Zusammenfassung
Fixierung Festbinden eines Menschen mit breiten Leder- oder Stoffgurten. Fixierung erfolgt am häufigsten im Bett liegend (Bettfixierung), ist grundsätzlich jedoch auch sitzend im Stuhl möglich (Maßnahme in der Gerontopsychiatrie bei Sturzgefährdung). Eine Fixierung kann an unterschiedlich vielen Körperteilen erfolgen, von der Ein-Punkt-Fixierung (nur Bauchgurt) bis zur 11-Punkt-Fixierung (teilweise sogar einschließlich Kopf). Auch das Festhalten eines Menschen ist eine Form der Fixierung (im Englischen „physical restraint“ im Gegensatz zum „mechanical restraint“ mit Gurten). Häufig werden in Studien auch nur Maßnahmen, die es dem Menschen nicht erlauben, eine von ihm gewünschte Körperhaltung einzunehmen (insbesondere Gurte, Stuhltische) als Fixierung bezeichnet (Bleijlevens et al. 2016). Das Bundesverfassungsgericht hat jedenfalls die 5-Punkt- und die 7-Punkt-Fixierung in seinem Urteil vom 24.07.2018 zur Fixierung in der öffentlich-rechtlichen Unterbringung als freiheitsentziehende Maßnahme in Abgrenzung zu nur „freiheitsbeschränkenden“ Maßnahmen definiert und die besondere „Eingriffstiefe“ hervorgehoben (siehe S. 137 f.). Wir verwenden nachfolgend „freiheitsbeschränkende Maßnahmen“ als Oberbegriff und beziehen dabei immer auch die Fixierung als „freiheitsentziehende“ Maßnahme ein.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Literatur
Kapitel 11
Allen MH, Currier GW, Hughes DH, Docherty JP, Carpenter D, Ross R (2003) Treatment of behavioral emergencies: a summary of the expert consensus guidelines. J Psychiatr Pract 9(1):16–38
Alshayeb H, Showkat A, Wall BM (2010) Lactic acidosis in restrained cocaine intoxicated patients. Tennessee Med J Tennessee Med Assoc 103(10):37–39
American Psychiatric Association (APA), Work Group on Schizophrenia, Lehmann AF, Lieberman JA, Dixon LB et al (2004) Practice Guidelines for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. American Psychiatric Association (APA), Washington, DC
Appelbaum PS (1999) Seclusion and restraint: Congress reacts to reports of abuse. Psychiatr Serv (Washington DC) 50(7):881–2, 885. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.50.7.881
Armgart C, Schaub M, Hoffmann K, Illes F, Emons B, Jendreyschak J et al (2013) Negative Emotionen und Verständnis – Zwangsmaßnahmen aus Patientensicht. Psychiatr Prax 40(05):278–284. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1343159
Bebbington PE, Bhugra D, Brugha T, Singleton N, Farrell M, Jenkins R et al (2004) Psychosis, victimisation and childhood disadvantage: evidence from the second British national survey of psychiatric morbidity. Br J Psychiatr J Mental Sci 185:220–226. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.185.3.220
Bennouna-Greene M, Bennouna-Greene V, Berna F, Defranoux L (2011) History of abuse and neglect in patients with schizophrenia who have a history of violence. Child Abuse Negl 35(5):329–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.01.008
Bergk J, Steinert T (2006) Einstellungen und Einschätzungen von Mitarbeitern psychiatrischer Aufnahmestationen zu Zwangsmaßnahmen. Nervenarzt 77:S423
Bergk J, Flammer E, Steinert T (2009) Ratings of coercive interventions by inpatients and staff in Germany. Psychiatr Serv (Washington DC) 60(10):1401; author reply 1401–2. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.10.1401
Bergk J, Flammer E, Steinert T (2010) „Coercion Experience Scale“ (CES) – validation of a questionnaire on coercive measures. BMC Psychiatr 10:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-5
Bergk J, Einsiedler B, Flammer E, Steinert T (2011) A randomized controlled comparison of seclusion and mechanical restraint in inpatient settings. Psychiatr Serv (Washington DC) 62(11):1310–1317. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1310
Bleijlevens MHC, Wagner LM, Capezuti E, Hamers JPH (2016) Physical restraints: consensus of a research definition using a modified Delphi technique. J Am Geriatr Soc 64(11):2307–2310. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14435
Bonner G, Lowe T, Rawcliffe D, Wellman N (2002b) Trauma for all: a pilot study of the subjective experience of physical restraint for mental health inpatients and staff in the UK. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 9(4):465–473
