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Tierbasierte Bioökonomie

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Das System Bioökonomie

Zusammenfassung

Nutztiere sind ein unverzichtbares Element der agrarischen Bioökonomie, indem sie nicht essbare Biomasse in hochwertige Lebensmittel transformieren und einen Großteil der darin enthaltenen Pflanzennährstoffe über Wirtschaftsdünger dem agrarischen Stoffkreislauf wieder zurückführen. Diese nicht essbare Biomasse macht den überwiegenden Anteil der gesamten agrarischen Biomasse aus und stammt von Grünland, Koppelprodukten lebensmittelliefernder Pflanzen (z. B. Stroh), Zwischenfrüchten im Zuge der Fruchtfolge sowie aus Nebenprodukten der industriellen Verarbeitung von pflanzlichen Verkaufsprodukten. Aber auch potenziell essbare Biomasse gelangt in die Nutztierfütterung. Sie ermöglicht insbesondere beim Geflügel eine hohe Effizienz der Transformation der Biomasse in hochwertiges Nahrungsprotein und ist mit einem geringeren Ressourcenverbrauch (Land, Wasser) und weniger umweltrelevanten Emissionen als bei Wiederkäuern (z. B. Rinder, Schafe) gekoppelt. Aufgrund der zunehmenden Verknappung der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche wird diese Form der Nahrungskonkurrenz zwischen Menschen und Nutztiere jedoch künftig abnehmen müssen, während Wiederkäuer dank ihrer Fähigkeit zur Verwertung von nicht essbarer Biomasse trotz höherer umweltrelevanter Emission an Bedeutung gewinnen. Sofern nur die ohnehin verfügbare nicht essbare Biomasse verfüttert wird, entsteht dadurch kein nachteiliger Effekt auf den Verbrauch an Land, Wasser und anderen Ressourcen. Um die Nachteile in Bezug auf Transformationseffizienz und Emissionen zu minimieren, muss insbesondere der Futterwert der nicht essbaren agrarischen Biomasse stärker beachtet werden. Die Maßnahmen reichen von der Supplementierung limitierender Nährstoffe (z. B. Aminosäuren) über die Elimination antinutritiver Inhaltsstoffe bis zur züchterischen bzw. gentechnischen Verbesserung der Verdaulichkeit der nicht essbaren Komponenten von Nutzpflanzen.

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Windisch, W., Flachowsky, G. (2020). Tierbasierte Bioökonomie. In: Thrän, D., Moesenfechtel, U. (eds) Das System Bioökonomie. Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60730-5_5

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