Abstract
This chapter focuses on parallel implementations of the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) featuring different levels of parallelism. The basic arithmetic-logical operations of SOM are first reviewed for a consideration of implementation issues such as number precision, memory consumption and time complexity. Mapping involves network, training set, neuron and weight parallelism. Examples of the weight and neuron parallel mappings are given for abstract platforms to conduct general principles. Neuron parallel mapping is considered in great detail as it is the most commonly used approach. A review of implementations is given from supercomputers to VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) chips with criteria for performance comparison.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
Bibliography on Chapter 11
T. Kohonen, Self-Organization and Associative Memory, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1980.
T. Kohonen, Self-Organizing Maps, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1995.
T. Kohonen, S. Kaski (Eds.), Kohonen Maps, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1999.
T. Kohonen, The ‘Neural’ Phonetic Typewriter, Computer, Vol. 21, 1988, 11–22.
X. Ling, D. Soergel, G. Marchionini, “A self-organizing semantic map for information retrieval”, in: Proceedings of 14th annual international conference on RD in information retrieval, 1991, 262–269.
T. Kohonen, S. Kaski, K. Lagus, T. Honkela, “Very large two-level SOM for the browsing of newsgroups”, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, 1996, 269–274.
T. Kohonen, S. Kaski, K. Lagus, J. Salojärvi, J. Honkela, V. Paatero, and H. Saarela, “Self organization of a massive document collection”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2000, 574–585.
P. Ienne, P. Thiran, T. Vassilas, “Modified self-organizing feature map algorithms for efficient digital hardware implementation”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2000, 315–330.
A. Peleg, U. Weiser, “MMX technology extension to the Intel architecture,” IEEE Micro, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1996, 42–50.
T. Thakkar and T. Huff, “The interne streaming SIMD extensions,” IEEE Computer, Dec. 1999, 26–34.
P. Thiran, V. Peiris, P. Heim, B. Hochet, “Quantization effects in digitally behaving circuit implementations of Kohonen networks”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 5, No. 3, 1994, 450–458.
A. Rauber, P. Tomisch,D. Merkl, “parSOM: a parallel Implementation of the self organizing map exploiting cache effects–making the SOM fit for interactive high-performance data analysis”, In: Proceedings of the IEEE-INNS-ENNS International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. 6, 2000, 177–182.
P.W. Diodato, “Embedded DRAM: more than just a memory”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 38, No. 7, 2000, 118–126.
T. Hämäläinen, H. Klapuri, J. Saarinen and K. Kaski, “Mapping of SOM and LVQ Algorithms on a Tree Shape Parallel Computer System”, Parallel Computing, Vol. 23, 1997, 271–289.
D. Bertsekas, J. Tsitsiklis, Parallel and Distributed Computation: Numerical Methods, Prentice-Hall, USA, 1989.
T. Nordström and B. Svensson, “Using and designing massively parallel computers for artificial neural networks”, Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1992, 260–285.
C.H. Wu, R.E. Hodges, “Parallelizing the self-organizing feature map on multiprocessor systems”, Parallel Computing, No. 17, 1991, 821–832.
V. Demian, J-C. Mignot, “Implementation of the self-organizing feature map on parallel computers”, Computers and Artificial Intelligence, No. 1, 1996, 63–80.
E. Schikuta, C. Weidmann, Data parallel simulation of self-organizing maps on hyper-cube architectures, in: Proceedings of Workshop on Self-Organizing Maps, WSOM 87, Helsinki, Finland, 1997, 142–147.
K. Obermayer, H. Ritter and K. Schulten, “Large-scale simulations of self-organizing neural networks on parallel computers: application to biological modelling”, Parallel Computing, Vol. 13, No. 3, 1990, 381–404.
R. Mann and S. Haykin, “A parallel implementation of Kohonen feature maps on the Warp systolic computer”, in: Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. 2, 1990, 84–87.
M. Yasunaga, K. Tominaga, Jung Hwan Kim, “Parallel self-organization map using multiple stimuli”, in: Proceedings International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. 2, 1999, 1127–1130.
N. Bandeira, V.J. Lobo, F. Moura-Pires, “Training a self-organizing map distributed on a PVM network”, in: Proceedings of IEEE Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. 1, 1998, 457–461.
J.S. Lange, P. Schonmeier, H. Freiesleben,“Parallelization of analyses using self-organizing maps with PVM”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, No. 389, 1997, 274–76.
H. Guan, Chi-kwong Li, To-yat Cheung, Songnian Yu, “Parallel design and implementation of SOM neural computing model in PVM environment of a distributed system”, in: Proceedings of Advances in Parallel and Distributed Computing, 1997, 26–31.
T. Bollinger, “Linux in practice: an overview of applications”, IEEE Software, Vol. 16 No. 1, 1999, 72–79.
N. Boden, D. Cohen, R. Felderman, A. Kulawik, C. Sietz, J. Seizovic, W. Su, “Myrinet–A Gigabit-per-Second Local Area Network”, IEEE Micro, Feb 1995, 29–36.
H. Simeon and A. Ultsch, Kohonen Networks on Transputers: Implementation and Animation, in: Proceedings of International Neural Network Conference, Vol. 2, 1990, 643–646.