Bowers L, Alexander J, Simpson A, Ryan C, Carr-Walker P (2004) Cultures of psychiatry and the professional socialization process: the case of containment methods for disturbed patients. Nurse Educ Today 24(6):435–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2004.04.008
Bowers L, Ross J, Nijman H, Muir-Cochrane E, Noorthoorn E, Stewart D (2012) The scope for replacing seclusion with time out in acute inpatient psychiatry in England. J Adv Nurs 68(4):826–835. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05784.x
Brophy LM, Roper CE, Hamilton BE, Tellez JJ, McSherry BM (2016) Erratum to: consumers and their supporters’ perspectives on poor practice and the use of seclusion and restraint in mental health settings: results from Australian focus groups. Int J Ment Heal Syst 10:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-016-0039-9
Bulik CM, Prescott CA, Kendler KS (2001) Features of childhood sexual abuse and the development of psychiatric and substance use disorders. Br J Psychiatr J Mental Sci 179:444–449
Bundesgerichtshof (1998) Anlasstaten im Rahmen einer zivilrechtlichen Unterbringung Urteil vom 22. Neue Z Strafrecht 18:405
Bundesverfassungsgericht (BVerfG) vom 23.03.2011, Aktenzeichen BVerfG, 2 BvR 882/09 vom 23.03.2011,. Absatz-Nr. (1–83)
Busch AB, Shore MF (2000) Seclusion and restraint: a review of recent literature. Harvard Rev Psychiatr 8(5):261–270
Bushman BJ (2002) Does venting anger feed or extinguish the flame? Catharsis, rumination, distraction, anger, and aggressive responding. PSPB 28:724–731
Council of Europe Steering Committee on Bioethics Working Party on Psychiatry (CEBP) (Hrsg) (2000) White paper on the protection of human rights and dignity of people suffering from mental disorder, especially those placed as involuntary patients in psychiatric establishments (CEBP 2000). https://www.coe.int/t/dg3/healthbioethic/Activities/08_Psychiatry_and_human_rights_en/DIR-JUR(2000)2WhitePaper.pdf
Curie CG (2005) SAMHSA’s commitment to eliminating the use of seclusion and restraint. Psychiatr Serv (Washington DC) 56(9):1139–1140. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.56.9.1139
Darves-Bornoz JM, Lemperiere T, Degiovanni A, Gaillard P (1995) Sexual victimization in women with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 30(2):78–84
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie,Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN) (2014) Achtung der Selbstbestimmung und Anwendung von Zwang bei der Behandlung psychisch erkrankter Menschen: Eine ethische Stellungnahme der DGPPN (2014). Nervenarzt 85(11):1419–1431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-014-4202-8
Dipankui MT, Gagnon M-P, Desmartis M, Legare F, Piron F, Gagnon J et al (2015) Evaluation of patient involvement in a health technology assessment. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 31(3):166–170. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266462315000240
Duxbury J (2002) An evaluation of staff and patient views of and strategies employed to manage inpatient aggression and violence on one mental health unit: a pluralistic design. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 9(3):325–337
Dyer C (2003) Unjustified seclusion of psychiatric patients is breach of human rights. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 327(7408):183. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7408.183-b
European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) (Hrsg) (2003) Report to the German government on the visit to Germany carried out by the European Committee for the prevention of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (CPT) from 03.12 to 15.12.2000 (CPT/Inf(2003))
Finzen A, Haug HJ, Beck A et al (1993) Hilfe wider Willen- Zwangsmedikation im psychiatrischen Alltag. Psychiatrie, Bonn
Flammer E, Steinert T (2015) Auswirkungen der vorübergehend fehlenden Rechtsgrundlage für Zwangsbehandlungen auf die Häufigkeit aggressiver Vorfälle und freiheitseinschränkender mechanischer Zwangsmaßnahmen bei Patienten mit psychotischen Störungen. Psychiatr Prax 42(5):260–266
Freeman M, Pathare S (2005) WHO resource book on mental health, human rights and legislation: World Health Organization, Geneva
Fugger G, Gleiss A, Baldinger P, Strnad A, Kasper S, Frey R (2016) Psychiatric patients’ perception of physical restraint. Acta Psychiatr Scand 133(3):221–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12501
Gallop R, McCay E, Guha M, Khan P (1999) The experience of hospitalization and restraint of women who have a history of childhood sexual abuse. Health Care Women Int 20(4):401–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/073993399245683
Georgieva I, Mulder CL, Whittington R (2012) Evaluation of behavioral changes and subjective distress after exposure to coercive inpatient interventions. BMC Psychiatr 12:54. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-54
Georgieva I, Mulder CL, Noorthoorn E (2013) Reducing seclusion through involuntary medication: a randomized clinical trial. Psychiatry Res 205(1–2):48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.08.002
Hall C, Votova K, Heyd C, Walker M, MacDonald S, Eramian D, Vilke GM (2015) Restraint in police use of force events: examining sudden in custody death for prone and not-prone positions. J Forensic Legal Med 31:29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2014.12.007
Harris GT, Rice ME, Preston DL (1989) Staff and patient perceptions of the least restrictive alternatives for the short term control of disturbed behaviour. J Psychiatr Law 17:239–263
Hem E, Steen O, Opjordsmoen S (2001) Thrombosis associated with physical restraints. Acta Psychiatr Scand 103(1):73–75; discussion 75–6
Heumann K, Bock T, Lincoln TM (2017) Bitte macht (irgend)was! Eine bundesweite Online-Befragung Psychiatrieerfahrener zum Einsatz milderer Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Zwangsmaßnahmen. Psychiatr Prax 44:85–92
Ho JD, Dawes DM, Moore JC, Caroon LV, Miner JR (2011) Effect of position and weight force on inferior vena cava diameter – implications for arrest-related death. Forensic Sci Int 212(1–3):256–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.07.001
Holt E (2004) Rest and restraint. Lancet (London) 364(9437):829–830. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17000-1
Huckshorn KA (2006) Re-designing state mental health policy to prevent the use of seclusion and restraint. Admin Pol Ment Health 33(4):482–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-005-0011-5
Huf G, Coutinho ESF, Adams CE (2012) Physical restraints versus seclusion room for management of people with acute aggression or agitation due to psychotic illness (TREC-SAVE): a randomized trial. Psychol Med 42(11):2265–2273. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712000372
Ilkiw-Lavalle O, Grenyer BFS (2003) Differences between patient and staff perceptions of aggression in mental health units. Psychiatr Serv (Washington DC) 54(3):389–393. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.54.3.389
Jackson C, Knott C, Skeate A, Birchwood M (2004) The trauma of first episode psychosis: the role of cognitive mediation. Aust N Z J Psychiatr 38(5):327–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2004.01359.x
Janssen I, Krabbendam L, Bak M, Hanssen M, Vollebergh W, de Graaf R, van Os J (2004) Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences. Acta Psychiatr Scand 109(1):38–45
Juckel G, Haussleiter I (2015) Die stationare Unterbringung nach dem Psychisch-Kranken-Gesetz (PsychKG NRW) – was sind die starksten Pradiktoren? Psychiatr Prax 42(3):133–139. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1369866
Kalisova L, Raboch J, Nawka A, Sampogna G, Cihal L, Kallert TW et al (2014) Do patient and ward-related characteristics influence the use of coercive measures? Results from the EUNOMIA international study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49(10):1619–1629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0872-6
Kallert TW, Glockner M, Onchev G, Raboch J, Karastergiou A, Solomon Z et al (2005) The EUNOMIA project on coercion in psychiatry: study design and preliminary data. World Psychiatry Off J World Psychiatric Assoc (WPA) 4(3):168–172
Kallert TW, Rymaszewska J, Torres-González F (2007) Differences of legal regulations concerning involuntary psychiatric hospitalization in twelve European countries implications for clinical practice. Int J Forensic Ment Health 6:197–207
Kendler KS, Bulik CM, Silberg J, Hettema JM, Myers J, Prescott CA (2000) Childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric and substance use disorders in women: an epidemiological and cotwin control analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57(10):953–959
Ketelsen R, Pieters V (2004) Prävention durch Nachbetreuung. Maßnahmen zur tertiären Prävention. In: Ketelsen R, Schulz M, Zechert C (Hrsg) Seelische Krise und Aggressivität, 1. Aufl. Psychiatrie, Bonn, S 67–78
Ketelsen R, Schulz M, Zechert C (Hrsg) (2004) Seelische Krise und Aggressivität, 1. Aufl. Psychiatrie, Bonn
Khalifeh H, Oram S, Osborn D, Howard LM, Johnson S (2016) Recent physical and sexual violence against adults with severe mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatr (Abingdon) 28(5):433–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2016.1223608
Kontio R, Joffe G, Putkonen H, Kuosmanen L, Hane K, Holi M, Valimaki M (2012) Seclusion and restraint in psychiatry: patients’ experiences and practical suggestions on how to improve practices and use alternatives. Perspectives Psychiatr Care 48(1):16–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2010.00301.x
Krosnar K (2003) Mentally ill patients in central Europe being kept in padlocked, caged beds. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 327(7426):1249. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7426.1249-c
Kuosmanen L, Makkonen P, Lehtila H, Salminen H (2015) Seclusion experienced by mental health professionals. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 22(5):333–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12224
Latalova K, Kamaradova D, Prasko J (2014) Violent victimization of adult patients with severe mental illness: a systematic review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 10:1925–1939. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S68321
Lepping P, Masood B, Flammer E, Noorthoorn EO (2016) Comparison of restraint data from four countries. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 51(9):1301–1309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1203-x
MacMillan HL, Fleming JE, Streiner DL, Lin E, Boyle MH, Jamieson E et al (2001) Childhood abuse and lifetime psychopathology in a community sample. Am J Psychiatry 158(11):1878–1883. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1878
Marder SR (2006) A review of agitation in mental illness: treatment guidelines and current therapies. J Clin Psychiatr 67(Suppl 10):13–21
Masters KJ, Wandless D (2005) Use of pulse oximetry during restraint episodes. Psychiatr Serv (Washington DC) 56(10):1313–1314. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.56.10.1313
Mauritz MW, Goossens PJJ, Draijer N, van Achterberg T (2013) Prevalence of interpersonal trauma exposure and trauma-related disorders in severe mental illness. Eur J Psychotraumatol 4. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.19985
Meehan T, Vermeer C, Windsor C (2000) Patients’ perceptions of seclusion: a qualitative investigation. J Adv Nurs 31(2):370–377
Meredith C, Taslaq S, Kon OM, Henry J (2005) The cardiopulmonary effects of physical restraint in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Forensic Med 12(3):133–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcfm.2004.10.013
van der Merwe M, Muir-Cochrane E, Jones J, Tziggili M, Bowers L (2013) Improving seclusion practice: implications of a review of staff and patient views. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 20(3):203–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2012.01903.x
Meyer H, Taiminen T, Vuori T, Aijala A, Helenius H (1999) Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms related to psychosis and acute involuntary hospitalization in schizophrenic and delusional patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 187(6):343–352
Michalewicz BA, Chan TC, Vilke GM, Levy SS, Neuman TS, Kolkhorst FW (2007) Ventilatory and metabolic demands during aggressive physical restraint in healthy adults. J Forensic Sci 52(1):171–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00296.x
Mielau J, Altunbay J, Heinz A, Reuter B, Bermpohl F, Rentzsch J, Lehmann A, Montag C (2017) Psychiatrische Zwangsmaßnahmen Prävention und Präferenzen aus Patientenperspektive. Psychiatr Prax 44:316–322
Mierlo T, Bovenberg F, Voskes Y et al (2013) Werkboek HIC High en intensive care in de psychiatrie. De Tijdstrom, Utrecht
Mohr WK, Petti TA, Mohr BD (2003) Adverse effects associated with physical restraint. In: Can J Psychiatry 48 (5), S. 330–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370304800509.
Morrison A, Sadler D (2001) Death of a psychiatric patient during physical restraint. Excited delirium – a case report. Med Sci Law 41(1):46–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002580240104100109
Mueser KT, Goodman LB, Trumbetta SL, Rosenberg SD, Osher f C, Vidaver R et al (1998) Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. J Consult Clin Psychol 66(3):493–499
Mueser KT, Essock SM, Haines M, Wolfe R, Xie H (2004a) Posttraumatic stress disorder, supported employment, and outcomes in people with severe mental illness. CNS spectrums 9(12):913–925
Mueser KT, Salyers MP, Rosenberg SD, Goodman LA, Essock SM, Osher FC et al (2004b) Interpersonal trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with severe mental illness: demographic, clinical, and health correlates. Schizophr Bull 30(1):45–57
Naber D, Kircher T, Hessel K (1996) Schizophrenic patients’ retrospective attitudes regarding involuntary psychopharmacological treatment and restraint. Eur Psychiatr J Assoc Eur Psychiatr 11(1):7–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-9338(96)80452-4
Needham H, Sands N (2010) Post-seclusion debriefing: a core nursing intervention. Perspect Psychiatr Care 46(3):221–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2010.00256.x
Nelson EC, Heath AC, Madden PAF, Cooper ML, Dinwiddie SH, Bucholz KK et al (2002) Association between self-reported childhood sexual abuse and adverse psychosocial outcomes: results from a twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59(2):139–145
Nelstrop L, Chandler-Oatts J, Bingley W, Bleetman T, Corr F, Cronin-Davis J et al (2006) A systematic review of the safety and effectiveness of restraint and seclusion as interventions for the short-term management of violence in adult psychiatric inpatient settings and emergency departments. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 3(1):8–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6787.2006.00041.x
Neria Y, Bromet EJ, Carlson GA, Naz B (2005) Assaultive trauma and illness course in psychotic bipolar disorder: findings from the Suffolk county mental health project. Acta Psychiatr Scand 111(5):380–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00530.x
Nienaber A, Schulz M, Hemkendreis B, Löhr M (2013) Die intensive Überwachung von Patienten in der stationären psychiatrischen Akutversorgung eine systematische Literaturübersicht. Psychiatr Prax 40:14–20
Nissen T, Rorvik P, Haugslett L, Wynn R (2013) Physical restraint and near death of a psychiatric patient. J Forensic Sci 58(1):259–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02290.x
Niveau G (2004) Preventing human rights abuses in psychiatric establishments: the work of the CPT. Eur Psychiatr J Assoc Eur Psychiatr 19(3):146–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.12.002
Noorthoorn E, Lepping P, Janssen W, Hoogendoorn A, Nijman H, Widdershoven G, Steinert T (2015) One-year incidence and prevalence of seclusion: Dutch findings in an international perspective. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 50(12):1857–1869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1094-2
Nyttingnes O, Ruud T, Rugkasa J (2016) It’s unbelievably humiliating‘-Patients’ expressions of negative effects of coercion in mental health care. Int J Law Psychiatry 49(Pt A):147–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.08.009
O’Donoghue B, Roche E, Shannon S, Lyne J, Madigan K, Feeney L (2014) Perceived coercion in voluntary hospital admission. Psychiatry Res 215(1):120–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.10.016
Opsal A, Kristensen O, Vederhus JK, Clausen T (2016) Perceived coercion to enter treatment among involuntarily and voluntarily admitted patients with substance use disorders. BMC Health Serv Res 16(1):656. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1906-4
Paksarian D, Mojtabai R, Kotov R, Cullen B, Nugent KL, Bromet EJ (2014) Perceived trauma during hospitalization and treatment participation among individuals with psychotic disorders. Psychiatr Serv (Washington DC) 65(2):266–269. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201200556
Parkes J (2008) Sudden death during restraint: do some positions affect lung function? Med Sci Law 48(2):137–141. https://doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.48.2.137
Paterson B, Bradley P, Stark C, Saddler D, Leadbetter D, Allen D (2003) Deaths associated with restraint use in health and social care in the UK. The results of a preliminary survey. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 10(1):3–15. https://doi.org/10.7748/mhp2003.06.6.9.10.c1763
Petti TA, Mohr WK, Somers JW, Sims L (2001) Perceptions of seclusion and restraint by patients and staff in an intermediate-term care facility. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs Off Publ Assoc Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs Inc 14(3):115–127
Poulsen HD, Engberg M (2001) Validation of psychiatric patients’ statements on coercive measures. Acta Psychiatr Scand 103(1):60–65
Read J, van Os J, Morrison AP, Ross CA (2005) Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications. Acta Psychiatr Scand 112(5):330–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00634.x
Sailas E, Fenton M (2012) Seclusion and restraint for people with serious mental illnesses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD001163
Savaser DJ, Campbell C, Castillo EM, Vilke GM, Sloane C, Neuman T et al (2013) The effect of the prone maximal restraint position with and without weight force on cardiac output and other hemodynamic measures. J Forensic Legal Med 20(8):991–995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2013.08.006
Sequeira Halstead S (2002) Control and restraint in the UK Service user perspectives. Br J Forensic Prac 4:9–18
Shaw K, McFarlane AC, Bookless C, Air T (2002) The aetiology of postpsychotic posttraumatic stress disorder following a psychotic episode. J Trauma Stress 15(1):39–47. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014331211311
Sheline Y, Nelson T (1993) Patient choice: deciding between psychotropic medication and physical restraints in an emergency. Bull Am Acad Psychiatr Law 21(3):321–329
Shevlin M, Dorahy MJ, Adamson G (2007) Trauma and psychosis: an analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry 164(1):166–169. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.1.166
Sloane C, Chan TC, Kolkhorst F, Neuman T, Castillo EM, Vilke GM (2014) Evaluation of the ventilatory effects of the prone maximum restraint (PMR) position on obese human subjects. Forensic Sci Int 237:86–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.01.017
Smolka M, Klimitz H, Scheuring B, Fähndrich E (1997) Zwangsmaßnahmen in der Psychiatrie aus der Sicht der Patienten. Nervenarzt:888–895
Soininen P, Valimaki M, Noda T, Puukka P, Korkeila J, Joffe G, Putkonen H (2013) Secluded and restrained patients’ perceptions of their treatment. Int J Ment Health Nurs 22(1):47–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0349.2012.00838.x
Steinert T (2014) Missbrauch der Psychiatrie. Psychiatr Prax 41:237–238
Steinert T (2016) An international perspective on the use of coercive measures. In: Nedopil N, Völlm B (Hrsg) The use of coercive measures in forensic psychiatric care. Springer, Berlin, S 87–100
Steinert T, Bergbauer G, Schmid P, Gebhardt RP (2007) Seclusion and restraint in patients with schizophrenia: clinical and biographical correlates. J Nerv Ment Dis 195(6):492–496. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3180302af6
Steinert T, Birk M, Flammer E, Bergk J (2013) Subjective distress after seclusion or mechanical restraint: one-year follow-up of a randomized controlled study. Psychiatr Serv (Washington DC) 64(10):1012–1017. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201200315
Steinert T, Heinz A, Hohl-Radke F, Koller M, Müller J, Müller S, Zinkler M (2016) Was ist ein „erheblicher gesundheitlicher Schaden“ im Sinne des § 1906 BGB? Konsensuspapier der DGPPN Task Force Patientenautonomie. Psychiatr Prax 43:395–399
Sulyok C, Weiland-Fiedler P, Schwehla S, Pfersmann V (2016) Ende einer Ara?: Auswirkungen des Verzichts auf den Einsatz psychiatrischer Intensivbetten in einer psychiatrischen Regionalabteilung Wiens – Erste Ergebnisse. Impact on the use of mechanical restraints after prohibition of psychiatric cage beds in a regional psychiatric department in Vienna, Austria. Neuropsychiatry 30(3):158–164
Szmukler (2015) Compulsion and „coercion“ in mental health care. World Psychiatry 14:259–261
Tavcar R, Dernovsek MZ, Grubic VN (2005) Use of coercive measures in a psychiatric intensive care unit in Slovenia. Psychiatr Serv (Washington DC) 56(4):491–492. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.56.4.491
Terpstra TL, Pettee EJ, Hunter M (2001) Nursing staff’s attitudes toward seclusion & restraint. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 39(5):20–28
Veltkamp E, Nijman H, Stolker JJ, Frigge K, Dries P, Bowers L (2008) Patients’ preferences for seclusion or forced medication in acute psychiatric emergency in the Netherlands. Psychiatr Serv (Washington, DC) 59(2):209–211. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2008.59.2.209
de Venter M, Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R (2013) The relationship between adverse childhood experiences and mental health in adulthood. A systematic literature review. Tijdschr Psychiatr 55(4):259–268
Völlm B., Nedopil N (2016) The use of coercive measures in forensic psychiatric care: Springer, Berlin
Vruwink FJ, Mulder CL, Noorthoorn EO, Uitenbroek D, Nijman HLI (2012) The effects of a nationwide program to reduce seclusion in the Netherlands. BMC Psychiatr 12:231. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-231
Whitecross F, Seeary A, Lee S (2013) Measuring the impacts of seclusion on psychiatry inpatients and the effectiveness of a pilot single-session post-seclusion counselling intervention. Int J Ment Health Nurs 22(6):512–521. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12023
Whittington R, Richter D (2006) From the individual to the interpersonal: environment and interaction in the escalation of violence in mental health settings. In: Whittington R, Richter D (Hrsg) Violence in mental health settings. Causes, consequences, management. Springer, New York, S 47–68
Whittington R, Baskind E, Paterson B (2006) Coercive measures in the management of imminent violence restraint, seclusion and enhanced observation. In: Whittington R, Richter D (Hrsg) Violence in mental health settings. Causes, consequences, management. Springer, New York, S 145–172
Whittington R, Bowers L, Nolan P, Simpson A, Neil L (2009) Approval ratings of inpatient coercive interventions in a national sample of mental health service users and staff in England. Psychiatr Serv (Washington DC) 60(6):792–798. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.6.792
Wiesing U (2013) Stellung der Zentralen Kommission zur Wahrung ethischer Grundsätze in der Medizin und ihren Grenzgebieten (zentrale Ethikkommission) bei der Bundesärztekammer: Zwangsbehandlung bei psychischen Erkrankungen. Dtsch Ärztebl 110:A 1334–A 1338
Wynn R (2003) Staff’s attitudes to the use of restraint and seclusion in a Norwegian university psychiatric hospital. Nord J Psychiatr 57(6):453–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480310003470
Zun LS (2003) A prospective study of the complication rate of use of patient restraint in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 24(2):119–124
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 DGPPN (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Steinert, T., Hirsch, S. (2019). Freiheitsbeschränkende und freiheitsentziehende Maßnahmen. In: Steinert, T., Hirsch, S. (eds) S3-Leitlinie Verhinderung von Zwang: Prävention und Therapie aggressiven Verhaltens bei Erwachsenen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58684-6_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58684-6_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-58683-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-58684-6
eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)