Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Post-Traumatic Brain Swelling

  • Chapter
Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery

Part of the book series: Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery ((NEUROSURGERY,volume 20))

Abstract

Brain swelling is a general term to denote an increase in the volume of the brain. It may be defined as any increase in brain volume produced by an increase in volume of any or all of the constituents of the brain. Brain swelling may be due to an increase in the cerebral blood volume (CBV) (engorgement or hyperemia), to an increase in the amount of extra or intracellular water (oedema) or to an extra mass.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Adams JH (1990) Brain damage in fatal non-missile head injury in man. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, Klawans HL (eds) Handbook of clinical neurology, Vol 57. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 43–64

    Google Scholar 

  2. Adams JH, Doyle D, Ford I, Gennarelli TA, Graham DI, McLellan DR (1989) Diffuse axonal injury in head injury: definition, diagnosis, and grading. Histopathology 15: 49–59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Adams JH, Doyle D, Ford I, Graham DI, McGee M, McLellan DR (1989) Brain damage in fatal non-missile head injury in relation to age and type of injury. Scot Med J 34: 399–401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Astrup J, Symon L, Branston NM, Lassen NA (1977) Cortical evoked potential and extracellular K+ and H+ at critical levels of brain ischaemia. Stroke 8: 51–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Avery S, Crockard HA, Russell RW (1982) Oedema in severely ischaemic brain following restoration of flow ( Abstract ). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 45: 945

    Google Scholar 

  6. Avery S, Crockard HA, Russel RR (1984) Evolution and resolution of oedema following severe temporary cerebral ischaemia in the gerbil. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 47: 604–610

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Baethmann A (1978) Pathophysiological and pathochemical aspects of cerebral oedema. Neurosurg Rev 1: 85–100

    Google Scholar 

  8. Barnes D, McDonald WI, Johnson C, Tofts PS, Landon DN (1987) Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: characterization of experimental cerebral oedema. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50: 125–133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Barnes D, McDonald WI, Tofts PS, Johnson G, Landon DN (1986) Magnetic resonance imaging of experimental cerebral oedema. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49: 1341–1347

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bartkowski HM, Pitts LH, Nishimura M, Brant-Zawadzki M, Moseley M, Young G (1985) NMR imaging and spectroscopy of experimental brain oedema. J Trauma 25: 192–196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Becker DP, Miller JD, Sweet RC, Young HF, Sullivan H, Griffith RL (1979) Head injury management. In: Popp AJ, Bourke RS, Nelson LR, Kimelberg HK (eds) Neural trauma. Raven Press, New York, pp 313–328

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bederson JB, Bartkowski HM, Moon K, Halks-Miller M, Nishimura MC, Brant-Zawadzki M, Pitts LH (1986) Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in experimental brain oedema in rat model. J Neurosurg 64: 795–802

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bell BA, Symon L, Branston NM (1985) CBF and time thresholds for the formation of ischaemic cerebral oedema and effect of reperfusion in baboons. J Neurosurg 62: 31–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Berger MS, Pitts LH, Lovely M, Edwards MSB, Bartkowski HM (1985) Outcome from severe head injury in children and adolescents. J Neurosurg 62: 194–199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bose B, Jones SC, Lorig R, Friel HT, Weinstein M, Little JR (1988) Evolving focal cerebral ischaemia in cats: spatial correlation of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral blood flow, tetrazolium staining and histopathology. Stroke 19: 28–37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Branston NM, Strong AJ, Symon L (1977) Extracellular potassium activity, evoked potential and tissue blood flow: relationship during progressive ischaemia in baboon cerebral cortex. J Neurol Sci 32: 305–321

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bricolo A, Glick RP (1981) Barbiturate effects on acute experimental intra-cranial hypertension. J Neurosurg 55: 397–406

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Britt RH, Hamilton RD (1978) Large decompressive craniotomy in the treatment of acute subdural haematoma. Neurosurgery 2: 195–200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Browder J, Rabiner AM (1945) Regional swelling of the brain in subdural haematoma. Ann Surg 134: 369–375