J.S. Lange, C. Fukunaga, M. Tanaka, A. Bozek, “Transputer Self-Organizing Map Algorithm for Beam Background Rejection at the Belle Silicon Vertex Detector”, Nuclear Instruments Methods In Physics Research Section A No. 420, 1999, 288–309.
J.M. Auger, “Parallel implementation on transputer of Kohonen’s algorithm”, in: Proceedings of Computing with Parallel Architectures: T. Node,1991, 215–226.
M.E. Azema-Barac, “A generic strategy for mapping neural network models on transputer-based machines”, in: G. L. Reijns, J. Luo (Eds.), Transputing in numerical and neural network applications, IOS Press, 1992, 244–249.
H. Kihl, J.P. Urban, J. Gresser, S. Hagmann, “Neural network based hand-eye positioning with a Transputer-based system”, in: Proceedings of High-Performance Computing and Networking–International Conference and Exhibition, 1995, 281–286.
R. Togneri and Y. Attikiouzel, “Parallel Implementation of the Kohonen Algorithm on Transputer”, in: Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. II, 1991, 1717–1722.
S.A. Wilde, K.M. Curtis, “A transputer based self-organizing neural network for speech synthesis parameter arbitration”, in: Proceedings of Transputer Applications and Systems–1993 World Transputer Congress, 1993, 1242–1253.
H.C. Card, G.K. Rosendahl, D.K. McNeill, R.D. McLeod, “Competitive Learning Algorithms and Neurocomputer Architecture”, IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. 47, No. 8, 1998, 847–858.
T. Cornu, P. Ienne, D. Niebur, P. Thiran and M. Viredaz, “Design, Implementation and Test of a Multi-Model Systolic Neural Network Accelerator”, Scientific Programming, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1996, 47–61.
U. Müller, A. Gunzinger, W. Guggenbühl, “Fast Neural Net Simulation with a DSP Processor Array”, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1995, 203–213.
P. Kolinummi, P. Pulkkinen, T. Hämäläinen, J. Saarinen, “Parallel implementation of Self-Organizing map on the partial tree shape neurocomputer”, Neural Processing Letters, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2000, 171–182.
G. Myklebust and J.G. Solheim, “Parallel self-organizing Maps for actual applications”, in: Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. II, 1995, 1054–1059.
T. Hämäläinen, J. Saarinen and K. Kaski, “TUTNC: A general purpose parallel computer for neural network computations”, Microprocessors and Microsystems, Vol. 9, No. 8, 1995, 447–465.
P. Kolinummi, P. Hämäläinen, T. Hämäläinen, J. Saarinen, “PARNEU: General-purpose partial tree computer”, Microprocessors and Microsystems, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2000, 23–42.
P. Kolinummi, T. Hämäläinen, J. Saarinen, “Chained Backplane communication architecture for scalable multiprocessor systems”, Journal of Systems Architecture Vol. 46, No. 11, 955–972.
D. Hammerström and N. Nguyen, “An Implementation of Kohonen’s self-organizing map on the Adaptive Solutions neurocomputer”, in: T. Kohonen, K. Mäkisara, O. Simula and J. Kangas (Eds.), Artificial Neural Networks, North-Holland, Amsterdam, Vol. 1, 1991, 715–720.
T. Fischer, W. Eppler, H. Gemmeke, G. Kock, T. Becher, “The SAND neurochip and its embedding in the MiND system”, in: Proceedings of Artificial Neural Networks, 1997, 1235–1240.
W. Eppler, T. Fischer, H. Gemmeke, T. Koder, R. Stotzka, “Neural chip SAND/I for real time pattern recognition ”, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 45, No. 4, 1819–1823.
U. Ramacher, “SYNAPSE–A Neurocomputer That Synthesizes Neural Algorithms on a Parallel Systolic Engine”, Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1992, 306–318.
B. Hochet, V. Peiris, S. Abdo, M. Declercq, “Implementation of a Learning Kohonen Neuron Based on a New Multilevel Storage Technique”, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 26, No. 3, 1991, 262–267.
J. Choi and B. J. Sheu, “A high precision VLSI winner-take-all circuit for self-organizing neural networks” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 28, May 1993, 579–584.
S.Rüping, M. Porrmann, U. Rueckert, “SOM Accelerator System”, Neurocomputing, Vol. 21, No. 1–3, 1998, 31–50.
X. Fang, P. Thole, J. Göppert and W Rosenstiel, “A Hardware Supported System for a Special Online Application of Self-Organizing Map”, In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Neural Networks, 1996, 956–961.
J. Lubkin, G. Cauwenberghs, “VLSI implementation of fuzzy adaptive resonance and learning vector quantization”, in: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Microelectronics for Neural, Fuzzy and Bio-Inspired Systems, 1999, 147–54.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hämäläinen, T.D. (2002). Parallel Implementations of Self-Organizing Maps. In: Seiffert, U., Jain, L.C. (eds) Self-Organizing Neural Networks. Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, vol 78. Physica, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1810-9_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1810-9_11
Publisher Name: Physica, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-00343-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-7908-1810-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive