ureter, Bladder Plain Film

• KUB can be diagnostic of urinary stones, since 90 % are radiopaque. It is necessary for the follow-up of stone passage or for lithotripsy planning and survey. It can miss small stones, radiolucent urate stones, or stones overlying bone.

• Sometimes phleboliths, vascular calcifications, calcified lymph nodes, appendicoliths, granulomas, various calcified masses, and even bowel contents can be confused with urinary tract stones. KUB taken prior to conventional contrast studies is necessary for their detection.

Kidney Fusion Anomalies

• Congenital variations and malformations of the kidneys that have embryological reasons and lead to fusion of two kidneys, usually at the lower pole, that then form a joined organ in atypical position and rotation, and thus may be accompanied by urinary tract diversion or obstruction. Typical examples are the cross fused or horseshoe kidney.