    Google Scholar 

  20. Bruce DA, Alavi A, Bilaniuk L, Dolinskas C, Obrist W, Uzzell B (1981) Diffuse cerebral swelling following head injuries in children: the syndrome of “malignant brain oedema”. J Neurosurg 54: 170–178

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bruce DA, Raphaely RC, Goldberg AI, Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT, Schut L, Kuhl DE (1979) Pathophysiology, treatment and outcome following head injury in children. Childs Brain 5: 174–191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bullock R, Smith R, Favier J, du Trevou M, Blake G (1985) Brain specific gravity and CT scan density measurements after human head injury. J Neurosurg 63: 64–68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bullock R, Teasdale G (1990) Surgical management of traumatic intracranial haematoma. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, Klawans HL (eds) Handbook of clinical neurology, Vol 57. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 249–298

    Google Scholar 

  24. Clasen RA, Huckman MS, Von Roenn KA, Pandolfi S, Laing I, Clasen JR (1980) Time course of cerebral swelling in stroke: A correlative autopsy and CT study. In: Cervos-Navarro J, Ferszt R (eds) Advances neurol, Vol 28. Raven Press, New York, pp 395–412

    Google Scholar 

  25. Clasen RA, Penn RD (1987) Traumatic brain swelling and oedema. In: Cooper PR (ed) Head Injury. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 285–312

    Google Scholar 

  26. Clifton GL, Grossman RG, Makela ME, Miner ME, Handel S, Sadhu V (1980) Neurological course and correlated computerized tomography findings after severe closed head injury. J Neurosurg 52: 611–624

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Clifton GL, McCormick WF, Grossman RG (1981) Neuropathology of early and late deaths after head injury. Neurosurgery 8: 309–314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Club RJ, Maxwell RE, Chou SN (1980) Experimental brain injury in the dog. The pharmacological effects of pentobarbital and sodium nitroprusside. J Neurosurg 52: 189–196

    Google Scholar 

  29. Club RJ, Maxwell R, Chou S (1980) Experimental brain injury in the dog: pathophysiological correlation. In: Shulman K, Marmarou A, Miller JD, Becker DP, Hochwald GM, Brock M (eds) Intracranial pressure IV. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 66–69

    Google Scholar 

  30. Cold GE (1989) Does acute hyperventilation provoke cerebral oligaemia in comatose patients after head injury? Acta Neurochir (Wien) 96: 100–106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Cook AW, Browder EJ, Carter WB (1962) Cerebral swelling and ventricular alterations following evacuation of intracranial extracerebral haematoma. J Neurosurg 19: 419–423

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Cooper PR, Hagler H, Clark K, Barnett P (1979) Enhancement of experimental cerebral oedema after decompressive craniectomy: implications for the management of severe head injuries. Neurosurgery 4: 296–300

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cooper PR, Rovit RL, Ransohoff J (1976) Hemicraniectomy in the treatment of acute subdural haematoma. A re-appraisal. Surg Neurol 5: 25–28

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Corales RL, Miller JD, Becker DP (1980) Intracranial pressure and brain water content in acute graded experimental cerebral trauma. In: Shulman K, Marmarou A, Miller JD, Becker DP, Hochwald GM, Brock M (eds) Intracranial pressure IV. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 280–283

    Google Scholar 

  35. Cordobes F, de la Fuente M, Lobato RD, Roger R, Perez C, Millan JM, Barcena A, Lamas E (1983) Intraventricular hemorrhage in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 58: 217–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Cordobes F, Lobato RD, Rivas JJ, Cabrera A, Sarabia R, Castro S, Cisneros C, Torres ID, Lamas E (1986) Post-traumatic diffuse axonal brain injury. Analysis of 78 patients studied with computed tomography. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 81: 27–35

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Cordobes F, Lobato RD, Rivas JJ, Portillo JM, Sarabia R, Munoz MJ (1987) Post-traumatic diffuse brain swelling: isolated or associated with cerebral axonal injury. Childs Nery Syst 3: 235–238

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cucchiara RF, Michenfelder JD (1973) The effect of interruption of the reticular activating system on metabolism in canine cerebral hemispheres before and after thiopental. Anesthesiology 39: 3–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Czernicki Z (1980) ICP changes following sudden decompression of the cat brain. In: Shulman K, Marmarou A, Miller JD, Becker DP, Hochwald GM, Brock M (eds) Intracranial pressure IV. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 298–299

    Google Scholar 

  40. Czernicki Z, Kozniewska E (1977) Disturbances in the blood-brain barrier and cerebral blood flow after rapid brain decompression in the cat. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 36: 181–187

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Dempsey RJ, Kindt GW (1982) Experimental augmentation of cerebral blood flow by mannitol in epidural intracranial masses. J Trauma 22: 449–454

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Durward QJ, Del Maestro RF, Amacher AL, Farrar JK (1983) The influence of systemic arterial pressure on the development of cerebral vasogenic oedema. J Neurosurg 59: 803–809

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Eisenberg HM, Frankowski RF, Contant CF, Marshall LF, Walker MD (1988) High-dose barbiturate control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 69: 15–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Eisenberg HM, Gary HE, Aldrich EF, Saydjari C, Turner B, Foulkes M, Jane JA, Marmarou A, Marshall LF, Young HF (1990) Initial CT findings in 753 patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 73: 688–698

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Espersen JO, Petersen OF (1981) Computerized tomography (CT) in patients with head injuries. Relation between CT scans and clinical findings in 96 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 56: 201–217

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Evans JP, Scheinker IM (1945) Histologic studies of the brain following head trauma. I. Post-traumatic cerebral swelling and oedema. J Neurosurg 2: 306–314

    Google Scholar 

  47. Gade GF, Becker DP, Miller JD, Dawn PS (1990) Pathology and pathophysiology of head injury. In: Youmans JR (ed) Neurological surgery. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1965–2016

    Google Scholar 

  48. Gaini SM, Giovanelli M, Tornei G, Villani R, Zavanone MN, Bomzi O (1982) CT scan in the treatment of head injuried patients ( Abstract ). Neuroradiology 22: 271

    Google Scholar 

  49. Galbraith S, Cardoso E, Patterson J (1984) The water content of white matter after head injury in man. In: Go KG, Baethmann A (eds) Recent progress in the study and therapy of brain oedema. Plenum, New York, pp 323–329

    Google Scholar 

  50. Gennarelli TA (1987) Cerebral concussion and diffuse brain injuries. In: Cooper PR (ed) Head injury. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 108–124

    Google Scholar 

  51. Gentry LR, Godersky JC, Thompson B, Dunn VD (1987) Prospective comparative study of intermediate-field MR and CT in the evaluation of closed head trauma. AJNR 9: 91–100

    Google Scholar 

  52. Giannotta SL, Hopkins J, Kindt GW (1978) Computerized tomography in Reyes’s syndrome: evidence for pathological cerebral vasodilation. Neurosurgery 2: 201–204

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Gower DJ, Leeks S, McWhorter JM (1988) Role of subtemporal decompression in severe closed head injury. Neurosurgery 23: 417–422

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Grubb RL, Raichle ME, Phelps ME, Ratcheson RA (1975) Effects of increased intracranial pressure on cerebral blood volume, blood flow and oxygen utilization in monkeys. J Neurosurg 43: 385–398

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Haar FL, Sadhu VK, Pinto RS, Gildenberg PL, Sampson JM (1980) Can CT scan findings predict intracranial pressure in closed head injury patients? In: Shulman K, Marmarou A, Miller JD (eds) Intracranial pressure IV. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 48–53

    Google Scholar 

  56. Hatashila S, Koike J, Sonokaba T (1985) Cerebral oedema associated with craniectomy and arterial hypertension. Stroke 16: 661–668

    Google Scholar 

  57. Heiskanen O (1975) Epidural haematoma. Surg Neurol 4: 23–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Hekmatpanah J (1970) Cerebral circulation and perfusion in experimental increased intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg 32: 21–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hossman KA (1990) Haemodynamics of postischaemic reperfusion of the brain. In: Weinstein PR, Faden AI (eds) Protection of the brain from ischaemia. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 21–36

    Google Scholar 

  60. Humphreys RP, Hendrick EB, Hoffman HJ (1990) The head-injuried child who “talks and dies”. A report of 4 cases. Childs Nery Syst 6: 139–142

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Humphreys RP, Jaimovich R, Hendrick EB, Hoffman HJ (1983) Severe head injuries in children. In: Humphreys RP (ed) Concepts Pediat Neurosurg, Vol 4. Karger, Basel, pp 230–242

    Google Scholar 

  62. Ishige N, Pitts LH, Berry I (1987) The effect of hypoxia and traumatic head injury in rats: alterations in neurologic function, brain oedema and cerebral blood flow. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 7: 759–767

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Ishii S, Hayner R, Kelly WA, Evans JP (1959) Studies of cerebral swelling produced by supratentorial extradural compression. J Neurosurg 16: 152–166

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Ito U, Tornita SH, Yamazaki Y, Takada Y, Inaba Y (1986) Brain swelling and brain oedema in acute head injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 79: 120–124

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Jakobsson KE, Bergström TKA, Ponten U, Zwetnow N (1990) Rebound of ICP after brain compression. An MRI study in dogs. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 104: 126–135

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Jakobsson KE, Löfgren J, Zwetnow N, Mörkrid L (1990) Cerebral blood flow in experimental intracranial mass lesions. Part I. The compression phase. Neurol Res 12: 147–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Jakobsson KE, Löfgren J, Zwetnow N, Mörkrid L (1990) Cerebral blood flow in experimental intracranial mass lesions. Part II. The postdecompression phase. Neurol Res 12: 153–157

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Jamieson KG, Yelland JDN (1972) Surgically treated traumatic subdural haematomas. J Neurosurg 37: 137–149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Jennett B (1981) Clinical brain swelling: oedema or engorgement. In: de Vlieger M, de Lange SA, Beks F (eds) Brain oedema. Wiley, New York, pp 61–66

    Google Scholar 

  70. Jensen K, Ohrstrom J, Cold GE, Astrup J (1991) The effects of indomethacin on intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism in patients with severe head injury and intracranial hypertension. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 108: 116–121

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Kalff R, Kocks W, Pospiech J, Grote W (1989) Clinical outcome after head injury in children. Childs Nerv Syst 5: 156–159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Kjellberg RN, Prieto A (1971) Bifrontal decompressive craniectomy for massive cerebral oedema. J Neurosurg 34: 488–493

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Klatzo I (1985) Brain oedema following brain ischaemia and the influence of therapy. Br J Anaesth 57: 18–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Kobrine AI, Kempe L (1973) Studies in head injury. Part I: an experimental model of closed head injury. Surg Neurol 1: 34–37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kobrine AI, Timmins E, Rajjoub RK, Rizzoli HV, Davis DO (1977) Demonstration of massive traumatic brain swelling within 20 minutes after head injury. Case report. J Neurosurg 46: 256–258

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Koo AH, LaRoque RL (1977) Evaluation of head trauma by computed tomography. Radiology 134: 345–350

    Google Scholar 

  77. Kuhl DF, Alavi A, Hoffman EJ, Phelps ME, Zimmerman RA, Obrist WD, Bruce DA, Greenberg JH, Uzzell B (1980) Local cerebral blood volume in head injuried patients. Determination by emission computed tomography of 99 m Tc-labeled red cells. J Neurosurg 52: 309–320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Lang DA, Hadley DM, Teasdale GM, McPherson P, Teasdale E (1991) Gadolinium DPTA enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in acute head injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 109: 5–11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Langfitt TW, Tannanbaum H, Kassel NF (1966) The aetiology of acute brain swelling following experimental head injury. J Neurosurg 24: 47–56

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Langfitt TW, Weinstein JD, Sklar FH, Zaren HA, Kassell NF (1968) Contribution of intracranial blood volume to three forms of experimental brain swelling. J Hopk Med J 122: 261–270

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Lanksch W, Baethmann A, Kazner E (1981) Computed tomography of brain oedema. In: de Vlieger M, de Lange SA, Beks F (eds) Brain oedema. Wiley, New York, pp 67–98

    Google Scholar 

  82. Lanksch W, Grumme Th, Kazner E (1979) Computed tomography in head injuries. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  83. Lanksch W, Oettinger W, Baethmann A, Kazner E (1976) CT findings in brain oedema compared with direct chemical analysis of tissue samples. In: Pappius HM, Feindel W (eds) Dynamics of brain oedema. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 283–287

    Google Scholar 

  84. Lewelt W, Jenkins LW, Miller JD (1980) Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow after experimental fluid percussion injury of the brain. J Neurosurg 53: 500–511

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Lewelt W, Jenkins LW, Miller JD (1982) Effects of experimental fluid-percussion injury of the brain on cerebrovascular reactivity to hypoxia and hypercapnia. J Neurosurg 56: 332–338

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Lindenberg R (1977) Pathology of craniocerebral injuries. In: Newton TH, Potts DG (eds) Radiology of the skull and brain. Anatomy and pathology, Vol 3. CB Mosby, Saint Louis, pp 3049–3087

    Google Scholar 

  87. Lobato RD, Cordobes F, Rivas JJ, de la Fuente M, Montero A, Barcena A, Perez C, Cabrera A, Lamas E (1983) Outcome from severe head injury related to the type of intracranial lesion. A computerized tomography study. J Neurosurg 59: 762–774

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Lobato RD, Rivas JJ, Cordobes F, Alted E, Perez C, Sarabia R, Cabrera A, Diez I, Gomez P, Lamas E (1988) Acute epidural haematoma: an analysis of factors influencing the outcome of patients undergoing surgery in coma. J Neurosurg 68: 48–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Lobato RD, Rivas JJ, Gomez P, Castaneda M, Canizal JM, Sarabia R, Cabrera A, Munoz MJ (1991) Head injury patients who talk and deteriorate into coma. Analysis of 211 cases studied with computerized tomography. J Neurosurg 75: 256–261

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Lobato RD, Sarabia R, Cordobes F, Rivas JJ, Adrados A, Cabrera A, Gomez P, Madera A, Lamas E (1988) Post-traumatic cerebral hemisphere swelling. Analysis of 55 cases studied with computerized tomography. J Neurosurg 68: 417–423

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Long DM (1982) Traumatic brain oedema. Clin Neurosurg 29: 174–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Lowell HM, Bloor BM (1971) The effect of increased intracranial pressure on cerebrovascular haemodynamics. J Neurosurg 34: 760–769

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. MacPherson P, Teasdale E, Dharker S, Allardyce G, Galbraith S (1986) The significance of traumatic haematoma in the region of the basal ganglia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49: 29–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Marshall LF (1980) Treatment of brain swelling and brain oedema in man. In: Cervos-Navarro J, Ferszt R (eds) Brain oedema. Advances neurology, Vol 28. Raven Press, New York, pp 459–469

    Google Scholar 

  95. Marshall LF, Bowers S (1987) Medical management of intracranial pressure. In: Cooper PR (ed) Head injury. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 177–196

    Google Scholar 

  96. Marshall LF, Sang H (1983) Treatment of massive intraoperative brain swelling. Neurosurgery 13: 412–414

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Marshall WJS, Jackson JLF, Langfitt TW (1969) Brain swelling caused by trauma and arterial hypertension. Haemodynamic aspects. Arch Neurol 21: 545–553

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Mchedlishvili G, Kapuscinski A, Nikolaishvili L (1976) Mechanisms of postischaemic brain oedema: contribution of circulatory factors. Stroke 7: 410–416

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. McKissock W, Taylor JC, Bloom WH, Till K (1960) Extradural haematoma. Observations on 125 cases. Lancet 2: 167–172

    Google Scholar 

  100. Meguro K, Kobayashi E, Maki Y (1987) Acute brain swelling during evacuation of subdural haematoma caused by delayed contralateral extradural haematoma: report of two cases. Neurosurgery 20: 326–328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Meyer JS, Kondo A, Nomura F (1970) Cerebral haemodynamics and metabolism following experimental head injury. J Neurosurg 32: 304–319

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Miller JD (1985) Head injury and brain ischaemia. Implications for therapy. Br J Anaesth 57: 120–129

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Miller JD, Becker DP, Ward JD, Sullivan HG, Adams WE, Rosner MJ (1977) Significance of intracranial hypertension in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 47: 503–516

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Miller JD, Corales RL (1981) Brain oedema as a result of head injury: factor of fallacy? In: de Vlieger M, de Lange SA, Beks JWF (eds) Brain oedema. Wiley, New York, pp 99–115

    Google Scholar 

  105. Miller JD, Gudeman SK, Kishore PS, Becker DP (1980) Computed tomography in brain oedema due to trauma. In: Cervos-Navarro J, Ferszt R (eds) Advances neurology, Vol 28. Raven Press, New York, pp 413–422

    Google Scholar 

  106. Miller JD, Stanek AE, Langfitt TW (1973) Cerebral blood flow regulation during experimental brain compression. J Neurosurg 39: 186–196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Morantz RA, Abad RA, George AE, Rovit RL (1973) Hemicraniectomy for acute extracerebral haematoma: an initial analysis of clinical and radiographic findings. J Neurosurg 39: 622–628

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Muizelaar JP (1989) Cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume and cerebral metabolism after severe head injury. In: Becker DP, Gudeman SK (eds) Textbook of head injury. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 221–240

    Google Scholar 

  109. Murphy A, Teasdale E, Matheson M, Galbraith S, Teasdale GM (1983) Relationship between CT indices of brain swelling and intracranial pressure after head injury. In: Ishii S, Nagai H, Brock M (eds) Intracranial pressure V. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 562–565

    Google Scholar 

  110. Nicolaïdis S, Hoa LV, Le Beau J (1972) Etude hémodynamique isotopique de l’oedeme cérébral expérimental aigu. Mécanisme physiopathologique. Neurochirurgie 18: 521–530

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Nilsson B, Nordström CH (1977) Experimental head injury in the rat. Part 3: cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption after concussive impact acceleration. J Neurosurg 47: 262–273

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Nussbaum ES, Wolf AL, Sebring L, Mirvis S (1991) Complete temporal lobectomy for surgical resuscitation of patients with transtentorial herniation secondary to unilateral hemispheric swelling. Neurosurgery 29: 62–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Obrist WD, Langfitt TW, Jaggi JL, et al (1984) Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in comatose patients with acute head injury. J Neurosurg 61: 241–253

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Overgaard J, Tweed WA (1976) Cerebral circulation after head injury. Part 2: the effects of traumatic brain oedema. J Neurosurg 45: 292–300

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Penn RD (1980) Cerebral oedema and neurological function: CT, evoked responses and clinical examination. In: Cervos-Navarro J, Ferszt R (eds) Brain oedema. Advances neurology, Vol 28. Raven Press, New York, pp 383–394

    Google Scholar 

  116. Pitts LH (1990) Brain trauma and ischaemia. In: Weinstein PR, Faden AI (eds) Protection of the brain from ischaemia. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 171–182

    Google Scholar 

  117. Raichle ME, Eichling JO, Grubb RL, Hartman BK (1976) Central noradrenergic regulation of brain microcirculation. In: Pappius HM, Feindel W (eds) Dynamics of brain oedema. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 11–17

    Google Scholar 

  118. Raimondi AJ, Hirschauer J (1984) Head injury in the infant and toddler. Childs Brain 11: 12–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Ransohoff J, Benjamin MV, Gage EL, Epstein F (1971) Hemicraniectomy in the management of acute cerebral subdural haematoma. J Neurosurg 34: 70–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Reid AC, Matheson MS, Teasdale GM (1980) Volume of the ventricles in benign inracranial hypertension. Lancet ii: 7–8

    Google Scholar 

  121. Reulen HJ, Schürmann K (1981) Nonsurgical management of head injuries. Prog Neurol Surg 10: 291–322

    Google Scholar 

  122. Richard K (1990) Traumatic brain swelling and brain oedema. In: Vigouruox RP (ed) Advances in neurotraumatology, Vol III. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 36–60

    Google Scholar 

  123. Richards T, Hoff J (1974) Factors affecting survival from acute subdural haematoma. Surgery 75: 253–258

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Rivas JJ, Lobato RD, Sarabia R, Cordobes F, Cabrera A, Gomez P (1988) Extradural haematoma: analysis of factors influencing the courses of 161 patients. Neurosurgery 23: 44–51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Roberson FC, Kishore PRS, Miller JD, Lipper MH, Becker DP (1979) The value of serial computerized tomography in the management of severe head injury. Surg Neurol 12: 161–167

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Sadhu VK, Sampson J, Haar FL, Pinto RS, Handel SF (1979) Correlation between computerized tomography and intracranial pressure monitoring in acute head trauma patients. Radiology 133: 507–509

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Sakamoto H, Tanaka K, Nakamura T, Nishimura S, Matsuura S (1986) Direct observation of autonomic nerve activity in experimental acute brain swelling. In: Miller JD, Teasdale GM, Rowan JO, Galbraith SL, Mendelow AD (eds) Intracranial pressure VI. Springer, Berlin, pp 166–173

    Google Scholar 

  128. Sarabia R, Lobato RD, Rivas JJ, Cordobes F, Rubio J, Cabrera A, Gomez P, Munoz MJ, Madera A (1988) Cerebral hemisphere swelling in severe head injury patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) [Suppl] 42: 40–46

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Saunders ML, Miller JD, Stablein D, Allen G (1979) The effects of graded experimental trauma on cerebral blood flow and responsiveness to CO2. J Neurosurg 51: 18–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Schettini A, Lippman R, Walsh EK (1989) Attenuation of decompressive hypoperfusion and cerebral oedema by superoxide dismutase. J Neurosurg 71: 578–587

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Schutta HS, Kassell NF, Langfitt TW (1968) Brain swelling produced by injury and aggravated by arterial hypertension. A light and electron microscopic study. Brain 91: 281–294

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Shalit MN, Cotev S (1974) Interrelationship between blood pressure and regional cerebral blood flow in experimental intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg 40: 594–602

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Shapiro HM, Galindo A, Wyte SR (1973) Rapid intraoperative reduction of intracranial pressure with thiopental. Br J Anesth 45: 1057–1062

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Shaw M, Alvord EC, Berry RG (1959) Swelling of the brain following ischaemic infarction with arterial occlusion. Arch Neurol 1: 161–177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Shigemori M, Syojima K, Nakayama K, Kojima T, Ugala T, Watanabe M, Kuramoto S (1980) The outcome from acute subdural haematoma following decompressive hemicraniectomy. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 54: 61–69

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Snoek J, Jennett B, Adams H, Graham DI, Doyle D (1979) Computerised tomography after recent severe head injury in patients without acute intracranial haematoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 42: 215–225

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Snoek JW, Minderhoud JM, Wilmink JT (1984) Delayed deterioration following mild head injury in children. Brain 107: 15–36

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Suzuki J, Tanaka S, Yoshimoto T (1980) Recirculation in the acute period of cerebral infarction: brain swelling and its supression using mannitol. Surg Neurol 14: 467–472

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Symon L (1985) Flow thresholds in brain ischaemia and the effect of drugs. Br J Anesth 57: 34–43

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Symon L, Ganz JC, Dorsch WC (1972) Experimental studies of hyperaemic phenomena in the cerebral circulation of primates. Brain 95: 265–278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Symon L, Pasztor E, Branston M, Dorsch NWC (1974) Effect of supratentorial space-occupying lesions on regional intracranial pressure and local cerebral blood flow: an experimental study in baboons. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 37: 617–626

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Teasdale E, Cardoso E, Galbraith S, Teasdale G (1984) CT scan in severe diffuse head injury: physiological and clinical correlations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 47: 600–603

