Abstract
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was launched in 2005 to address the growing challenges of urbanisation by improving infrastructure, governance and the quality of life in cities. This chapter assesses all the four sub-missions that fall under the JNNURM that is to say UIG (Urban Infrastructure and Governance) and BSUP (Basic Services for the Urban Poor) for big cities and UIDSSMT (Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns) and IHSDP (Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program) for small and medium towns. Being the largest and only scheme directed at urban rejuvenation, it merits research to understand the course of urban policy in India. Within the policy framework, a bias towards developing big cities at the cost of small and medium towns is an important question for any subsequent policy on urban development. The analysis ascertains that a larger proportion of the urban population resides in the small and medium towns that are eligible for the UIDSSMT and IHSDP schemes rather than in the big cities, which can access funding from the UIG and BSUP sub-missions. However, this larger share of the urban population that falls under UIDSSMT and IHSDP has received a much smaller share of central assistance as compared to the big city UIG and BSUP schemes. The chapter therefore discusses the rise in urban poverty, lack of capacity building and poor performance in the delivery of basic services in small towns in India, arguing that central funds could have been more useful in these small towns than in big cities. The chapter finally attempts to emphasise the benefits of small town development that can help neighbouring villages access urban amenities, employment and eventually aid their transformation into urban centres.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
UIDSSMT is a sub-mission under JNNURM launched in 2005, which is discussed in detail in the following sections.
- 2.
Census of India 2011.
- 3.
Class 1: 1,00,000 and above population, class 2: 50,000–99,999, class 3: 20,000–49,999, class 5: 5000–9999 and class 6: less than 5000.
- 4.
M. Manmohan Singh was the Prime Minister of a Congress led government till May 2014. The 2014 general elections propelled the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to power and its leader Narendra Modi hence became the new Prime Minister on 26 May 2014.
- 5.
Prime Minister’s speech at the launch of JNNURM, Dec 3, 2005.
- 6.
Since the mission was launched in 2005, some urban areas that were classified as Census towns in the 2001 Census had transformed into urban local bodies by 2005 and thus were included in the mission. Thus for the purposes of this chapter the urban population figures pertain to the 2001 Census.
- 7.
The average US Dollar to Indian Rupee (INR) exchange rate from 31 March 2005 to 30 March 2012, that is 45.20813 INR to the US Dollar, was taken as the figure to calculate the exchange rate.
- 8.
AMRUT website (http://amrut.gov.in/).
- 9.
The Economic Times “Centre to fund pending JNNURM projects worth 8000 crore INR: Venkaiah Naidu” 23 August 2015.
- 10.
JNNURM database, as on March 2012.
- 11.
JNNURM database as on March 2012.
- 12.
Government of India, Press Information Bureau “Cabinet Approves Fresh Projects for Delhi under JNNURM”, December 11, 2009.
- 13.
Prime Minister’s speech at the launch of JNNURM, 3 Dec 2005.
- 14.
Asansol and Durgapur were linked to form an Asansol Urban Area including two municipal corporations (Asansol and Durgapur) and three Municipalities (Raniganj, Kulti and Jamuria) according to the Asansol CDP (May, 2006).
References
Banerjee, T., & Schenk, S. (1984). Lower order cities and national urbanization policies: China and India. Environment and Planning A, 16(4), 487–512.
Bhattacharya, B. B., & Sakthivel, S. (2004). Regional growth and disparity in India: Comparison of pre- and post-reform decades. Economic and Political Weekly, 39(10), 1071–1077.
De Bercegol, R. (2014). Impact of the decentralisation reforms on Indian municipalities: Municipal finances and basic urban services, findings from small towns in Uttar Pradesh. World Bank Internal Report.
De Bercegol, R., & Gowda, S. (2012). Building the cities of tomorrow: Findings from small Indian municipalities. Sixth Urban Research and Knowledge Symposium 2012, World Bank, Barcelona, Spain.
Denis, E., Mukhopadhyay, P., & Zérah, M. H. (2012). Subaltern urbanisation in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 47(30), 52–62.
Engels, F. (1887). The condition of the working class in England in 1844: With Appendix Written 1886, and Preface 1887. Lovell.
Ferré, C., Ferreira, F. H. G., & Lanjouw, P. (2010). Is there a metropolitan bias? The inverse relationship between poverty and city size in selected developing countries. Policy Research Working Paper no. 5508. World Bank.
Gill, R. (2013). The academic bias against towns: A cultural audit. In R. N. Sharma & R. S. Sandhu (Eds.), Small cities and towns in global era: Emerging changes and perspectives (pp. 84–97). Jaipur: Rawat Publications.
Government of India. (1951). First Five-Year Plan. Planning Commission, New Delhi.
Government of India. (1956). Second Five-Year Plan. Planning Commission, New Delhi.
Government of India. (1961). Third Five-Year Plan. Planning Commission, New Delhi.
Government of India. (1974). Fifth Five-Year Plan. Planning Commission, New Delhi.
Government of India. (1981). Sixth Five-Year Plan. Planning Commission, New Delhi.
Government of India. (1992). 74th Constitutional Amendment Act.
Government of India. (2006). JNNURM modified guidelines (Sub-mission for UIG). Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi http://www.india.gov.in/allimpfrms/alldocs/15518.pdf. Accessed 25, July 2012.
Government of India. (2009a). Urban infrastructure development scheme for small and medium towns (UIDSSMT)—Overview and salient features. Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi. http://urbanindia.nic.in/programme/ud/uidssmt_pdf/overview.pdf. Accessed July 25, 2012.
Government of India. (2009b). Modified guidelines for sub-mission on basic services to the urban poor. Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, New Delhi https://jnnurmmis.nic.in/jnnurm_hupa/jnnurm/BSUP%20revised%20guidelines%202009.pdf. Accessed July 25, 2012.
Government of India. (2009c). Modified guidelines for IHSDP. Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, New Delhi https://jnnurmmis.nic.in/jnnurm_hupa/jnnurm/IHSDP%20revised%20guidelines%202009.pdf. Accessed 25, July 2012.
Government of India. (2013). Twelfth Five-Year Plan. Planning Commission, New Delhi.
Government of India. (n.d.-A). Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission—overview. Ministry of Urban Development. New Delhi. http://jnnurm.nic.in/nurmudweb/toolkit/Overview.pdf. Accessed July 25, 2012.
Government of India. (n.d.-B). Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Framework and Process. Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi. http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/English1_Toolkit1.pdf. Accessed July 30, 2013.
Government of India. Planning Commission. (2011). Faster, Sustainable and More Inclusive Growth: An Approach to the 12th Five-Year Plan. New Delhi.
Himanshu, H., Lanjouw, P., Mukhopadhyay, A., & Murgai, R. (2011). Non-farm diversification and rural poverty decline: A perspective from Indian sample survey and village study data. Asia Research Centre Working Paper no. 44. London School of Economics, London.
Krishna, A., & Bajpai, D. (2011). Lineal spread and radial dissipation: Experiencing growth in rural India, 1993–2005. Economic and Political Weekly, 46(38), 44–51.
Kundu, A. (2003). Urbanisation and urban governance. Economic and Political Weekly, 38(29), 3079–3087.
Kundu, A., & Sarangi, N. (2007). Migration, employment status and poverty: An analysis across urban centres. Economic and Political Weekly, 42(4), 299–307.
Lanjouw, P., & Murgai, R. (2011). Perspectives on poverty in India: Stylised facts from survey data. New Delhi: Oxford University Press and The World Bank.
Lipton, M. (1977). Why poor people stay poor: Urban bias in world development. London: Temple Smith.
Mahadevia, D. (2006). NURM and the poor in globalising mega cities. Economic and Political Weekly, 41(31), 3399–3403.
Mahadevia, D. (2011). Branded and renewed? Policies, politics and processes of urban development in the reform era. Economic and Political Weekly, 46(31), 56–64.
Marx, K. (1867). Capital: A critique of political economy (Vol. 1). London and New York: Penguin.
Mathur, O. P., & Thakur, S. (2004). India’s municipal sector—A Study for Twelfth Finance Commission (TFC) National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, New Delhi.
Pradhan, K. C. (2013). The new census towns of India. Economic and Political Weekly, 48(36), 43–51.
Rondinelli, D. A. (1983). Towns and small cities in developing countries. Geographical Review, 73(4), 379–395.
Raghupathi, U. P. (2005). Status of water supply and solid waste management in urban areas. New Delhi: National Institute of Urban Affairs.
Shaw, A. (2013). Emerging perspectives on small cities and towns. In R. N. Sharma & R. S. Sandhu (Eds.), Small cities and towns in global era: Emerging changes and perspectives (pp. 36–53). Jaipur: Rawat Publications.
Sharma, K. (2012). Rejuvenating India’s small towns. Economic and Political Weekly, 47(30), 63–68.
Simmel, G. (1905). The metropolis and mental life. In K. Wolff (Ed.), The sociology of Georg Simmel (pp. 409–424). New York: Free Press (Reprinted in 1964).
Sivaramakrishnan, K. C. (2011a). Re-visioning Indian cities: The urban renewal mission. New Delhi: Sage.
Sivaramakrishnan, K. C. (2011b). Urban development and metro governance. Economic & Political Weekly, 46(31), 49–55.
United Nations Population Fund. (2007). State of world population 2007: Unleashing the potential of urban growth. New York.
Weber, M. (1905). The city (Don Martindale & G. Neuwirth, Trans.). Glencoe: The Free Press, pp. 63–89 (Reprinted in 1958).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendix
Appendix
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer India
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Khan, S. (2017). The Other Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission: What Does It Mean for Small Town India?. In: Denis, E., Zérah, MH. (eds) Subaltern Urbanisation in India. Exploring Urban Change in South Asia. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3616-0_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3616-0_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-3614-6
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-3616-0
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)