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Teraura T, Meyer JS, Sakamoto K, Hashi K, Marx P, Seterman-Marinchesu C, Shinmaru S (1972) Haemodynamic and metabolic concomitants of brain swelling and cerebral oedema due to experimental cerebral infarction. J Neurosurg 36: 728–744

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Tornheim PA, McLaurin RL (1981) Acute changes in regional brain water content following experimental closed head injury. J Neurosurg 55: 407–413

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Toutant SM, Klauber MR, Marshall LF, Toole BM, Bowers SA, Seelig JM, Yarnell JB (1984) Absent or compressed basal cisterns and the first CT scan: ominous predictors of outcome in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 61: 691–694

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Traeger SM, Henning RJ, Dobkin W, Giannotta S, Weil MH, Weiss M (1983) Haemodynamic effects of pentobarbital therapy for intracranial hypertension. Crit Care Med 11: 697–701

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Uzzell BP, Dolinskas CA, Wiser RF, Langfitt TW (1987) Influence of lesions detected by computed tomography on the outcome and neuropsychological recovery after severe head injury. Neurosurgery 20: 396–402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. van Dongen KJ, Braakman R, Gelpe GJ (1983) The prognostic value of computerized tomography in comatose head injury patients. J Neurosurg 59: 951–957

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Venes JL, Collins WF (1975) Bifrontal decompressive craniectomy in the management of head trauma. J Neurosurg 42: 429–433

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Vigouroux RP, Guillermain P (1981) Post-traumatic hemispheric contusion and laceration. Prog Neurol Surg 10: 49–163

    Google Scholar 

  151. Waga S, Tochio H, Sakakura M (1979) Traumatic cerebral swelling developing within 30 minutes after injury. Surg Neurol 11: 191–193

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Wei EP, Dietrich WP, Navari RM, Kontos HA (1980) Functional, morphological and metabolic abnormalities of the cerebral microcirculation after concussive brain injury in cats. Circ Res 46: 37–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Weinstein JD, Langfitt TW (1967) Responses of cortical vessels to brain compression: observations through a transparent calvarium. Surg Forum 18: 430–432

    Google Scholar 

  154. White JC, Brooks JR, Goldthwan JC, Adams RD (1943) Changes in brain volume and blood content after experimental concussion. Ann Surg 14: 619–633

    Google Scholar 

  155. Wyper DJ (1979) Accuracy of ventricular volume estimation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 42: 345–350

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Yoshino E, Yamaki T, Higuchi T, Horikawa Y, Hirakawa K (1985) Acute brain oedema in fatal head injury: analysis of dynamic CT scanning. J Neurosurg 63: 830–839

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT (1979) Computed tomography in diffuse traumatic cerebral injury. In: Popp AJ, Bourke RS, Nelson LR (eds) Neural trauma. Raven Press, New York, pp 253–262

    Google Scholar 

  158. Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT, Bruce D, Dolinskas C, Obrist W, Kuhl D (1978) Computed tomography of paediatric head trauma: acute general cerebral swelling. Radiology 126: 403–408

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Zwetnow NN, Schrader H, Löfgren J (1986) Effects of continuously expanding intracranial lesions on vital physiological parameters. An experimental animal study. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 80: 47–56

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Service Neurosurgery, Hospital “12 Octubre”, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain

    R. D. Lobato

Authors
  1. R. D. Lobato
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. London, UK

    L. Symon  & A. J. Strong  & 

  2. Gent, Belgium

    L. Calliauw

  3. Bordeaux, France

    F. Cohadon

  4. Lisbon, Portugal

    J. Lobo Antunes

  5. Homburg, Saar, Germany

    F. Loew

  6. Oslo, Norway

    H. Nornes

  7. Budapest, Hungary

    E. Pásztor

  8. Cambridge, UK

    J. D. Pickard

  9. Zurich, Switzerland

    M. G. Yaşargil

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer-Verlag/Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lobato, R.D. (1993). Post-Traumatic Brain Swelling. In: Symon, L., et al. Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery. Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery, vol 20. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6912-4_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6912-4_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-7433-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-6912-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation